16. GIT System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the Gut associated lymphoid tissues? (GALT)
A
Lymphoid follicles - found in lymph nodes, thymus
Tonsils
2
Q
These are the collections of lymphoid follicles in the DIGESTIVE TRACT
A
Tonsils
3
Q
Tonsils are collectively known as
A
Waldeyer’s rings
4
Q
Tonsil found in the pharyn; “Adenoid”
A
1 Pharyngeal tonsil
5
Q
Tonsils seen beside Eustachian tube
A
2 tubal tonsils
6
Q
Tonsil between palatoglossus(ant pillar) and palatopharyngeus(post pillar)
A
2 palatine tonsils
7
Q
Tonsil behind the tongue
A
1 lingual tonsil
8
Q
What are the cells found on the surface of tonsils that traps microbes?
A
M cells*
9
Q
What immunoglobulins are found in the GIT?
A
IgA
10
Q
What are the specialized non encapsulated tonsils found in the Submucosa of the Ileum?
A
Peyer’s Patches
11
Q
Responsible for INITIAL phase of digestion and absorption
A
Oral cavity (lips to pharynx)
12
Q
Found in saliva that helps the initial digestion of food or STARCH
A
Amylase
13
Q
What is the major site of amylase production?
A
Pancreas
14
Q
Anterior pillar of fauces
A
Palatoglossus
15
Q
Posterior pillar of fauces
A
Palatopharyngeus
16
Q
Found between ant and post pillar of fauces; what separates the two
A
Isthmus of the fauces
17
Q
Transitional line or junction between mucous membrane of lips and skin
A
Vermillion border
18
Q
Keratinized surface of tongue
A
Dorsal (KD)
19
Q
Non keratinized surface of tongue
A
Ventral (Nkv)
20
Q
What do you call the condition wherein there is ABSENCE OF TONGUE PAPILLAE?
A
Bald tongue
21
Q
Bald tongue is associated with (4)
A
Geographic tongue
Any type of glossitis
Iron deficiency
Vit B9 deficiency
22
Q
Most common type of anemia
A
Iron def anemia
23
Q
Tx for iron def anemia
A
Ferrous sulfate
24
Q
Aka food pipe or gullet
A
Esophagus
25
Lining of esophagus (protection from friction)
Non keratinized - stratified squamous
26
Other name for lower esophageal constrictors
Cardiac sphincter
27
Other term for GERD
Heartburn
28
Metaplastic change of lining of esophagus seen in patients with GERD
Barret's esophagus
29
Lining of esophagus in pxs with GERD
From stratified squamous to simple columnar
| - adapts to the acid reflux from stomach
30
It is the change from specialized (normal) cells to non specialized (normal) cells
Metaplasia
31
Change from normal to abnormal cells; "premalignant"
Dysplasia
32
"Hallmark of malignancy"; Absence of differentiation or maturation
Anaplasia
33
Which of the ffg is not associated with the heart?*
Cardiac sphincter (part of esophagus)
34
Long movements of chyme; common in Esophagus
Peristalsis
35
Short movts of chyme; common in Intestines
Segmentation
36
What do you call the terminal part of esophagus?
Z line of cardiac sphincter
37
Lining of stomach
Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli
38
J shaped organ
Stomach
39
Site for second phase of digestion
Stomach
40
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac
Body/Fundus
Pylorus
41
What is the opening of stomach from esophagus?
Cardiac
42
Cells of stomach that produces mucous for protection to acid
Mucous neck cells
43
Cells of stomach that secretes:
- Hydrochloric acid or Gastric acid
- Intrinsic factor
Parietal cells or Oxyntic cells
44
Responsible for the digestion and activation of pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid or gastric acid
45
Hormone or factor important for VIT B12 absorption; opens the receptors in the Ileum
Intrinsic factor
46
What are absorbed in the ILEUM (2)
Vit B12
| Bile
47
Cells of stomach that secretes PEPSINOGEN
Chief cells - "pepCHIEnogen"
48
Inactive form of pepsin
Pepsinogen
49
HCl acid activates pepsinogen into Pepsin: which is mainly responsible for:
Protein digestion
50
Cells of stomach that secretes GASTRIN
G cells
51
Release of gastrin activates what cells
Gastrin stimulates PARIETAL CELLS to produce more HCl
52
Phase of gastric secretion: Smelling and thinking of food
Cephalic phase
53
Phase of gastric secretion: when food enters the stomach
Gastric phase
54
Phase of gastric secretion: where food enters intestine
Intestinal phase
55
Phases that increase gastric secretion
Cephalic phase and Gastric phase
56
Phase that inhibits gastric secretion
Intestinal phase
57
What happens to stomach during gastric phase
Distention of stomach = ⬆️ gastric secretion
58
What are the 3 enzymes* secreted during intestinal phase that inhibits gastric secretion and allows contraction of pyloric sphincter
Cck
Secretin
GIP - gastric inhibitory complex
59
What is the muscle that pumps chyme from stomach to small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
60
Is small intestine resistant or susceptible to acid
Susceptible to acid (ayaw sa acid)
61
*normal wbc count!
4,500-11,000 cells/mL of blood
62
*normal platelet count!
150,000-450,000
63
Major site of digestion and absorption
Small intestine
64
Elevations or folds in the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption
Valves of Kerckring
65
Valves of Kerckring is aka
Plicae circulares
66
Projects from Valves of Kerckring ; ⬆️surface area for absorption
Villi
67
Projects from Villi ; ⬆️surface area for absorption
Microvilli
68
3 major parts of small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
69
C shape; Shortest segment of small intestine
Duodenum
70
What is absorbed in the Duodenum
Iron = ("I-Do")
71
Part of small intestine that is the major site for absorption of almost all nutrients; Numerous folds and projections seen here
Jejunum
72
Longest segment of small intestine
Ileum
73
What are absorbed in the Ileum
Vit B12
| Bile
74
Non encapsulated specialized tonsils found in the Ileum of small intestine
Peyer's patches
75
Neutralizes acid in the small intestine: Secretes ALKALINE FLUID (2)
Brunner's gland - duodenum
| Secretin: stimulates PANCREAS to secrete alkaline mucous!!
76
Goblet cells increase or decrease from small intestine to large intestine
Increase goblet cells
77
Organ where Crypts of Lieberkuhn is located?
Small intestine
78
Gland that contains enteroendocrine cells; located in the small intestine
Crypts of Lieberkuhn or Intestinal gland
79
Immune cells found in the small intestine that secretes LYSOZYME for digestion of bacterial cell walls
Paneth cells
80
What organ is affected in peptic ulcer
Duodenum of small intestine
| - (hindi sa stomach kasi nattolerate naman nya ung acidity)
81
Target cells of Gastrin
Parietal cells - secretes HCl
82
Cells that secretes CCK
I cells
83
3 functions of CCK
- stimulates pancreatic enzyme (pancreas:digestion)
- bile secretion (gallbladder)
- relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi
84
Enzyme for digestion
Pancreatic enzyme
85
Body excretes bile in response to what
Food with high fat contents
86
Cells that secretes serotonin and histamine
Enterochromaffin cells
87
Opposite functions of serotonin and histamine in Blood vessels:
Serotonin: vasocontriction
Histamine: vasodilation
88
Stimulates gastric acid secretion
Histamine
89
Secreted in response to BAD food
- increases intestinal motility
- or induced vomiting
Serotonin
90
Protects stomach from acid
Prostaglandins
91
Cells that secretes secretin which stimulates pancreas to produce alkaline fluids
S cells:Secretin
92
Cells that secretes GIP which inhibits gastric motility
K cells : GIP
93
Beq: parts of large intestine except:
```
Parts:
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
```
94
Part of large intestine where APPENDIX is located
Cecum
95
Function of appendix
Lymphocyte production
96
Also called "Vermiworm"
Appendix
97
Where is the major site of Water absorption?*
Large intestine
98
3 longitudinal bands of muscle used for peristalsis and segmentation
Taenia coli
99
Forms the haustra
Taenia coli
100
Segments of large intestines
Haustra
101
Goblet cells _ in number towards large intestine
Increase in number of goblet cells - coats feces with mucus
102
Enterocytes, villi, and microvilli continuous to _ in number in large intestine
Decrease in number or absent
103
Extramural glands of digestive system
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
104
Defensive secretions of Salivary glands
IgA
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin
105
Functional unit of the liver responsible for:
- Protein synthesis
- alcohol and drug metabolism
- lipid synthesis
- bile production
Hepatocytes
| ***pancreas:pepsin-protein synthesis din*
106
Organ for bile production
Liver
107
Macrophage of the liver
Kupffer cells
108
Pressure that pushes fluid INSIDE cell
Osmotic pressure IN
109
Pressure that pushes fluid OUTside the cell
Hydrostatic pressure OUT
110
Most numerous protein in the blood responsible for osmotic pressure
Albumin
111
>30 complement proteins for immunity synthesized in the Liver (3)
C3b - opsonin
C5a - chemotoxin
C5b - MAC "membrane attack complex"
112
Accumulation of C3b (opsonin) in the body
Opsonization
113
Complement protein attached to the bacteria that attracts macrophages
C3b or opsonin
114
Complement protein that attacks the membrane of the bacteria; considered as the last resort
C5b MAC
115
Complement protein for inflammatory response
C5a chemotoxin
116
What is the hormone responsible for growth?
| - choices from boards*
Insulin*
| - because of Insulin like growth factor
117
For chondrogenesis and protein anabolism (from GH)
Insulin like growth factor
118
For thrompopoiesis or platelet formation
Thrombopoietin
119
Test done to check for fragility of capillaries:
| Sign for rupture of capillaries:
Torniquet = Petechiae
120
Carrier protein for iron
Tranferrin
121
hormone for RAAS
Angiotensinogen
122
Vein towards capillaries
Portal vein
123
2 portal veins in the body seen in:
Liver
| Hypophysis
124
Hepatic portal vein is from what veins?
Superior mesenteric vein
| Splenic vein
125
Portal triad
| *boards: except:
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct
126
Other term for jaundice
Icterus
127
Cause of jaundice or icterus
Any liver damage
| - yellowish color: destroys hepatocytes=interrupts pathway of bile metabolism
128
Capillary with PORES? (All capillaries are continuous except for)
Hepatic sinusoids
129
Space between hepatic sinusoids and hepatocytes
Space of disse
130
Bile is produced in what organ?
Liver
| - hepatocytes (cells)
131
What are the clotting factors produced in the liver that are Vitamin K dependent
2/7/9/10
132
Bile in large intestine?
Stercobilin - color of feces (E coli)
133
Grave yard of rbc
Spleen
134
Not all dead rbc goes to spleen, some are reabsorbed in the body because of what cells
Macrophages
135
Macrophages take the _ of dead rbcs
Hemoglobin - red
136
Bile metabolism
```
HAPPENS IN MACROPHAGES:
Hemoglobin (from dead rbc) - red
Heme - red
Porphyrin - red
Biliverdin - green
Bilurubin - yellow
*either stays in the macrophage = HEMOSIDERIN (golden brown)
```
*or makatakas sa macrophage: goes to the Liver/HEPATOCYTES to form BILE and stored in the GALLBLADDER because sphincter of oddi is always closed
-- bile is absorbed in the ILEUM > goes back to circulatory > goes to the KIDNEYS = Urobilin (yellow urine) > Goes to Large intestine = Stercobilin (brown feces)
137
Why are bruises change in color
Refraction of light kaya purple
| - also Because of metabolism of hb of rbc by the macrophages
138
For storage and excretion of bile
Gallbladder
139
Inflammation of gallbladder
Cholecystitis
140
Gall stones
Cholelithiasis
141
Gallbladder releases bile in response to (3)
CCK (main!)
Secretin
Gastrin
142
Glands of Luschka are found in what organ???
Gallbladder
143
Exocrine portion of pancreas
Head part
144
Major pancreatic duct
Wirsung's duct
145
Accessory pancreatic duct
Duct of santorini
146
Opens and closes HEPATOPANCREATIC duct and allow excretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes
Sphincter of Oddi
147
Hepatopancreatic duct = what ducts
Pancreatic duct and BILE duct
148
Hepatopancreatic duct opens in
Ampulla of vater of duodenum
149
Secretes alkaline mucous in response to secretin
Pancreas
150
Cells that secretes pancreatic enzymes
Acinar cells of pancreas
151
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down FATS
Pancreatic lipase
152
Enzyme that breaks down STARCH
Amylase
- produced by:
Pancreas (major site)
Salivary glands
153
Enzyme that breaks down PROTEIN
Trypsinogen (most important!!)
154
Cells that releases histamine
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Platelets
155
Histamine receptors for smooth muscle cells
H1 receptor
156
Histamine receptor for STOMACH
H2 receptor - "sTWOmach"
157
What happens if you have allergy to something
- Yung mast cells may nakaattach na IgE
- maddetect nla yung antigen (kung san ka allergic) ~ attachment
- mast cells magrrelease ng histamine:
*pag nagbind sa H1 receptor
Smooth muscle cells (target site)
~ BV: vasodilation (redness)
~Bronchi: bronchoconstriction (diff breathing)
*pag nagbind sa H2 receptor
Stomach (target site)
~ ⬆️ HCl acid (abdominal pains)
158
Target site of H1 receptors
H1
Smooth muscle cells
BV and bronchi
159
Drug of choice for H1 receptor (allergy)
- vasodilation of BV (redness)
- bronchoconstriction (diff breathing)
H1 blockers
160
H1 blockers (3)
Diphenhydramine HCl (Benadryl)
- antihistamine + sedative (drowsiness)
Loratidine (Claritin/Allerta)
Cetirizine
161
Doc for H2 receptor allergy (abdominal pains)
H2 blockers
162
H2 blockers
Ranitidine
Cimetidine
**also for hyperacidity
163
What is the drug for HYPERACIDITY????*
Antihistamines (H2 receptors)
164
GI tract extend from
Oral cavity (lips) to Anus
