7. Skeletal System Flashcards
Part of bone resp for hematopoiesis or blood production
Red bone marrow
Hydroxyapatite is composed of
Calcium and phosphate
Part of bone resp for fat storage
Yellow bone marrow
Total bones of adult
206 bones
Total bones in newborn
270-350
How many axial bones in adults
80 axial bones
How many appendicular bones in adult
126 appendicular bones
4 examples of axial bones(found on the central axis)
Skull
Vertebra
Sternum
Ribs
Total skull bones
22
Skull bones are divided into
14 Facial bones and 8 cranial bones
Number of vertebra a adult
26 vertebrae
Number of vertebrae in children
33 vertebrae
How many pairs of ribs
12 pairs of ribs = 24
5 types of bones
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Mnemonic for carpal bones from Proximal(near head) to distal(away from head) and Lat to med = PALM UP
Stop letting those people touch the cadavers hand
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Examples of long bones
Radius ulna
Tibia fibula
Humerus
Femur
how many bones are there in a adult handwrist radiograph
29 bones in hand wrist
Flat bones of the skull are classified as _ which means spongy bone that is sandwiched by compact bone
Diploe
Spongy bone sandwiched by compact bone
Diploe
Boat shaped carpal bone (“sca-ptain”)
Scaphoid
Boat shaped tarsal bone (“navigate”)
Navicular bone
Moon shaped carpal bone
Lunate
Pea shaped carpal bone
Pisiform
Trapezoidal carpal bones
Trapezium and trapezoid
Largest carpal bone
Capitate
Head shaped carpal bone
Capitate
Most commonly fractured carpal bone
Scaphoid
Hammer shaped carpal bone
Hamate
Mnemonic for tarsal bones
The cab N mexico is land cruiser
Talus calcaneus navicular medial intermediate lateralcunei cuboid
Medial cuneiform
1st cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Second
Lateral cuneiform
Third
Flat bones of the skull
Occipital Parietal Frontal Nasal Lacrimal Vomer
Example of irregular bones
Vertebrae
Best example of sesamoid bone
Patella
Means bone from a ligament
Sesamoid bone
Bone stem cells that undergoes mitosis; only bone cells capable of dividing
Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells
Bone cells that are found in the periosteum and endosteum
Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells
Osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells forms into
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
These are mature osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Bone cells which produces the bone matrix/osteiod
Osteoblasts
Bone building cells or bone DEPOSITION
Osteoblasts
Mature bone cells that maintains the bone
Osteocytes
Bone destruction cells or bone RESORPTION
Osteoclasts
Macrophages of bone
Osteoclasts
Strongest form of bone
Compact bone
Other names of spongy bone
Trabecullar bone or cancellous bone
Functional unit of compact bone
Osteon or haversian system
Immature bone that is fibrous
Woven bone
Other names for alveolar bone proper
Bundle bone(go for this✨) or Cribriform plate
Alveolar bone proper seen in radiograph is called
Lamina dura
Medical condition associated with LOSS OF LAMINA DURA
Hyperparathyroidism
Dental condition associated with loss of continuity of lamina dura
Periodontitis
Covers compact bone
Circumferential lamellae
Covering of compact bone penetrated by sharpeys fibers
OUTER circumferential lamellae
Entrapped PDL (penetrated the bone)
Sharpeys bone
Part of compact bone (covering) that lines the medullary cavity
Inner circumferential lamellae
Immature bone located bet diaphysis and epiphysis in children that is made up of hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Shaft
Diaphysis
End part of long bone that contains bone marrow
Epiphysis
Between diaphysis and epiphysis in adults
Metaphysis
Articulating surface of bone (makes contact to another bone)made up of HYALINE cartilage
Articular cartilage
Sources of blood supply of bone
Periosteum
Endosteum
Dense irreg tissue, source of osteoprogenitor cells
Periosteum
Lining of medullary cavity, source of osteoprogenitor cells
Endosteum
Marrow cavity , contains red and yellow bone marrow
Medullary cavity
Site of hematopoiesis site in EMBRYO
Yolk sac (Specifically: Blood islands)
Site of hematopoiesis site in FETUS
Liver
Site of hematopoiesis site in AFTER BIRTH
Red bone marrow
Most critical trimester of pregancy
First trimester = organogenesis
Stage: fertilization of egg cell to implantation period
Zygote
Stage: implantation to 8th week of development
Embryo
Stage: 8th week to birth
Fetus
How many days for implantation period
7 days
Major site of hematopoiesis in children
Long bones
4 Major sites of hematopoiesis in adults
Skull
Pelvis
Sternum
Vertebra
Direct bone growth
Intramembranous
Indirect bone growth
Endochondral
Type bone formation that begins with hyaline cartilage before becoming a bone
Endochondral
Type of bone growth in MANDIBLE
Intramembranous except Condyle!!!
All parts of mandible undergoes intramembranous formation except
Condyle
Type of bone growth in CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE
Endochondral
Mnemonic of Endochondral
ESPECOLS Endochondral Sphenoid Petrous part of temporal bone Ethmoid Condyle of mandible Occipital (basilar part) Long bones (limbs) Short bones
Type of bone growth in CRANIAL BASE
Endochondral
Type of bone growth in CRANIAL VAULT
Intramembranous
Floor of the brain
Cranial base
Mnemonic for bones of CRANIAL BASE
"TOES" Temporal (Petrous part) Occipital (Basilar part) Ethmoid Sphenoid
Part of skull where foramen magnum is located
Basilar part of occipital bone
Largest foramen in the head and neck
Foramen magnum
4 bones of the CRANIAL VAULT
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital (squamous part)
Temporal (squamous part)
Most superior portion of the skull
Vertex (in parietal bone)
Type of bone growth in squamous part of occipital bone
Intramembranous
Type of bone growth in basilar part of occipital bone
Endochondral
Type of bone growth in squamous part of temporal bone
Intramembranous
Type of bone growth in petrous part of temporal bone
Endochondral
Largest foramen in the body
Obturator foramen
Other name for hip bone (where obturator foramen is located)
Hipbone
Pelvic bone
Coxal bone
(Innominate bone)
Type of bone growth in CLAVICLE
Both intramembranous and endochondral
First bone formed in the human body
Clavicle
Most commonly fractured in the human body
Clavicle
Most commonly fractured FACIAL BONE
Nasal bone
Most commonly fractured CARPAL BONE
Scaphoid
Bone absent in down’s syndrome / trisomy 21
Nasal bone
Bone deficient in Down’s syndrome
Nasal septum
Other term for Nose bleeding
Epistaxis
Group of blood vessels in nasal cavity damaged resulting to Epistaxis
Kiesselbach’s plexus (Little’s area)
Growth center of maxilla (controls growth)
Nasal septum
Malocclusion seen in Down’s syndrome
Class III maxillary deficiency
Condition where in there are “Absence of cartilage cells” ; targets septal cartilage ~ nasal septum = Def maxillary growth
Achondroplasia
2 conditions assoc with CLASS III MX DEFICIENCY
Down’s syndrome
Achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is also assoc with a condition wherein px has short limbs and normal torso
Achondroplastic dwarfism
Longest and strongest bone in the body
femur
Smallest bone in the body
Stapes / stirrup
Strongest FACIAL BONE
Mandible
Strongest bone in the HEAD AND NECK
Petrous part of temporal bone
Most commonly fractured site of mandible
Neck of condyle
Commonly fractured bone during CPR
Xiphoid process
Most commonly fractured CARPAL BONE
Scaphoid
Most common dislocated joint in ADULT
Shoulder joint
Most commonly dislocated joint in CHILDREN
Elbow joint
Largest carpal bone
Capitate
Largest tarsal bone
Calcaneus
Aka ankle bone
Talus
Nasal bone is aka
Bridge of nose
Location of olfactory receptors in nasal cavity
Superior and posteriorly (superoposterior portion)
Nerve in nasal cavity
Olfactory nerve CN I
CN I or olfactory nerve exits at
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Separates nose into right and left
Nasal septum
Has mucous that traps air pollutants
Conchas or turbinates
3 bones of nasal septum (“VaPeS”)
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
Conchas that are part of ethmoid bone
Superior and middle conchas
Passageways Located inferiorly to conchas
Meatus
4 paired air filled spaces that surrounds the nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
What is the epithelium of the NASAL CAVITY and PARANASAL SINUSES
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells
Process: Air cells(fetus) to Sinus
Pneumatization
Only cells that didnt undergo pneumatization
Ethmoidal cells
4 paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal (3)
Sphenoidal
Paranasal sinuses that drains in the infundibulum towards hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus (“inFAMdibulum”)
Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Largest paranasal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Other name of mx sinus
Antrum of highmore
Covering of mx sinus
Schneiderian membrane
Opening of maxillary sinus
Ostium
Test to confirm oro-antral communication
Pinched nose, exhale gently = blood and bubbles
Valsalva test
Most common tooth assoc with sinus approximation
Lone tooth of Maxillary 1st molar(palatal root)
- no adjacent = Mx sinus ⬇️
Tx for small OAC (<2mm)
No treatment
Tx for medium OAC (2mm to 6mm)
Figure of 8 + gel foam
Tx for large OAC (>6mm)
REFER TO ORAL SURGEON or Oroantral closure
2 ways for Oro-antral closure
Palatal pedicle flap
Buccal advancement flap
Blood supply for palatal pedicle flap
Greater palatine nerve
Buccal advancement flap is aka
Berger’s flap
Drugs prescribed for OAC
Co-amoxiclav (prevent infection)
Decongestants (so no pressure)
Antihistamines ( prevent possible allergens in nasal)
Doc for any upper respiratory tract infection (nasal, sinuses)
Co amoxiclav
Procedure done to add bon between sinus and alveolar bone
Sinus lifting
Best 2D radiograph to assess maxillary sinus
Water’s view
Sinus not seen in water’s view
Sphenoidal sinus
Technique used to open maxillary sinus through the canine fossa
Caldwell-Luc antrostomy
Where to access canine fossa in Caldwell luc
Apical and distal
Where does the middle ethmoidal sinus drains
Ethmoidal bulla in middle meatus
Posterior ethmoidal sinus drains into the
Superior meatus
Sphenoidal sinus drains into the
Sphenoethmoidal recess
What drains into the inferior meatus
Nasolacrimal duct
Excess tears can drain into
Face (tearduct) Nasolacrimal duct (nose)
Sinuses that dont drain in the middle meatus
Sphenoidal and post ethmoidal sinus
Type of bone formation of INCUS, MALLEUS, STAPES
Endochondral (because they are from cartilages)
Stapes is from what cartilage
Reichert’s cartilage
Largest and strongest FACIAL BONE
Mandible
Only movable bone in the skull
Mandible
Framework or “Fore runner” of the Mandible
Meckel’s cartilage
After the formation of the Mandible, Meckel’s cartilage transforms into _ and _
Malleus and incus
Malleus and incus are from what cartilage
Meckel’s cartilage
Other name for TMJ
Ginglymo-arthrodial joint
Tmj= junction of _ and _
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular fossa
Where is mandibular fossa located
Temporal bone
Ligament that Envelopes the Tmj
Articular capsular ligament
Most important ligament in the TMJ
Lateral temporomandibular ligament
Prevents posterior displacement of mandible
Lateral temporomandibular ligament
Ligament that connects sphenoid and mandible
Sphenomandibular ligament
Attachement for sphenomandibular ligament
Lingula
Ligament that connects styloid process of temporal bone and the mandible
Stylomandibular ligament
Biconcave disc made up of fibrocartilage serves as cushion between mn condyle and mn fossa
Articular disc or meniscus
How many synovial cavity in the Mandible
2 synovial cavities (sup and inf compartments)
Divides the tmj to superior and inferior compartments or synovial cavity
Articular disc or meniscus
Movts in the inferior compartment of the tmj
Hinge movt - Limited mouth opening
Movts in superior compartment of Tmj
Sliding - protrusin, retrusion, rotation and benneth movement
Excessive mouth opening
Maximum mouth opening
40-60mm
Side to side movement of mandible
Benneth movement
Posterior portion of articular disc; highly vascularized and innervated, CAUSE OF TMD
Retrodiscal disc
Thinnest portion of articular disc or meniscus
Middle portion
Between condyle and coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Attachment for temporalis muscle
Coronoid process
Where is mental foramen located
Located between 1st and 2nd PM
Exit for mental nerve
Mental foramen
Entry for IAN
Mandibular foramen
Origin of Lateral pterygoid muscle
Lateral portion of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion of LPM
Neck of condyle
Action of LPM
Moves condyle DOWNWARD, FORWARD, MEDIAL
In a right condylar neck fracture, where is the deviation during opening?
Right side (Same side of fracture) -- because of Left LPM pushes mn to the right(opp side)
Extrinsic muscle of tongue innervated by CN XII hypoglossal nerve
Genioglossus
Deviation of tongue to the RIGHT, what nerve is damaged?
Right hypoglossal nerve (same side)
Articular disc is seen in 3 joints
TMJ
Sternoclavicular jount
Knee joint
Unhappy triad (“AML”)
Anterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus
Most common torned ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Inorganic component of bone
Hydroxyapatite
Most complex joint
Knee joint
