15. Endocrine System II Flashcards by Ch Mora

Low blood osmotic pressure has
Blood volume:
Solute:

Low blood osmotic pressure has
Blood volume: HIGH
Solute: LOW

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Stimulates ADH secretion

High blood osmotic pressure
Reduce fluid intake
Excessive sweating
Diarrhea

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Hormone responsible for Calcium reabsorption

Parathormone

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Responsible for water reabsorption

Adh or vasopressin

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Responsible for sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone

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Deficiency of Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin

Diabetes insipidus

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2Ps of Diabetes Insipidus

Polyuria

Polydipsia

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Shapes of thyroid gland

Butterfly shape or H shape gland

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Largest endocrine gland

Thyroid gland

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Connects L/R thyroid gland

Isthmus

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Thyroid gland is located
Below the:
Just the level of:

Thyroid gland is located
Below the: thyroid cartilage
Just the level of: cricoid cartilage

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Shape of the cricoid cartilage

Signet ring

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Secretes major thyroid hormones

Follicular cells of the thyroid gland

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MAIN hormones of thyroid gland

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ALL hormones of thyroid gland

T3/T4

Calcitonin

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Increases metabolic function of the body

Maintains body temperature

T3/T4

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Normal body temperature

36.5-37C

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Secretes calcitonin

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

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Decreases blood calcium levels

Calcitonin

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Has opposite function of calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

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Blood calcium levels
Calcitonin (parafollicular cells) :
Parathyroid hormone (chief cells) :

Blood calcium levels
Calcitonin (parafollicular cells) : decreases
Parathyroid hormone (chief cells) : increases

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Thin = excessive metabolic function
High body temp = heat intolerance
Moist skin
Exophthalmia

Hyperthyroidism

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Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Grave’s disease

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Another possible cause of hyperthyroidism

Plummer’s disease

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Drug contraindicated for hyperthyroidism

Epinephrine | - because it increases metabolic rate

Severe hyperthyroidism | Complication associated with Epinephrine

Thyroid storm or thyrotoxicosis

Anes that can be used with pxs with hyperthyroidism (without epi)

Mepivacaine

Characterized by thick, cold body, cold intolerant, dry skin

Hypothyroidism

Organ that uses iodine to function

Thyroid gland

Drugs for hyperthyroidism

Methimazole | Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Most common cause of hypothyroidism?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Another cause of hypothyroidism

Iodine deficiency

Hypothyroidism in children?

Cretinism

Hypothyroidism in adults?

Myxedema

Drugs for hypothyroidism?

Synthetic thyroxine (T4)

Normal blood calcium

9-11mg/dL

Normal PT

9-13s

Parathyroid glands are found _ to the thyroid gland

Posterior to the thyroid gland

PTH/Parathormone/Parathyrin is produced by

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

Increases blood calcium

Parathormone

MAJOR blood calcium regulator

Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin is released during (stimulus for secretion)

High blood calcium levels ⬆️ | - so calcitonin will decrease it

PTH is released during (stimulus for secretion)

Deficient or low blood calcium levels ⬇️ | - so pth will increase it

Site of production of PTH

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

Site of production of calcitonin

Parafollicular cells of thyroid gland

PTH increases blood calcium levels by: 3

1. Bone resorption - (kukuha sa bone para bigay sa blood) 2. Increase calcitriol formation - (para ma⬆️ absorption ng Ca sa intestines) 3. Increase Ca reabsorption in DCT

When PTH increases blood calcium levels; what is decreased? (Kapalit)

Decrease blood phosphate levels | - ⬇️ blood phosphate reabsorption in DCT

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by

Bone formation | - (ung mga calcium sa blood, ibbigay sa bone)

Excessive PTH

Hyperparathyroidism

Features: Osteoporotic bone Absence of lamina dura Hypercalcemia

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM Features: Osteoporotic bone - (bec of bone resorption) Absence of lamina dura - (bone resorption) Hypercalcemia - (because of ⬆️PTH:increases)

What is the radiographic appearance of HYPERPARATHYROIDISM?

Ground glass

Diseases with GROUND GLASS radiographic appearance

"HAF GLASS" Hyperparathyroidism Albers-Schonberg/Marble bone dse/osteopetrosis Fibrous dysplasia

Other name for OSTEOPETROSIS

Albers schonberg Marble bone dse (*boards: Albrights*)

Histologic appearance of Fibrous dysplasia

Chinese character

Fibrous dysplasia is associated with what syndromes

Jaffe-Lichstenstein syndrome | McCune Albright syndrome*(boards)

Triad of McCune Albright Syndrome

Fibrous dysplasia Cafe au lait spots Hyperfunctioning endocrine system (esp in FEMALES= early menstruation 5-6y/o)

Severe form of hyperparathyroidism?

Von recklinghausen's disease of the BONE

Boards*: other term for hyperparathyroidism

*Von recklinghausen's disease of the BONE Real other term: "osteitis fibrosa cystica"

Histologic appearance of von recklinghausen's disease of the bone

Brown tumor

Aka osteitis deformans

Pagets disease of the bone

Radiographic appearance of pagets disease

Cotton wool rx app

Histologic appearance of Paget's dse

Jigsaw puzzle

Deficient PTH

Hypoparathyroidism

*2 dses with Punched out rx appearance

Multiple myeloma | Hand-Schuller-Christian disease

HYPOcalcemia and HYPERcalcemia may lead to

Cardiac arrhythmia | and *tetany(not sure if hypocalcemia lang)

Where is sino atrial node located

Crista terminalis

⬇️PTH ⬇️ Blood calcium =

Hypocalcemia

Hyperexcitability of neurons and muscles

Tetany

Hypersenstive facial nerve

Chvostek sign

Brachial artery compression | "hand of obstetrician"

Trousseous sign

Located superior to the kidney

Adrenal glands or suprarenal glands

2 regions of adrenal gland Inner - Outer -

Inner - adrenal medulla | Outer - adrenal cortex

3 zones of the ADRENAL CORTEX

"GFR" Zona glomerulosa Zona fasiculata Zona reticulosa

Hormone secreted by Zona glomerulosa

Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

Aldosterone regulates

Sodium reabsorption and *water reabsorption(follows)

End product of RAAS

Aldosterone

Excessive aldosterone

Hyperaldosteronism

Other term for hyperaldosteronism

Conn's disease

Deficient aldosterone

Hypoaldosteronism

Regulates the blood volume

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Detects NaCl concentration in the DCT High NaCl = afferent arterioles constrict Low NaCl = aff art dilate + JG to release RENIN

Macula densa cells of DCT

Stimulus for juxtaglomerular cells to release RENIN

Low NaCl concentration in the DCT

Cells that secretes RENIN that is impt for RAAS

Juxtaglomerular cells

RAAS effect to vessels

1. Vasoconstriction = Increases BP 2. Release of aldosterone - ⬆️BP + Reabsorp of Na + Excretion of PO4 3. Inc GFR

Stimulus for RENIN secretion

Low aNaCl concentration in DCT Low blood pressure Decrease renal blood flow = Decrease GFR Sympathetic activation

Na ion regulator and BP regulator

RAAS

Angiotensinogen (from:_) + Renin (from:) =

Angiotensinogen (from:LIVER) + Renin (from:KIDNEY) = Angiotensin I

Angiotensin I is converted by what enzyme to form ANGIONTENSIN II

ACE : Angiotensin converting enzyme | Happens in the lungs

Angiotensin II or ACE* is found in the

Lungs

Stimulates secretion of aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II effects on: Afferent arterioles: Blood pressure:

Angiotensin II effects on: Afferent arterioles: vasoconstricts Blood pressure: increase BP

Major Na ion regulator - increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT (+water) - increases EXCRETION of K in urine

Aldosterone

Drugs for Hypertension (to decrease BP)

ACE Inhibitors - (dont convert angiotensin I to II=no vasoconstriction & inc in bp Angiotensin II Antagonist - (no vasoconstriction and inc in bp)

Example of ace inhibitors "ACE-pril"

Captopril

Ex of A2 antagonist

Lozartan

Detects pressure in the blood*

Baroreceptors

Baroreceptors are found in the

Carotid and Aortic SINUS

RAAS = _ blood volume : _BP

RAAS = ⬆️blood volume : ⬆️BP

When baroreceptors detects ⬇️BP(⬇️blood volume) = it signals the Juxtaglomerular cells to secrete

Renin

Hormone secreted by zona fasiculata

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

Primary stress hormone

Cortisol

Excessive cortisol | - exhibits: buffalo humo and moon face

Cushing's disease

⬇️ cortisol | - hyperpigmentations

Addison's disease

Effects of cortisol

Anti inflammatory | Immunosuppressant

Stimulus for cortisol release?

Stress Hypoglycemic state ("GG EC") Trauma - (antiinflam)

What drugs mimics cortisol?

Steroidal drugs | - Corticosteroids: prednisone

Zona reticulosa secretes

Androgens

Male sex hormones important for hair growth

Androgens

Tx for hair loss

Minoxidil

Cells of the adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines(DoNE)

Chromaffin cells

Malignancy of chromaffin cells

Pheochromocytoma

Important for activation of SYMPATHETIC ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

Catecholamines - Dopamine - norepi - epi

Endocrine portion of pancreas

Tail or end part

Exocrine portion of pancreas

Head part

Tiny clusters of cells found in pancreas

Islets of langerhans

Cells of pancreas

Alpha Beta Delta

Secretes glucagon

Alpha cells

Stimulus for secretion of glucagon

Hypoglycemia

Glucagon effect

Increases blood glucose levels

Decreases blood glucose levels

Insulin

Stimulus for secretion of insulin

Hyperglycemia

4 secreted during HYPOGLYCEMIA

``` GG EC Glucagon Growth hormone Epinephrine Cortisol ```

Delta cells of pancreas secretes

Somatostatin - STOP (git secretions)

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus | Congenital DM

DM TYPE I

Insulin is injected by what technique

Subcutaneous - 45 degrees

Non insulin dependent DM | Acquired DM

Dm type II

Pregnancy diabetes

Gestational diabetes

Normal fbs

70-100

Triad of Diabetes mellitus (3Ps)

Polyphagia* Polyuria Polydipsia

Type of necrosis seen in diabetes

Gangrenous necrosis

Secretes melatonin | - which inc at night = modulates circadian rhythm

Pineal gland

What is the respiratory epithelium?

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

From ⬆️upper RT to ⬇️lower RT Goblet cells : Cilia :

From ⬆️upper RT to ⬇️lower RT Goblet cells : ⬇️ Cilia :⬇️

Secretes mucus

Goblet cells

Moves mucous towards the oropharynx so you can swallow or expectorate it

Cilia

Part of respiratory system that carries gas but NO GAS EXCHANGE

Conducting portion | - NC-Nasopharynx-Oropharynx-Larynx-Trachea-Bronchi123-Bronchioles-TERMINAL bronchioles

Connects nasopharynx to ear

Eustachian tube

Epithelium of nasopharynx

Respi epi and | Nasopharyngeal epi- (stratified squamous=exposed to friction post part)

Voice box

Larynx

Closest larynx during swallowing

Epiglottis

Where initial sound is produced

Vocal cords

Opening of vocal cords

Rima glottis

Wind pipe

Trachea

Tracheal rings are made up of what cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Shape of tracheal rings

C shaped with open post end

Beq: if you cut the trachea midsagittally, how many times can you can the tracheal rings?

Once - because open on post end

Part of trachea where L-R bronchi divides

Carina of trachea | Level of the STERNAL ANGLE or Angle of loui

Bronchi enters the HILUM of the Lungs which is seen where

Posterior area of lungs

Wider Shorter Straighter (strighter)

Right bronchi

Bronchi associated with Aspirations of objects and Lung infections

Rigt bronchi

Beq: cricoid cartilage can be cut how many times

Twice - bec it is closed all throughout

Shape of cricoid cartilage

Signet ring

Thyroid cartilage has "adam's apple" or aka

Laryngeal prominence

Anatomical structure used when there is airway obstruction during an emergency

Cricothyroid ligament

Emergency procedure done if theres airway obstruction

Cricothyrotomy Coniotomy Emergency tracheostomy

Cells present in the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium | Clara cells - non cuboidal

Non ciliated cuboidal epithelium

Clara cells

Be:Clara cells are seen in what organ

Lungs

Lobes of right lung

3 lobes

Lobes of left lung

2 lobes

What anatomic structure is seen in the left lung

Cardiac notch

Most distal part of the conducting tree

Terminal bronchioles

Type of cellular transport involved in gas exchange

Simple diffusion

Sites of gas exchange

Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar ducts Alveoli

Major site of gas exchange or external respiration

Alveoli

Cells in alveoli that are squamous in shape

Type I Pneumocytes

Most numerous cells in the alveoli Cannot multiply Inv in gas exchange

Type I pneumocytes

Cells of alveoli that are cuboidal in shape | For surfactant production - which decreases surface tension within alveoli

Type II pneumocytes

What happens when there are no type II pneumocytes

There will be surface tension in alveoli | Water compresses or constricts alveoli resulting to difficult gas exchange

Determined by partial o2 pressure and partial Co2 pressure

Gas exchange

Exchange of gas from ALVEOLI to Blood stream

External respiration

Exchange of gas from blood stream to CELLS

Internal respiration

Macrophage of the lungs

Alveolar macrophages or dust cells or heart failure cells

Lines OUTside of lungs

Visceral pleura

Lines THORACIC cavity

Parietal pleura

Space between visceral pleura and parietal pleura

Pleural cavity

Edema inside the lungs

Pulmonary edema

Edema in the pleural cavity

Hydrothorax

Where do you incise to drain fluid in the respiratory system

7th intercostal space

Substances inhibiting ADH secretion

Alcohol | Low blood osmotic pressure

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15. Endocrine System II Flashcards

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