7. Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Part of bone resp for hematopoiesis or blood production
A
Red bone marrow
2
Q
Hydroxyapatite is composed of
A
Calcium and phosphate
3
Q
Part of bone resp for fat storage
A
Yellow bone marrow
4
Q
Total bones of adult
A
206 bones
5
Q
Total bones in newborn
A
270-350
6
Q
How many axial bones in adults
A
80 axial bones
7
Q
How many appendicular bones in adult
A
126 appendicular bones
8
Q
4 examples of axial bones(found on the central axis)
A
Skull
Vertebra
Sternum
Ribs
9
Q
Total skull bones
A
22
10
Q
Skull bones are divided into
A
14 Facial bones and 8 cranial bones
11
Q
Number of vertebra a adult
A
26 vertebrae
12
Q
Number of vertebrae in children
A
33 vertebrae
13
Q
How many pairs of ribs
A
12 pairs of ribs = 24
14
Q
5 types of bones
A
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
15
Q
Mnemonic for carpal bones from Proximal(near head) to distal(away from head) and Lat to med = PALM UP
A
Stop letting those people touch the cadavers hand
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
16
Q
Examples of long bones
A
Radius ulna
Tibia fibula
Humerus
Femur
17
Q
how many bones are there in a adult handwrist radiograph
A
29 bones in hand wrist
18
Q
Flat bones of the skull are classified as _ which means spongy bone that is sandwiched by compact bone
A
Diploe
19
Q
Spongy bone sandwiched by compact bone
A
Diploe
20
Q
Boat shaped carpal bone (“sca-ptain”)
A
Scaphoid
21
Q
Boat shaped tarsal bone (“navigate”)
A
Navicular bone
22
Q
Moon shaped carpal bone
A
Lunate
23
Q
Pea shaped carpal bone
A
Pisiform
24
Q
Trapezoidal carpal bones
A
Trapezium and trapezoid
25
Largest carpal bone
Capitate
26
Head shaped carpal bone
Capitate
27
Most commonly fractured carpal bone
Scaphoid
28
Hammer shaped carpal bone
Hamate
29
Mnemonic for tarsal bones
The cab N mexico is land cruiser
| Talus calcaneus navicular medial intermediate lateralcunei cuboid
30
Medial cuneiform
1st cuneiform
31
Intermediate cuneiform
Second
32
Lateral cuneiform
Third
33
Flat bones of the skull
```
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Nasal
Lacrimal
Vomer
```
34
Example of irregular bones
Vertebrae
35
Best example of sesamoid bone
Patella
36
Means bone from a ligament
Sesamoid bone
37
Bone stem cells that undergoes mitosis; only bone cells capable of dividing
Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells
38
Bone cells that are found in the periosteum and endosteum
Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells
39
Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells forms into
Osteoblast
| Osteoclast
40
These are mature osteoblasts
Osteocytes
41
Bone cells which produces the bone matrix/osteiod
Osteoblasts
42
Bone building cells or bone DEPOSITION
Osteoblasts
43
Mature bone cells that maintains the bone
Osteocytes
44
Bone destruction cells or bone RESORPTION
Osteoclasts
45
Macrophages of bone
Osteoclasts
46
Strongest form of bone
Compact bone
47
Other names of spongy bone
Trabecullar bone or cancellous bone
48
Functional unit of compact bone
Osteon or haversian system
49
Immature bone that is fibrous
Woven bone
50
Other names for alveolar bone proper
```
Bundle bone(go for this✨)
or Cribriform plate
```
51
Alveolar bone proper seen in radiograph is called
Lamina dura
52
Medical condition associated with LOSS OF LAMINA DURA
Hyperparathyroidism
53
Dental condition associated with loss of continuity of lamina dura
Periodontitis
54
Covers compact bone
Circumferential lamellae
55
Covering of compact bone penetrated by sharpeys fibers
OUTER circumferential lamellae
56
Entrapped PDL (penetrated the bone)
Sharpeys bone
57
Part of compact bone (covering) that lines the medullary cavity
Inner circumferential lamellae
58
Immature bone located bet diaphysis and epiphysis in children that is made up of hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
59
Shaft
Diaphysis
60
End part of long bone that contains bone marrow
Epiphysis
61
Between diaphysis and epiphysis in adults
Metaphysis
62
Articulating surface of bone (makes contact to another bone)made up of HYALINE cartilage
Articular cartilage
63
Sources of blood supply of bone
Periosteum
| Endosteum
64
Dense irreg tissue, source of osteoprogenitor cells
Periosteum
65
Lining of medullary cavity, source of osteoprogenitor cells
Endosteum
66
Marrow cavity , contains red and yellow bone marrow
Medullary cavity
67
Site of hematopoiesis site in EMBRYO
Yolk sac (Specifically: Blood islands)
68
Site of hematopoiesis site in FETUS
Liver
69
Site of hematopoiesis site in AFTER BIRTH
Red bone marrow
70
Most critical trimester of pregancy
First trimester = organogenesis
71
Stage: fertilization of egg cell to implantation period
Zygote
72
Stage: implantation to 8th week of development
Embryo
73
Stage: 8th week to birth
Fetus
74
How many days for implantation period
7 days
75
Major site of hematopoiesis in children
Long bones
76
4 Major sites of hematopoiesis in adults
Skull
Pelvis
Sternum
Vertebra
77
Direct bone growth
Intramembranous
78
Indirect bone growth
Endochondral
79
Type bone formation that begins with hyaline cartilage before becoming a bone
Endochondral
80
Type of bone growth in MANDIBLE
Intramembranous except Condyle!!!
81
All parts of mandible undergoes intramembranous formation except
Condyle
82
Type of bone growth in CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE
Endochondral
83
Mnemonic of Endochondral
```
ESPECOLS
Endochondral
Sphenoid
Petrous part of temporal bone
Ethmoid
Condyle of mandible
Occipital (basilar part)
Long bones (limbs)
Short bones
```
84
Type of bone growth in CRANIAL BASE
Endochondral
85
Type of bone growth in CRANIAL VAULT
Intramembranous
86
Floor of the brain
Cranial base
87
Mnemonic for bones of CRANIAL BASE
```
"TOES"
Temporal (Petrous part)
Occipital (Basilar part)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
```
88
Part of skull where foramen magnum is located
Basilar part of occipital bone
89
Largest foramen in the head and neck
Foramen magnum
90
4 bones of the CRANIAL VAULT
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital (squamous part)
Temporal (squamous part)
91
Most superior portion of the skull
Vertex (in parietal bone)
92
Type of bone growth in squamous part of occipital bone
Intramembranous
93
Type of bone growth in basilar part of occipital bone
Endochondral
94
Type of bone growth in squamous part of temporal bone
Intramembranous
95
Type of bone growth in petrous part of temporal bone
Endochondral
96
Largest foramen in the body
Obturator foramen
97
Other name for hip bone (where obturator foramen is located)
Hipbone
Pelvic bone
Coxal bone
(Innominate bone)
98
Type of bone growth in CLAVICLE
Both intramembranous and endochondral
99
First bone formed in the human body
Clavicle
100
Most commonly fractured in the human body
Clavicle
101
Most commonly fractured FACIAL BONE
Nasal bone
102
Most commonly fractured CARPAL BONE
Scaphoid
103
Bone absent in down's syndrome / trisomy 21
Nasal bone
104
Bone deficient in Down's syndrome
Nasal septum
105
Other term for Nose bleeding
Epistaxis
106
Group of blood vessels in nasal cavity damaged resulting to Epistaxis
Kiesselbach's plexus (Little's area)
107
Growth center of maxilla (controls growth)
Nasal septum
108
Malocclusion seen in Down's syndrome
Class III maxillary deficiency
109
Condition where in there are "Absence of cartilage cells" ; targets septal cartilage ~ nasal septum = Def maxillary growth
Achondroplasia
110
2 conditions assoc with CLASS III MX DEFICIENCY
Down's syndrome
| Achondroplasia
111
Achondroplasia is also assoc with a condition wherein px has short limbs and normal torso
Achondroplastic dwarfism
112
Longest and strongest bone in the body
femur
113
Smallest bone in the body
Stapes / stirrup
114
Strongest FACIAL BONE
Mandible
115
Strongest bone in the HEAD AND NECK
Petrous part of temporal bone
116
Most commonly fractured site of mandible
Neck of condyle
117
Commonly fractured bone during CPR
Xiphoid process
118
Most commonly fractured CARPAL BONE
Scaphoid
119
Most common dislocated joint in ADULT
Shoulder joint
120
Most commonly dislocated joint in CHILDREN
Elbow joint
121
Largest carpal bone
Capitate
122
Largest tarsal bone
Calcaneus
123
Aka ankle bone
Talus
124
Nasal bone is aka
Bridge of nose
125
Location of olfactory receptors in nasal cavity
Superior and posteriorly (superoposterior portion)
126
Nerve in nasal cavity
Olfactory nerve CN I
127
CN I or olfactory nerve exits at
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
128
Separates nose into right and left
Nasal septum
129
Has mucous that traps air pollutants
Conchas or turbinates
130
3 bones of nasal septum ("VaPeS")
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
131
Conchas that are part of ethmoid bone
Superior and middle conchas
132
Passageways Located inferiorly to conchas
Meatus
133
4 paired air filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
134
What is the epithelium of the NASAL CAVITY and PARANASAL SINUSES
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells
135
Process: Air cells(fetus) to Sinus
Pneumatization
136
Only cells that didnt undergo pneumatization
Ethmoidal cells
137
4 paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal (3)
Sphenoidal
138
Paranasal sinuses that drains in the infundibulum towards hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus ("inFAMdibulum")
Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
139
Largest paranasal sinus
Maxillary sinus
140
Other name of mx sinus
Antrum of highmore
141
Covering of mx sinus
Schneiderian membrane
142
Opening of maxillary sinus
Ostium
143
Test to confirm oro-antral communication
| Pinched nose, exhale gently = blood and bubbles
Valsalva test
144
Most common tooth assoc with sinus approximation
Lone tooth of Maxillary 1st molar(palatal root)
| - no adjacent = Mx sinus ⬇️
145
Tx for small OAC (<2mm)
No treatment
146
Tx for medium OAC (2mm to 6mm)
Figure of 8 + gel foam
147
Tx for large OAC (>6mm)
REFER TO ORAL SURGEON or Oroantral closure
148
2 ways for Oro-antral closure
Palatal pedicle flap
| Buccal advancement flap
149
Blood supply for palatal pedicle flap
Greater palatine nerve
150
Buccal advancement flap is aka
Berger's flap
151
Drugs prescribed for OAC
Co-amoxiclav (prevent infection)
Decongestants (so no pressure)
Antihistamines ( prevent possible allergens in nasal)
152
Doc for any upper respiratory tract infection (nasal, sinuses)
Co amoxiclav
153
Procedure done to add bon between sinus and alveolar bone
Sinus lifting
154
Best 2D radiograph to assess maxillary sinus
Water's view
155
Sinus not seen in water's view
Sphenoidal sinus
156
Technique used to open maxillary sinus through the canine fossa
Caldwell-Luc antrostomy
157
Where to access canine fossa in Caldwell luc
Apical and distal
158
Where does the middle ethmoidal sinus drains
Ethmoidal bulla in middle meatus
159
Posterior ethmoidal sinus drains into the
Superior meatus
160
Sphenoidal sinus drains into the
Sphenoethmoidal recess
161
What drains into the inferior meatus
Nasolacrimal duct
162
Excess tears can drain into
```
Face (tearduct)
Nasolacrimal duct (nose)
```
163
Sinuses that dont drain in the middle meatus
Sphenoidal and post ethmoidal sinus
164
Type of bone formation of INCUS, MALLEUS, STAPES
Endochondral (because they are from cartilages)
165
Stapes is from what cartilage
Reichert's cartilage
166
Largest and strongest FACIAL BONE
Mandible
167
Only movable bone in the skull
Mandible
168
Framework or "Fore runner" of the Mandible
Meckel's cartilage
169
After the formation of the Mandible, Meckel's cartilage transforms into _ and _
Malleus and incus
170
Malleus and incus are from what cartilage
Meckel's cartilage
171
Other name for TMJ
Ginglymo-arthrodial joint
172
Tmj= junction of _ and _
Mandibular condyle
| Mandibular fossa
173
Where is mandibular fossa located
Temporal bone
174
Ligament that Envelopes the Tmj
Articular capsular ligament
175
Most important ligament in the TMJ
Lateral temporomandibular ligament
176
Prevents posterior displacement of mandible
Lateral temporomandibular ligament
177
Ligament that connects sphenoid and mandible
Sphenomandibular ligament
178
Attachement for sphenomandibular ligament
Lingula
179
Ligament that connects styloid process of temporal bone and the mandible
Stylomandibular ligament
180
Biconcave disc made up of fibrocartilage serves as cushion between mn condyle and mn fossa
Articular disc or meniscus
181
How many synovial cavity in the Mandible
2 synovial cavities (sup and inf compartments)
182
Divides the tmj to superior and inferior compartments or synovial cavity
Articular disc or meniscus
183
Movts in the inferior compartment of the tmj
Hinge movt - Limited mouth opening
184
Movts in superior compartment of Tmj
Sliding - protrusin, retrusion, rotation and benneth movement
Excessive mouth opening
185
Maximum mouth opening
40-60mm
186
Side to side movement of mandible
Benneth movement
187
Posterior portion of articular disc; highly vascularized and innervated, CAUSE OF TMD
Retrodiscal disc
188
Thinnest portion of articular disc or meniscus
Middle portion
189
Between condyle and coronoid process
Mandibular notch
190
Attachment for temporalis muscle
Coronoid process
191
Where is mental foramen located
Located between 1st and 2nd PM
192
Exit for mental nerve
Mental foramen
193
Entry for IAN
Mandibular foramen
194
Origin of Lateral pterygoid muscle
Lateral portion of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
195
Insertion of LPM
Neck of condyle
196
Action of LPM
Moves condyle DOWNWARD, FORWARD, MEDIAL
197
In a right condylar neck fracture, where is the deviation during opening?
```
Right side (Same side of fracture)
-- because of Left LPM pushes mn to the right(opp side)
```
198
Extrinsic muscle of tongue innervated by CN XII hypoglossal nerve
Genioglossus
199
Deviation of tongue to the RIGHT, what nerve is damaged?
Right hypoglossal nerve (same side)
200
Articular disc is seen in 3 joints
TMJ
Sternoclavicular jount
Knee joint
201
Unhappy triad ("AML")
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus
202
Most common torned ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
203
Inorganic component of bone
Hydroxyapatite
204
Most complex joint
Knee joint
