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d b review > 10. Musculatory II and Nervous I (CNS) > Flashcards

10. Musculatory II and Nervous I (CNS) Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of mastication are innervated by

A

CN V3

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2
Q

Fan shaped muscle

A

Temporalis

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3
Q 
Temporalis
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
- Anterior or vertical fibers:
- Posterior or horizontal fibers:
A

Temporalis
Origin: temporal bone
Insertion: coronoid process and ramus(lat side)
Action:
- Anterior or vertical fibers: elevates mn
- Posterior or horizontal fibers: retracts mn

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4
Q

Only muscle that retracts the mandible

A

Posterior fibers of TEMPORALIS

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5
Q

Muscles of Mastication that elevates mandible

A

TIM

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6
Q

Internal pterygoid is aka

A

Medial pterygoid

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7
Q

External pterygoid is aka

A

Lateral pterygoid

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8
Q

Internal/Medial Pterygoid
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

A

Internal/Medial Pterygoid
Origin: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: ramus(medial side) and angle of mn
Action: Elevates mn and Bennett movt

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9
Q

Masseter
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

A

Masseter
Origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
Insertion:angle of mn and ramus(Lateral)
Action: Elevates mn

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10
Q

External/Lateral Pterygoid
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: (3)

A 
External/Lateral Pterygoid
Origin: lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion: TMJ/Condyle
Action: 
- Depresses mn
- Bennett movt
- Protrudes mn
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11
Q

Only muscle of mastication for mouth opening or depression of mandible

A

Lateral or external pterygoid

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12
Q

What is the major muscle for mouth opening

A

Anterior belly of digastric muscle

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13
Q

Anterior belly of digastric muscle is innervated by

A

CN V3

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14
Q

What innervates the POSTERIOR BELLY of digastric muscle

A

CN VII - Facial nerve

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15
Q

Moves tongue inferiorly and anteriorly

A

Genioglossus

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16
Q

Genioglossus
Origin: (first word before glossus)
Insertion:
Action:

A

Genioglossus
Origin: genial tubercle
Insertion: tongue
Action: moves tongue inf and ant

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17
Q

Styloglossus
Origin: (first word before glossus)
Insertion:
Action:

A

Styloglossus
Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: tongue
Action: moves tongue sup and post

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18
Q

Hyoglossus
Origin: (first word before glossus)
Insertion:
Action:

A

Hyoglossus
Origin: hyoid bone
Insertion: tongue
Action: moves tongue inferiorly

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19
Q

Extrinsic muscles: Genioglossus/Styloglossus/Hyoglossus EXCEPT PALATOGLOSSUS are innervated by

A

CN XII Hypoglossal nerve

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20
Q

What innervates palatoglossus

A

Pharyngeal plexus (9/10/11)
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
XI - Accessory

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21
Q 
Palatoglossus
Origin: 
Insertion: 
Action:
- tongue:
- palate:
A 
Palatoglossus
Origin: soft palate
Insertion: tongue
Action: 
- moves tongue sup towards palate
- moves palate inf towards tongue
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22
Q

Mneumonic for INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLES (beq:except)

A 
VITS
Vertical
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Superior longitudinal
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23
Q

Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

A

Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Origin: tongue
Insertion: tongue
Action: changes shape of tongue

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24
Q

Changes action of tongue

A

Extrinsic muscles of tongue

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25
Q

Changes shape of tongue

A

Intrinsic muscles of tongue (VITS)

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26
Q

Flattens and broadens tongue

A

Vertical

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27
Q

Shortens and thickens tongue (2)

A

Inf longitudinal

Sup longitudinal

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28
Q

Elongates and narrows tongue

A

Transverse

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29
Q

What innervates the intrinsic muscles of tongue (VITS)

A

CN XII Hypoglossal nerve

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30
Q

4 suprahyoid muscles

A

Digastric muscle - ant and post belly
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

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31
Q

Action of suprahyoid muscles (2)

A

Suprahyoid muscles depresses mandible and elevates hyoid

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32
Q

Muscle of floor of the mouth

A

Mylohyoid

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33
Q

Muscle that causes difficulty when taking radiograph on lower molars

A

Mylohyoid

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34
Q

What innervates the mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric muscle

A

CN V3

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35
Q

What innervates the stylohyoid and post belly of digastric

A

CN VII facial nerve

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36
Q

Infrahyoid muscles (TOSS)

A

Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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37
Q

Action of all infrahyoid muscles

A

Infrahyoid muscles depresses hyoid

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38
Q

Rotator cuff muscles: mneumonic

A 
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres MINOR!!!
Subscapularis
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39
Q

Action of supraspinatus and subscapularis

A

Medial rotation

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40
Q

Action of infraspinatus and teres MINOR

A

Lateral rotation

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41
Q

Beq: muscle used in pitching a baseball

A

Rotator cuff muscles

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42
Q

Hamstring muscles (hams3ngs - Bi Semi Semi)

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

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43
Q

Action of hamstring muscles

A

Flexes legs

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44
Q

“Running muscles”

A

Hamstring muscles

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45
Q

What innervates the hamstring muscles (bi semi semi)

A

Sciatic nerve

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46
Q

Longest nerve in the human body

A

Sciatic nerve

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47
Q

Longest or largest CRANIAL NERVE in the body

A

Vagus CN X

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48
Q

Longest or largest CRANIAL NERVE in the HEAD and NECK

A

CN V - trigeminal

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49
Q

Longest INTRACRANIAL nerve (inside cranium)

A

Trochlear CN IV

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50
Q

Smallest or shortest CRANIAL nerve

A

Trochlear CN IV

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51
Q

Quadriceps muscles (sa RECTO may 3 vastus)

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

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52
Q

Most common muscle for IM injection

A

Vastus lateralis

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53
Q

Muscles for IM injection

A

Vastus lateralis
Gluteus maximus
Deltoid

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54
Q

Safest part of GLUTEUS MAXIMUS to inject to avoid sciatic nerve

A

Superolateral or upper outer corner

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55
Q

Degree of IM injection

A

90 degrees

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56
Q

Action of all QUADRICEPS muscles

A

Extend legs

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57
Q

Flexes legs -

Extends legs -

A

Flexes legs - hamstrings (bi semi semi)

Extends legs - quadriceps (recto 3 vastus)

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58
Q

Innervation of quadriceps muscles

A

Femoral nerve

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59
Q

Needle angulation: intradermal

A

0-15 (choices: go for lowest value: 0 kung meron)

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60
Q

Needle angulation: IV

A

35 degrees

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61
Q

Most common site for IV injection

A

Ante cubital

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62
Q

Needle angulation: subcutaneous

A

45 degrees

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63
Q

Most common drug injected subcutaneously

A

Insulin

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64
Q

Needle angulation: IM

A

90 degrees

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65
Q

Type of Muscle adaption where there is healing fibrous scar tissue

A

Fibrosis

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66
Q

Enlargement of muscle fiber

A

Muscular hypertrophy

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67
Q

Type of enlargement of muscle fiber or muscle hypertrophy assoc with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

A

Pathologic muscular hypertrophy

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68
Q

Type of enlargement of muscle fiber or muscle hypertrophy assoc with PATIENT EXERCISING

A

Physiologic muscular hypertrophy

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69
Q

Increase in number of muscle fibers or cells

A

Muscular hyperplasia

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70
Q

Type of muscle cells that can undergo hyperplasia

A

Smooth muscles

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71
Q

“Muscle wasting”; loss of myofibrils

A

Muscle atrophy

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72
Q

Painfully twisted and tilted neck due to contraction of sternocleidomastoid

A

Torticollis

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73
Q

Other name for torticollis

A

Wry neck

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74
Q

Px with torticollis or wry neck: contraction of RIGHT sternocleimastoid = Chin goes to what side

A

Right SCM = Chin LEFT side

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75
Q

General term for muscle degeneration

A

Muscular dystrophy

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76
Q

It is the most common muscular dystrophy. It is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

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77
Q

Abnormal, random, spontaneous muscle contractions

A

Fibrillation

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78
Q

Pacemaker of heart

A

Sinoatrial node

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79
Q

SA node is seen in the

A

Crista terminalis which is located in the SUPERIOR portion of RIGHT ATRIUM

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80
Q

Treatment for fibrillation: administering a controlled electrical shock to restore normal rthythm

A

Defibrillation

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81
Q

Stop in effective blood flow due to FAILURE OF HEART TO CONTRACT effectively

A

Cardiac arrest

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82
Q

An example of cardiac arrest also known as “FLAT LINE”

A

Asystole

83
Q

Management for Asystole or Flat line

A

CPR

84
Q

Ration of compressions:breaths in CPR

A

30 compressions : 2 Breaths

85
Q

Compression rate

A

100 compressions per minute

86
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS

PNS

87
Q

2 major Parts of CNS

A

Brain

Spinal cord

88
Q

2 major divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory and Motor

89
Q

2 divisions of MOTOR part of PNS

A

Autonomic and Somatic

90
Q

Muscles under somatic=(VOLUTARY CONTROL) (motor-pns)

A

Skeletal muscles

91
Q

Muscles under Autonomic nervous system (motor/PNS)

A

Smooth and cardiac muscles

Glands and Visceral organs

92
Q

2 Divisions of the Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

93
Q

“Fight or flight”

A

Sympathetic

94
Q

“rest and digest”

A

Parasympathetic

95
Q

Matter in the OUTER part of BRAIN

“OB IS GRAY”

A

Gray matter

96
Q

INNER brain (OB IS GRAY)

A

White matter

97
Q

Outer spinal cord

OB IS GRAY

A

White matter

98
Q

Inner spinal cord

OB IS GRAY

A

Gray matter

99
Q

Gray matter is made up of

A

Cell bodies

100
Q

White matter is made up of

A

Myelinated axons

101
Q

Embryonic structure from which the CEREBRUM develops prenatally

A

Telencephalon (Forebrain)

102
Q

Largest component of the brain

A

Cerebrum

103
Q

Part of cerebrum that controls right side of the body

A

Left hemisphere

104
Q

Part of cerebrum that controls left side of the body

A

Right hemisphere

105
Q

White matter that connects or separates the left and right hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

106
Q

Condition when corpus callosum is damaged, left and right hemispheres are separated

A

Split brain

107
Q

Outer gray matter with gyrus, sulcus, and fissures

A

Cerebral cortex

108
Q

Elevations in the brain

A

Gyrus

109
Q

Grooves in the brain

A

Sulcus

110
Q

DEEPER grooves in the brain

A

Fissures

111
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

112
Q

“Primary MOTOR cortex”

- responsible for almost all movements

A

Precentral gyrus (Frontal lobe)

113
Q

“Primary SPEECH area”

speech = broadcast

A

Broca’s area (Frontal lobe)

114
Q

“Primary SENSORY cortex”

- responsible for somatic sensations

A

Postcentral gyrus

115
Q

“Speech Comprehension”

A

Wernicke’s area (Temporal lobe)

116
Q

“Primary VISUAL cortex”

A

Primary visual cortex - OCCIPITAL LOBE

117
Q

What is damaged when a patient had stroke

A

Precentral gyrus in the Frontal lobe

118
Q

Emotion center

A

Limbic system

119
Q

4 Divisions of the Limbic System (BASH)

A

Basal ganglia
Amygdala
Substantia nigra
Hippocampus

120
Q

“Memory center”

- converts short term to LONG TERM memory

A

Hippocampus

121
Q

Almond shape

- responsible for FEAR, ANGER, AROUSAL (active)

A

Amygdala

122
Q

2 parts of limbic system responsible for Voluntary motor movements (INHIBITORY)

A

Basal ganglia

Substantia nigra

123
Q

Specific type of neurons that control muscles

A

Motor neurons

124
Q

Any neuron that releases Ach

A

Cholinergic neuron (excitatory)

125
Q

Neurons that use Ach as neurotransmitter

A

Excitatory neurons

126
Q

Neurons that inhibits signals and uses DOPAMINE as neurotransmitter

A

Inhibitory neurons

127
Q

Neurons that secretes DOPAMINE

A

Dopaminergic neuron (inhibitory)

128
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter that is increased in number when sleeping = No action potential

A

Dopamine (inhibitory)

129
Q

Degeneration of the Basal ganglia

A

Huntington’s disease

130
Q

Degeneration of the Substantia Nigra

- wherein Excitatory neurons dominate resulting to involuntary muscular contractions

A

Parkinson’s disease

131
Q

Site of DOPAMINE PRODUCTION in the brain

A

Substantia nigra

132
Q

Drug of choice for Parkinson’s disease

A

Levodopa

133
Q

Other drugs that can be used in treating parkinson’s disease

A

Stimulants
Mao-inhibitors
Anticholinergic drugs
Levodopa (*DOC)

134
Q

Common Characteristic feature of Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease which means involuntary muscular movements

A

Dyskinesia

135
Q

Neurotransmitter that is decreased in patients with Parkinson’s disease

A

⬇️ DOPAMINE

136
Q

Neurotransmitter that is increased in patients with Parkinson’s disease

A

⬆️Ach (Excitatory neurons)

137
Q

4 stimulants (DoNES)

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin

138
Q

Enzyme that breaks down DoNES

A

Monoamine oxidase

139
Q

Mech of action of MAO-I

A

Inhibits MAO = ⬇️MAO ⬆️Dopamine ⬇️Dyskinesia

140
Q

Dopamine
Motor:
Mood:

A

Dopamine
Motor: inhibitory
Mood: excitatory

141
Q

Excitatory MOOD neurotransmitters

A 
DoNES
Dopamine
Norepi
Epi
Serotonin
142
Q

Most common INHIBITORY MOOD neurotransmitter

A

GABA

Gamma-amino butyric acid

143
Q

Hyperactive 😊😊😊😊

Neurotransmitter that is elevated?

A

⬆️Dopamine

Depleted by MAO

144
Q

Condition assoc with ⬆️DOPAMINE; cant differentiate reality; split mind

A

Schizophrenia

145
Q

Doc for schizophrenia to decrease level of dopamine

A

Antipsychotic drugs

146
Q

Irreversible involuntary muscle contractions in Patients with SCHIZOPHRENIA; Side effect of antipsychotic drugs. (⬇️dopamine:motor/inhibitory)

A

Tardive dyskinesia

147
Q

Relay center of the brain

A

Thalamus

148
Q

3 parts of DIENCEPHALON

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

149
Q

Communicates with the PITUITARY GLAND

Regulates hormones= BODY HOMEOSTASIS

A

Hypothalamus

150
Q

Produces MELATONIN during nighttime

A

Pineal gland

151
Q

Hormone that regulates sleep wake cycle

A

Melatonin

152
Q

Other term for sleep wake cycle or 24 hr body clock

A

Circadian rhythm

153
Q

True or False. Melatonin increases with age

A

False.
Melatonin DECREASES with AGE
(Baby lagi tulog)

154
Q

Hormone for sleep

A

Melatonin

If wala sa choices = SEROTONIN

155
Q

SLEEP: function
Melatonin -
Serotonin -

A

SLEEP: function
Melatonin - inhibitory
Serotonin - excitatory

156
Q

DAY TIME ☀️
Serotonin level:
Melatonin level:

A

DAY TIME ☀️
Serotonin level: ⬆️
Melatonin level: ⬇️

157
Q

NIGHT TIME 🌜✨
Serotonin level:
Melatonin level:

A

NIGHT TIME 🌜✨
Serotonin level: ⬇️ (converted by pineal gland)
Melatonin level: ⬇️

158
Q

Major VASOACTIVE amines

A

Serotonin

Histamine

159
Q

Vasoactive amines: Opp function
SEROTONIN:
Histamine:

A

Vasoactive amines: Opp function
SEROTONIN: vasoCONSTRICTION
Histamine: vasoDILATION (Hiiii(ih) dilat ka nnmn)

160
Q

Embryonic structure from which the MIDBRAIN develops prenatally

A

Mesencephalon

161
Q

What structures form the BRAIN STEM

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

162
Q

Cells that secrete HISTAMINE (4)

A

Mast cells
Eosinophil
Basophil
Platelets

163
Q

Part of Metencephalon responsible for MOTOR MOVTS (Excitatory) and BALANCE

A

Cerebellum

164
Q

Part of brain affected when drunk

A

Cerebellum (balance)

165
Q

Fluid in the inner ear responsible for BALANCE

A

Semicircular fluid

166
Q

“Respiratory center”

- sends signals to Medulla Oblongata to deflate lungs (Herring-Breuer reflex)

A

Pons Varolii

167
Q

2 parts of Metencephalon

A

Cerebellum

Pons

168
Q

Embryonic structure from which the MEDULLA OBLONGATA develops prenatally

A

Myelencephalon

169
Q

Medulla oblongata

major regulatory center for: (DILA and MEDAL)

A

Gumagamit ng dila:

  • vomiting
  • coughing
  • swallowing

Kung san sinasabit medal:

  • Heart rate
  • Breathing rate
170
Q

Chemoreceptors in the CNS specifically in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA that detects CHEMICALS (Blood pH, H, CO2, and O2 changes)

A

Central chemoreceptors

171
Q

Central chemoreceptors in the MO that detects chemical changes are sensitive to: (4)

A

Acidic pH
High Hydrogen
Hypercapnia (⬆️CO2)
Hypoxia

172
Q

Central chemoreceptors are most sensitive to

A

Hypercapnia ⬆️CO2

173
Q

Muscle for DEEP inhalation

A

External intercostalis muscle

174
Q

Most important muscle for respiration

A

Diaphragm

175
Q

Shape of diaphragm

A

Dome shape

176
Q

What innervates the Diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

177
Q

When central chemoreceptors are stimulated, it activates:

A

Sympathetic effects:

  • inc heart rate
  • hyperventilation

Increase excretion of Hydrogen in the kidneys (urine= ⬆️H ⬇️pH = acidic)

178
Q

Reflex that prevents overinflation of the lungs; controlled by Pons-MO-lungs

A

Herring-Breuer Reflex

179
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors found?

A

Medulla oblongata

180
Q

Where are the Peripheral Chemoreceptors found?

A

Carotid BODY

Aortic BODY

181
Q

Receptors in the CNS that detects PRESSURE (blood pressure/ pag sinakal)

A

Baroreceptors

182
Q

Where are BARORECEPTORS found? (“CSB”)

A

“Carotid SINUS Baroreceptors”

Aortic SINUS

183
Q

Baroreceptors: Stimulus- HIGH BP
EFFECTS: (3)

A 
Baroreceptors: Stimulus- HIGH BP
EFFECTS:
- dec heart rate
- dec force of contraction
- peripheral vasodilation
184
Q

Baroreceptors: Stimulus - LOW BP
Effect: (3)

A 
Baroreceptors: Stimulus - LOW BP
Effect:
- INCREASE heart rate
- INCREASE force of contraction
- Peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION
(⬆️ P. Resistance ⬇️ compliance)
185
Q

Group of neuronal CELL BODIES inside the CNS

A

Nucleus

186
Q

Bundle of AXONS in the Cns

A

Tract

187
Q

Shape of gray matter

A

Butterfly or H shape

188
Q

Gray matter of Spinal cord

OB IS GRAY

A

Inner part of spinal cord

189
Q

Part of spinal cord that is resp for passage of MOTOR NEURONS

A

Ventral (Anterior) Rami of Spinal Cord

190
Q

Part of spinal cord for passage of SENSORY NEURONS

A

Dorsal (Posterior) rami of spinal cord

191
Q

Dorsal or posterior rami of spinal cord extends from

A

Medulla oblongata to L2 vertebra

192
Q

Spinal cord terminates at what vertebra

A

L2

193
Q

What is the CONE SHAPE termination of spinal cord

A

Conus terminalis

194
Q

Horsetail-like extensions of the spinal nerves below its terminal end

A

Cauda equina

Tail - horse equinox

195
Q

Spinal tap is done in what vertebra

A

L3

196
Q

Mneumonic for rami of spinal cord and fxn

“SPAM”

A

Sensory
Posterior

Anterior
Motor

197
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

Time muscles

198
Q

2 tracts in the spinal cord

A

Corticospinal tract

Spinothalamic tract

199
Q

Bundle of axons from spinal cord to cortex

A

Corticospinal tract

200
Q

Bundle of axons from spinal cord to thalamus

A

Spinothalamic tract

201
Q

Other name of corticospinal tract

A

Pyramidal tract

202
Q

Function of corticospinal tract

A

For motor

203
Q

Function of spinothalamic tract

A

For sensory

d b review (38 decks)

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