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d b review > 15. Endocrine System II > Flashcards

15. Endocrine System II Flashcards

1
Q

Low blood osmotic pressure has
Blood volume:
Solute:

A

Low blood osmotic pressure has
Blood volume: HIGH
Solute: LOW

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2
Q

Stimulates ADH secretion

A

High blood osmotic pressure
Reduce fluid intake
Excessive sweating
Diarrhea

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3
Q

Hormone responsible for Calcium reabsorption

A

Parathormone

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4
Q

Responsible for water reabsorption

A

Adh or vasopressin

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5
Q

Responsible for sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

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6
Q

Deficiency of Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

A

Diabetes insipidus

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7
Q

2Ps of Diabetes Insipidus

A

Polyuria

Polydipsia

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8
Q

Shapes of thyroid gland

A

Butterfly shape or H shape gland

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9
Q

Largest endocrine gland

A

Thyroid gland

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10
Q

Connects L/R thyroid gland

A

Isthmus

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11
Q

Thyroid gland is located
Below the:
Just the level of:

A

Thyroid gland is located
Below the: thyroid cartilage
Just the level of: cricoid cartilage

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12
Q

Shape of the cricoid cartilage

A

Signet ring

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13
Q

Secretes major thyroid hormones

A

Follicular cells of the thyroid gland

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14
Q

MAIN hormones of thyroid gland

A

T3

T4

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15
Q

ALL hormones of thyroid gland

A

T3/T4

Calcitonin

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16
Q

Increases metabolic function of the body

Maintains body temperature

A

T3/T4

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17
Q

Normal body temperature

A

36.5-37C

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18
Q

Secretes calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

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19
Q

Decreases blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

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20
Q

Has opposite function of calcitonin

A

Parathyroid hormone

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21
Q

Blood calcium levels
Calcitonin (parafollicular cells) :
Parathyroid hormone (chief cells) :

A

Blood calcium levels
Calcitonin (parafollicular cells) : decreases
Parathyroid hormone (chief cells) : increases

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22
Q

Thin = excessive metabolic function
High body temp = heat intolerance
Moist skin
Exophthalmia

A

Hyperthyroidism

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23
Q

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease

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24
Q

Another possible cause of hyperthyroidism

A

Plummer’s disease

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25
Q

Drug contraindicated for hyperthyroidism

A

Epinephrine

- because it increases metabolic rate

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26
Q

Severe hyperthyroidism

Complication associated with Epinephrine

A

Thyroid storm or thyrotoxicosis

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27
Q

Anes that can be used with pxs with hyperthyroidism (without epi)

A

Mepivacaine

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28
Q

Characterized by thick, cold body, cold intolerant, dry skin

A

Hypothyroidism

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29
Q

Organ that uses iodine to function

A

Thyroid gland

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30
Q

Drugs for hyperthyroidism

A

Methimazole

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

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31
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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32
Q

Another cause of hypothyroidism

A

Iodine deficiency

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33
Q

Hypothyroidism in children?

A

Cretinism

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34
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults?

A

Myxedema

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35
Q

Drugs for hypothyroidism?

A

Synthetic thyroxine (T4)

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36
Q

Normal blood calcium

A

9-11mg/dL

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37
Q

Normal PT

A

9-13s

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38
Q

Parathyroid glands are found _ to the thyroid gland

A

Posterior to the thyroid gland

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39
Q

PTH/Parathormone/Parathyrin is produced by

A

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

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40
Q

Increases blood calcium

A

Parathormone

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41
Q

MAJOR blood calcium regulator

A

Parathyroid hormone

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42
Q

Calcitonin is released during (stimulus for secretion)

A

High blood calcium levels ⬆️

- so calcitonin will decrease it

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43
Q

PTH is released during (stimulus for secretion)

A

Deficient or low blood calcium levels ⬇️

- so pth will increase it

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44
Q

Site of production of PTH

A

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

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45
Q

Site of production of calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

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46
Q

PTH increases blood calcium levels by: 3

A
  1. Bone resorption - (kukuha sa bone para bigay sa blood)
  2. Increase calcitriol formation - (para ma⬆️ absorption ng Ca sa intestines)
  3. Increase Ca reabsorption in DCT
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47
Q

When PTH increases blood calcium levels; what is decreased? (Kapalit)

A

Decrease blood phosphate levels

- ⬇️ blood phosphate reabsorption in DCT

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48
Q

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by

A

Bone formation

- (ung mga calcium sa blood, ibbigay sa bone)

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49
Q

Excessive PTH

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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50
Q

Features:
Osteoporotic bone
Absence of lamina dura
Hypercalcemia

A

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Features:
Osteoporotic bone - (bec of bone resorption)
Absence of lamina dura - (bone resorption)
Hypercalcemia - (because of ⬆️PTH:increases)

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51
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM?

A

Ground glass

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52
Q

Diseases with GROUND GLASS radiographic appearance

A

“HAF GLASS”
Hyperparathyroidism
Albers-Schonberg/Marble bone dse/osteopetrosis
Fibrous dysplasia

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53
Q

Other name for OSTEOPETROSIS

A

Albers schonberg
Marble bone dse
(boards: Albrights)

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54
Q

Histologic appearance of Fibrous dysplasia

A

Chinese character

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55
Q

Fibrous dysplasia is associated with what syndromes

A

Jaffe-Lichstenstein syndrome

McCune Albright syndrome*(boards)

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56
Q

Triad of McCune Albright Syndrome

A

Fibrous dysplasia
Cafe au lait spots
Hyperfunctioning endocrine system (esp in FEMALES= early menstruation 5-6y/o)

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57
Q

Severe form of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Von recklinghausen’s disease of the BONE

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58
Q

Boards*: other term for hyperparathyroidism

A

*Von recklinghausen’s disease of the BONE

Real other term: “osteitis fibrosa cystica”

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59
Q

Histologic appearance of von recklinghausen’s disease of the bone

A

Brown tumor

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60
Q

Aka osteitis deformans

A

Pagets disease of the bone

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61
Q

Radiographic appearance of pagets disease

A

Cotton wool rx app

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62
Q

Histologic appearance of Paget’s dse

A

Jigsaw puzzle

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63
Q

Deficient PTH

A

Hypoparathyroidism

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64
Q

*2 dses with Punched out rx appearance

A

Multiple myeloma

Hand-Schuller-Christian disease

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65
Q

HYPOcalcemia and HYPERcalcemia may lead to

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

and *tetany(not sure if hypocalcemia lang)

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66
Q

Where is sino atrial node located

A

Crista terminalis

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67
Q

⬇️PTH ⬇️ Blood calcium =

A

Hypocalcemia

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68
Q

Hyperexcitability of neurons and muscles

A

Tetany

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69
Q

Hypersenstive facial nerve

A

Chvostek sign

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70
Q

Brachial artery compression

“hand of obstetrician”

A

Trousseous sign

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71
Q

Located superior to the kidney

A

Adrenal glands or suprarenal glands

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72
Q

2 regions of adrenal gland
Inner -
Outer -

A

Inner - adrenal medulla

Outer - adrenal cortex

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73
Q

3 zones of the ADRENAL CORTEX

A

“GFR”
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona reticulosa

74
Q

Hormone secreted by Zona glomerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

75
Q

Aldosterone regulates

A

Sodium reabsorption and *water reabsorption(follows)

76
Q

End product of RAAS

A

Aldosterone

77
Q

Excessive aldosterone

A

Hyperaldosteronism

78
Q

Other term for hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s disease

79
Q

Deficient aldosterone

A

Hypoaldosteronism

80
Q

Regulates the blood volume

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

81
Q

Detects NaCl concentration in the DCT
High NaCl = afferent arterioles constrict
Low NaCl = aff art dilate + JG to release RENIN

A

Macula densa cells of DCT

82
Q

Stimulus for juxtaglomerular cells to release RENIN

A

Low NaCl concentration in the DCT

83
Q

Cells that secretes RENIN that is impt for RAAS

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

84
Q

RAAS effect to vessels

A
  1. Vasoconstriction = Increases BP
  2. Release of aldosterone
    - ⬆️BP + Reabsorp of Na + Excretion of PO4
  3. Inc GFR
85
Q

Stimulus for RENIN secretion

A

Low aNaCl concentration in DCT
Low blood pressure
Decrease renal blood flow = Decrease GFR
Sympathetic activation

86
Q

Na ion regulator and BP regulator

A

RAAS

87
Q

Angiotensinogen (from:_) + Renin (from:) =

A

Angiotensinogen (from:LIVER) + Renin (from:KIDNEY) = Angiotensin I

88
Q

Angiotensin I is converted by what enzyme to form ANGIONTENSIN II

A

ACE : Angiotensin converting enzyme

Happens in the lungs

89
Q

Angiotensin II or ACE* is found in the

A

Lungs

90
Q

Stimulates secretion of aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

A

Angiotensin II

91
Q

Angiotensin II effects on:
Afferent arterioles:
Blood pressure:

A

Angiotensin II effects on:
Afferent arterioles: vasoconstricts
Blood pressure: increase BP

92
Q

Major Na ion regulator

  • increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT (+water)
  • increases EXCRETION of K in urine
A

Aldosterone

93
Q

Drugs for Hypertension (to decrease BP)

A

ACE Inhibitors - (dont convert angiotensin I to II=no vasoconstriction & inc in bp

Angiotensin II Antagonist - (no vasoconstriction and inc in bp)

94
Q

Example of ace inhibitors “ACE-pril”

A

Captopril

95
Q

Ex of A2 antagonist

A

Lozartan

96
Q

Detects pressure in the blood*

A

Baroreceptors

97
Q

Baroreceptors are found in the

A

Carotid and Aortic SINUS

98
Q

RAAS = _ blood volume : _BP

A

RAAS = ⬆️blood volume : ⬆️BP

99
Q

When baroreceptors detects ⬇️BP(⬇️blood volume) = it signals the Juxtaglomerular cells to secrete

A

Renin

100
Q

Hormone secreted by zona fasiculata

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

101
Q

Primary stress hormone

A

Cortisol

102
Q

Excessive cortisol

- exhibits: buffalo humo and moon face

A

Cushing’s disease

103
Q

⬇️ cortisol

- hyperpigmentations

A

Addison’s disease

104
Q

Effects of cortisol

A

Anti inflammatory

Immunosuppressant

105
Q

Stimulus for cortisol release?

A

Stress
Hypoglycemic state (“GG EC”)
Trauma - (antiinflam)

106
Q

What drugs mimics cortisol?

A

Steroidal drugs

- Corticosteroids: prednisone

107
Q

Zona reticulosa secretes

A

Androgens

108
Q

Male sex hormones important for hair growth

A

Androgens

109
Q

Tx for hair loss

A

Minoxidil

110
Q

Cells of the adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines(DoNE)

A

Chromaffin cells

111
Q

Malignancy of chromaffin cells

A

Pheochromocytoma

112
Q

Important for activation of SYMPATHETIC ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

A

Catecholamines

  • Dopamine
  • norepi
  • epi
113
Q

Endocrine portion of pancreas

A

Tail or end part

114
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas

A

Head part

115
Q

Tiny clusters of cells found in pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans

116
Q

Cells of pancreas

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta

117
Q

Secretes glucagon

A

Alpha cells

118
Q

Stimulus for secretion of glucagon

A

Hypoglycemia

119
Q

Glucagon effect

A

Increases blood glucose levels

120
Q

Decreases blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

121
Q

Stimulus for secretion of insulin

A

Hyperglycemia

122
Q

4 secreted during HYPOGLYCEMIA

A 
GG EC
Glucagon
Growth hormone
Epinephrine
Cortisol
123
Q

Delta cells of pancreas secretes

A

Somatostatin - STOP (git secretions)

124
Q

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

Congenital DM

A

DM TYPE I

125
Q

Insulin is injected by what technique

A

Subcutaneous - 45 degrees

126
Q

Non insulin dependent DM

Acquired DM

A

Dm type II

127
Q

Pregnancy diabetes

A

Gestational diabetes

128
Q

Normal fbs

A

70-100

129
Q

Triad of Diabetes mellitus (3Ps)

A

Polyphagia*
Polyuria
Polydipsia

130
Q

Type of necrosis seen in diabetes

A

Gangrenous necrosis

131
Q

Secretes melatonin

- which inc at night = modulates circadian rhythm

A

Pineal gland

132
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

133
Q

From ⬆️upper RT to ⬇️lower RT
Goblet cells :
Cilia :

A

From ⬆️upper RT to ⬇️lower RT
Goblet cells : ⬇️
Cilia :⬇️

134
Q

Secretes mucus

A

Goblet cells

135
Q

Moves mucous towards the oropharynx so you can swallow or expectorate it

A

Cilia

136
Q

Part of respiratory system that carries gas but NO GAS EXCHANGE

A

Conducting portion

- NC-Nasopharynx-Oropharynx-Larynx-Trachea-Bronchi123-Bronchioles-TERMINAL bronchioles

137
Q

Connects nasopharynx to ear

A

Eustachian tube

138
Q

Epithelium of nasopharynx

A

Respi epi and

Nasopharyngeal epi- (stratified squamous=exposed to friction post part)

139
Q

Voice box

A

Larynx

140
Q

Closest larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

141
Q

Where initial sound is produced

A

Vocal cords

142
Q

Opening of vocal cords

A

Rima glottis

143
Q

Wind pipe

A

Trachea

144
Q

Tracheal rings are made up of what cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

145
Q

Shape of tracheal rings

A

C shaped with open post end

146
Q

Beq: if you cut the trachea midsagittally, how many times can you can the tracheal rings?

A

Once - because open on post end

147
Q

Part of trachea where L-R bronchi divides

A

Carina of trachea

Level of the STERNAL ANGLE or Angle of loui

148
Q

Bronchi enters the HILUM of the Lungs which is seen where

A

Posterior area of lungs

149
Q

Wider
Shorter
Straighter (strighter)

A

Right bronchi

150
Q

Bronchi associated with Aspirations of objects and Lung infections

A

Rigt bronchi

151
Q

Beq: cricoid cartilage can be cut how many times

A

Twice - bec it is closed all throughout

152
Q

Shape of cricoid cartilage

A

Signet ring

153
Q

Thyroid cartilage has “adam’s apple” or aka

A

Laryngeal prominence

154
Q

Anatomical structure used when there is airway obstruction during an emergency

A

Cricothyroid ligament

155
Q

Emergency procedure done if theres airway obstruction

A

Cricothyrotomy
Coniotomy
Emergency tracheostomy

156
Q

Cells present in the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

A

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Clara cells - non cuboidal

157
Q

Non ciliated cuboidal epithelium

A

Clara cells

158
Q

Be:Clara cells are seen in what organ

A

Lungs

159
Q

Lobes of right lung

A

3 lobes

160
Q

Lobes of left lung

A

2 lobes

161
Q

What anatomic structure is seen in the left lung

A

Cardiac notch

162
Q

Most distal part of the conducting tree

A

Terminal bronchioles

163
Q

Type of cellular transport involved in gas exchange

A

Simple diffusion

164
Q

Sites of gas exchange

A

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

165
Q

Major site of gas exchange or external respiration

A

Alveoli

166
Q

Cells in alveoli that are squamous in shape

A

Type I Pneumocytes

167
Q

Most numerous cells in the alveoli
Cannot multiply
Inv in gas exchange

A

Type I pneumocytes

168
Q

Cells of alveoli that are cuboidal in shape

For surfactant production - which decreases surface tension within alveoli

A

Type II pneumocytes

169
Q

What happens when there are no type II pneumocytes

A

There will be surface tension in alveoli

Water compresses or constricts alveoli resulting to difficult gas exchange

170
Q

Determined by partial o2 pressure and partial Co2 pressure

A

Gas exchange

171
Q

Exchange of gas from ALVEOLI to Blood stream

A

External respiration

172
Q

Exchange of gas from blood stream to CELLS

A

Internal respiration

173
Q

Macrophage of the lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages or dust cells or heart failure cells

174
Q

Lines OUTside of lungs

A

Visceral pleura

175
Q

Lines THORACIC cavity

A

Parietal pleura

176
Q

Space between visceral pleura and parietal pleura

A

Pleural cavity

177
Q

Edema inside the lungs

A

Pulmonary edema

178
Q

Edema in the pleural cavity

A

Hydrothorax

179
Q

Where do you incise to drain fluid in the respiratory system

A

7th intercostal space

180
Q

Substances inhibiting ADH secretion

A

Alcohol

Low blood osmotic pressure

d b review (38 decks)

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