12. Nervous System III (PNS-Histology) Flashcards
4 sensory branches of CN V3
Long buccal nerve
Lingual nerve
IAN - mental/incisive nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
4 motor branches of CN V3
TIME muscles
4 other muscles that is innervated by CN V3
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini
Mylohyoid
Ant belly of digastric
Innervates the buccal mucosa of Mandibular molars
Long buccal nerve
Anterior 2/3 of tongue (general)
Lingual nerve
Anterior 2/3 of tongue (TASTE)
Chorda tympani of Facial nerve (CN VII)
Posterior 1/3 of tongue (general and taste)
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
Base of tongue (general and taste)
CN X - Vagus nerve
Terminal branch of IAN
Mental nerve (go for this in boards)
*Incisive nerve
Innervates the lower anterior teeth
Incisive nerve
Exit of nasopalatine nerve or “Nerve of Scarpa”
Incisive foramen
Innervates the TMJ and SCALP
Auriculotemporal nerve
Syndrome associated with STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME
Path of CN V - BIRTHMARK
Portwine Stain
Other name for Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Encephalotrigeminal Angiomatosis
Other name for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Rendu-Weber-Osler Disease
is a rare congenital neurological and skin disorder. It is one of the phakomatoses and is often associated with port-wine stains of the face, glaucoma, seizures, mental retardation, and ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis
Foramen of exit of Abducens nerve (CN VI)
SOF
What muscle is innervated by CN VI
Lateral rectus of the eye
Foramen of exit of Facial nerve
Stylomastoid foramen
Control scalp muscles around ear
Auricular nerve (Facial nerve)
Innervates the Posterior belly of Digastric
Facial nerve
5 major branches in Parotid Gland (Facial nerve)
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
What innervates the Parotid gland
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
Parasympathetic innervation of Facial nerve (Chorda tympani)
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
3 other names for CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Acoustic nerve
Auditory nerve
Foramen of exit of CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve
Internal acoustic meatus
Nerve for sense of HEARING
Vestibulocochlear nerve
3 Parts of the outer ear
Auricle
Ear canal
Tympanic membrane / Eardrum
Examples of Elastic Cartilages
Pinna / Auricle
Epiglottis
Eustachian tube
What is found in the Middle ear
Auditory Ossicles (HAS - MIS) Eustachian tube
What structures are found in the inner ear
Cochlea
Semicircular canals
Receptor ORGAN for Hearing
Organ of corti
Sensory receptors for hearing
Hair cells (HAIR-ing)
Contains semicircular fluids for balance
Semicircular canals
Foramen of exit of CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
Jugular foramen
Nerves that exits in the JUGULAR FORAMEN
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - spinal accessory nerve
Parasympathetic innervation of Glossopharyngeal nerve
Parotid gland
General and taste sensation of Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Nerves involved in the Pharyngeal plexus
IX
X
XI
Innervates all muscles of Palate and Pharynx
Pharyngeal plexus
2 Exceptions of Pharyngeal plexus
Tensor veli palatini (V3)
Stylopharyngeus (IX)
Innervates the superior pharyngeal constrictor
Pharyngeal plexus
Foramen of exit of CN X - Vagus nerve
Jugular foramen
Vagus nerve has parasympathetic innervation of what organs
Heart Lungs Digestive tract - stomach, intestines Kidney Liver
If you cut the vagus nerve = What happens to the Heart’s function
Increase Force of contraction and
Heart rate
Parasympathetic innervation of vagus nerve to Heart =
Decrease force of contraction and heart rate
So pag cinut yung vagus = bibilis na
Once you cut the vagus nerve = Digestive tract =
Slow or decreased digestion
Kasi parasympathetic func sa stomach is Increased digestion = rest and digest
Gag reflex - MOTOR
Vagus nerve - CN X
Gag reflex - SENSORY
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
Base of the tongue: general and taste sensation
Vagus nerve
The nerve that ENTERS and EXITS the skull
Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)
Where does the CN XI enter?
Foramen magnum
Where does the CN XI exit?
Jugular foramen
Muscles that are innervated by CN XI
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Dse assoc with sternocleidomastoid
Wry neck or torticollis
Sternocleidomastoid rotates chin towards what side
Opposite side of the body
Foramen of exit of Hypoglossal nerve (sosyal to)
Hypoglossal canal (sosyal may sariling canal)
Innervates extrinsic muscles of tongue except PALATOGLOSSUS(PP)
Hypoglossal nerve
Extrinsic muscles innervated by Hypoglossal nerve
Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus is innervated by
Pharyngeal plexus (IX X XI)
Moves tongue inf and ant
Genioglossus
Moves tongue inf
Hyoglossus
Moves tongue sup and post
Styloglossus
Moves tongue sup towards palate and moves palate inf towards tongue
Palatoglossus
Longest intracranial nerve
Trochlear nerve CN IV
Largest nerve supplying HEAD and NECK
Trigeminal nerve CN V
What is neuralgia in CN V (Trigeminal)
TIC DOULOUREUX
Doc for Tic douloureux or Trigeminal neuralgia
Tegretol
Largest cranial nerve supplying the HUMAN BODY
CN X - vagus nerve
Largest nerve in the human body?
Sciatic nerve
What is the wandering nerve
CN X - Vagus nerve
What innervates the Parotid gland
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
What innervates the Submandibular and Sublingual glands?
CN VII - Chorda tympani
What cranial nerve associated with Chorda Tympani?
CN VII - Facial nerve
What is the cranial nerve that enters and exits the skull?
CN XI - Spinal accessory nerve
What cranial nerves form the Pharyngeal plexus?
CN IX X XI
What cranial nerves with Parasympathetic innervation?
Parasympathetic:
III - Pupil: Miosis = Pupillary constriction
VII - Subli/Submn = Increase saliva secretion
IX - Parotid = Inc saliva
X - Heart = Dec rate /// GIT = Inc metabolism
What are the VIT K dependent clotting factors produced by the liver?
II* - prothrombin
VII - Stable factor
IX - christmas factor
X - Stuart factor
CF I
Fibrinogen
CF II
Prothrombin
CF III
Thromboplastin (Tissue factor)
CF IV
Calcium
CF V
Labile factor
CF VI
Not yet approved**
CF VII
Stable factor
CF VIII
Antihemophilic factor
CF X
Stuart factor
CF XI
Plasma-Thromboplastin Antecedent
CF XII
Hagemann factor
CF XIII
Fibrin stabilizing factor
Clotting factor deficient in Hemophilia A
CF VIII - Antihemophilic factor
8 - A - Anti
Deficient in Hemophilia B
CF IX - Christmas factor
Deficient in Hemophilia C
CF XI - Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
Most important clotting factor
CF VIII - Antihemophilic factor
Clotting time
8 to 15 minutes
Bleeding time
1 to 3 mins
Bleeding is possible to stop even without blood clot because of
Platelet plug
2 components of blood clot
Platelets
Fibrin
Meshlike structure
Fibrin
Electrolyte important for blot clotting
Calcium
2 pathways in Coagulation cascade
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways
Pathway wherein body is capable of forming blood clot without exposure to external environment
Intrinsic pathway
Pathway in formation of blood clot wherein body is exposed to external environment
Extrinsic pathway
Common factor of INTRINSIC and EXTRINSIC pathway
CF X / Stuart factor
What are attached to CF X
Calcium
CF V - Labile factor
(“CaVX”)
Precursor of fibrin
Fibrinogen
Best to form blot clot: For clotting factors to meet
Pressure pack
CaVX waits for ____
Prothrombin (II)
Converts Prothrombin to Thrombin
Ca V X
Precursor of Thrombin
Prothrombin (II)
Liver produces what clotting factor that is also the precursor of fibrin
Fibrinogen (I)
Thrombin waits for what clotting factor to produce FIBRIN (XIII)
CF I - Fibrinogen
In hemophilia: problem?
Clotting time =
Bleeding time =
Clotting time increased!
Normal bleeding time
Lab test that measures how fast can the EXTRINSIC pathway activate Factor X (Stuart factor)
Prothrombin Time
“PeT”
Normal PT (Prothrombin time)
PT = 9 to 13s
Lab test that measures how fast can INTRINSIC pathway activate Factor X
Partial prothrombin time (“PTiT”)
Normal PTT (Partial thromboplastin time)
PTT = 25 to 35s
(Basahin PTiT pabaligtad twice)
Twen Ty Pave / To Thirty Pave
Beq: Normal PT 5-7 10-20 20-30 40^
10-20s (closest to 9-13s)
Normal Bleeding time
1-3s
boards = 2-3s
Normal platelet count
150,000-450,000 cells/mL
Normal RBC count
5M cells/ml
Life span of platelets
10 days
Most numerous papillae
Filiform
Only papillae without taste buds
Filiform
Mushroom or fungus shape
TIPS and SIDES of tongue
Fungiform
Found posterolaterally of tongue
Foliate
Found in V shape sulcus of tongue
Largest
Least numerous papillae
Circumvallate
Functional unit of brain
Neuron
3 parts of neuron
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Cell body is aka (2)
Perikaryon / SOMA
Wear and tear pigment
Yellowish granules found in Aging cells
Lipofuschin / Lipochrome
What are the clusters of RER that looks granules in light microscope?
Nissl body
Receives the information and brings it TOWARDS the cell body
Dendrites
Propagates nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body
Axon
Joins(lock) axon to cell body
Axon hillock
Plasma membrane of axons
Axolemma
Outer covering sheath of myelinated axons
Neurolemma
Side(lateral) branches of axon
Axon collaterals
Benign tumor of Schwann cells (myelin)
Schwannoma or Neurilemmoma
Disease with Neurilemmoma, Cafe au lait, Crowe’s freckles in the axilla, Lisch nodules in the iris
Neurofibromatosis type I
Other name for Neurofibromatosis type I
Von recklinghausen’s disease of the skin
Neurofibromatosis Type I
4 Features:
Neurilemmoma
Cafe au lait spots
Crowe’s freckles
Lisch nodules
What is the point from which nerve impulses arise?
Trigger zone
What is the site of communication of two neurons or between neurons and effector cells?
Synapse
What part of the brain can you find the specialized neurons called PURKINJE cells?
Cerebellum
What part of the brain can you find the specialized neurons called PYRAMIDAL cells?
Cerebrum (ant 📐)
“Afferent” ; Towards CNS
Sensory neurons
“Efferent” ; Away from CNS to effectors or muscles/glands
Motor neurons
“Association” ; connect afferent and efferent neurons
Interneurons
Supporting cells of the nervous system
Neuroglia
Glial cells are derived from
Neural crest cells
2 cells derived from the neural crest cells
Glial cells
Melanocytes
Star shaped CNS neuroglia
Astrocytes
Largest and most numerous CNS Neuroglia
Found near Blood vessels
Astrocytes
Cns neuroglia that forms the BLOOD BRAIN BARRIES
Astrocytes
CNS neuroglia that Forms the myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Macrophage of the brain
Microglia
Cells lining the VENTRICLES of the brain
Ependymal cells
CNS neuroglia that produces CSF
Ependymal cells
Forms the BLOOD-CSF BARRIER
Ependymal cells
Cells that forms the BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER
Sertoli cells
Group of Ependymal cells are called?
Choroid Plexus
Part of brain which produces CSF are called?
Ventricles*
CSF came from: (3 possible sa beq)**
Ependymal cells
Choroid plexus
Ventricles
What structures reabsorbs CSF?
Arachnoid villi
What is the function of CSF?
Cushion
Shock absorber
Protects brain
What are the GAPS between myelin sheath?
Nodes of ranvier
What tyoe pf nerve conduction is seen in MYELINATED axons
Saltatory conduction (Leaping=faster)
Type of conduction in UNMYELINATED axons
Continuous conduction
Largest ventricle of the brain
Lateral ventricle
What Le fort is most common to produce CSF Rhinorrhea?
Le fort II (sa boards*)
Forms the myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cells
Participates in AXON REGENERATION
Schwann cells
Other names for Le fort I (3)
Transverse MAXILLARY fracture
Horizontal fracture of Maxilla
Guerin’s fracture
TRANSVERSE fracture
Le fort III
Pyramidal fracture
Le fort II
During development of embyo optic placodes that forms the eyes are on the lateral sides : Do eyes migrate to the center?
No: There’s Enlargement of Forebrain
Treatment for Skeletal class II patients
Le fort I
Treatment for Crouzon’s syndrome or Craniofacial dysostosis 🐸
Intentional LE FORT III
Frog face
Crouzon’s syndrome or craniofacial dysostosis
2 presentations of Le fort III
Racoon eyes / Panda eyes 🐼
Battle’s sign (Mastoid ecchymosis)
Mastoid ecchymosis
Battle’s sign in Le fort III
Diff dx of Le fort III fracture ; presented with racoon eyes and battle’s sign also
Basilar fracture
Fracture of cranial base
Basilar fracture
CSF Pathway Mneumonic
“Little Infant Try Crying For Food Sorry”
Lateral ventricle > Interventricular foramen > Third ventricle > Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius > Fourth Ventricle
Fourth ventricle > Foramen of Magendie (midline) > Subarachnoid space
Fourth ventricle > Foramen of Luschka > Subarachnoid space
Temporary storage site of CSF
Subarachnoid space
What foramen when fourth ventricle passes the midline
Foramen of Magendie
Lateral aperture of fourth ventricle
Foramen of Luschka
