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d b review > 22. Systemic Pathology > Flashcards

22. Systemic Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Accumulation of blood in pericardial space

A

Cardiac tamponade

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2
Q

“Beck’s triad” assoc with Cardiac tamponade

A

Distended neck veins
Distant muffled heart sounds
Decrease arterial BP

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3
Q

3 diseases assoc with RHD/RF

A

Scarlet fever
Impetigo
Strep throat

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4
Q

Disease caused by post streptococcal hypersensitivity

A

RHD

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5
Q

Strawberry tongue

A

Scarlet fever

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6
Q

Diff dx of scarlet fever (with strawberry tongue also)

A

Kawasaki disease

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7
Q

2 Histologic features of RHF

A

Aschoff bodies

Anitschkow giant cells

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8
Q

Pathognomonic granulomatous inflammed tissue of myocardium

A

Aschkoff bodies

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9
Q

“Caterpillar like” 🐛 Giant macrophages

A

Anitschkow giant cells

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10
Q

5 features of RF/RHD

A 
Polyarthritis
Pancarditis
Valvular damage (mitral valve)
Chorea
Erythema marginatum
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11
Q

BQ: what Pericarditis is associated with RHD?

A

Fibrinoid pericarditis

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12
Q

Other term for fibrinoid pericarditis

A

“Bread and butter” pericarditis

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13
Q

BQ: Clinica feature of erythema multiforme

A

Target skin lesion/bull’s eye

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14
Q

Bacteria colonization of heart valves (mitral valve)

A

Endocarditis

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15
Q

Most common cause of Endocarditis (old textbook)

A

RHD

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16
Q

Accdg to WHO: High risk of Endocarditis in:

A

Prosthetic heart valve
Recent cardiac surgery
History of endocarditis

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17
Q

Treatment for pxs with high risk of having Endocarditis before Extraction or invasive procedures

A

Prophylactic antibiotic:

  1. Amoxicillin 2,000mg/2g
    - 30mins to 60mins prior to invasive procedure
  2. Clindamycin 600mg
    - if allergic to amox
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18
Q

Side effect of clindamycin

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

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19
Q

Causative agent/bacteria of pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

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20
Q

Tx for pseudomembranous colitis

A

Metronidazole

Vancomycin

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21
Q

Side effect of vancomycin

A

Red man syndrome

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22
Q

Most common type of endocarditis

A

Subacute endocarditis

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23
Q

Bacteria assoc with “endocarditis”

A

Streptococcus viridans

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24
Q

Infection of lungs esp the alveoli

A

Pneumonia

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25
Q

2 types of pneumonia

A

Bacterial and viral pneumonia

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26
Q

Causative agent of bacterial pneumonia

A

Strep pneumoniae

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27
Q

Viral pneumonia

A 
Influenza virus (orthomyxovirus)
RSV (paramyxovirus)
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28
Q

“Collapsed” alveoli of lungs (decrease in size/deflated) due to surfactant deficiency

A

Atelectasis

“Ectasis” - collapse

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29
Q

COPD (3)

A

Bronchiectasis
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis

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30
Q

BQ: disease assoc with “Barrel chest appearance”

A

COPD* (boards)

- Emphysema

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31
Q

Collapsed bronchi (dilatation of respiratory tract) usually due to CYSTIC FIBROSIS!!(inc mucus prod:loss of cilia: cant breathe)

A

Bronchiectasis

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32
Q

“Pink puffer”

A

emPhysema

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33
Q

“Blue Bloaters”

A

Chronic Bronchitis

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34
Q

“Trapped air”

A

Emphysema

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35
Q

Most common chronic disease of the lungs

A

Emphysema

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36
Q

Increase in size of the air spaces (nawawalan ng elasticity ung alveoli)

A

Emphysema

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37
Q

“Barrel chest appearance”

A

Emphysema

Choices sa boards: COPD!

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38
Q

Inflammation of bronchi due to Inhalation of pollutants (smoking and pneumoconiosis)

A

Chronic bronchitis

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39
Q

Inhalation of different pollutants

A

Pneumoconiosis

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40
Q

“Stone mason’s disease”

A

Silicosis

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41
Q

Most common and most serious
Inhalation of SILICA
Assoc with TB!

A

Silicosis

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42
Q

Inhalation of ASBESTOS

Assoc with bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Asbestosis

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43
Q

“Wool sorter’s disease”

A

Anthrax

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44
Q

“Black lung or Coal worker’s disease”

A

Anthracosis

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45
Q

Inhalation of csrbon or coal dust

A

Anthracosis

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46
Q

Inhalation of beryllium

A

Berrylliosis

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47
Q

BQ: Consequences of CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

A

Cor pulmonale

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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48
Q

Enlargement of right ventricles

A

Cor pulmonale

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49
Q

Bronchial epithelium to squamous change

Assoc with asbestosis

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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50
Q

BQ: Most common death causing cancer in MALE(or female 2018)

A

Lung cancer

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51
Q

Most common death causing cancer in women (old statistics)

A

Breast cancer

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52
Q

Most common cancer in male

A

Prostate cancer

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53
Q

Most common cancer in females

A

Breast cancer

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54
Q

Disease due to excessive acid secretion

A

Peptic ulcers

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55
Q

Most commonly involved bacteria in peptic ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

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56
Q

Most common site of peptic ulcer

A

Duodenum (c shaped/iron)

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57
Q

Skin cancer of the stomach

- risk factors: smoked and raw food

A

Gastric carcinoma

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58
Q

Most common blood type assoc with gastric carcinoma

A

Blood type A

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59
Q

Carcinogen found in grilled food:well done

A

Benzo-a-pyrenes

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60
Q

Other term for gerd

A

Heartburn

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61
Q

Gastric contents moving up to the Lower esophagus

A

Gerd

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62
Q

Doc for gerd

A

Omeprazole (PPI)

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63
Q

Treatment for GERD (2)

A 
Omeprazole
H2 blockers (ranitidine/cimetidine)
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64
Q

Metaplastic change assoc with GERD

A

Barret’s esophagus

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65
Q

Decrease function of heart; resulting to decrease blood flow to organs

A

Heart failure

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66
Q

Most common type of CHF

A

Left CHF

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67
Q

Causes of left CHF

A

Hypertension
Rheumatic fever
MI

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68
Q

Larger type of circulation: Systemic or pulmonary?

A

Systemic - larger

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69
Q

Vessels involved in Pulmonary circulation

A

2 only:
Pulmo artery and vein
(the rest sa systemic na)

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70
Q

What ventricle supplies the systemic circulation

A

Left ventricle

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71
Q

Ventricle that is involved in pulmonary circulation

A

Right ventricle

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72
Q

Fat + Calcium =

A

Plaque

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73
Q

Sudden attack of severe shortness of breath during the night

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

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74
Q

Shortness of breath while lying

A

Two-pillow orthopnea (positional dyspnea)

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75
Q 
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Two-pillow orthopnea
Tachypnea
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary edema
- Are characteristic of what CHF?
A

Left CHF - Lungs affected

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76
Q

Body compensation to heart failure:

A
  1. Increases heart function ➡️ Hypertrophy of Left ventricle ➡️ Congestion
  2. Fluid retention = ⬆️BF = ⬆️BS
  3. Hypertrophy
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77
Q

What happens if there’s congestion in the left ventricle:

A
  1. Decrease blood systemic circulation
  2. Back flow of blood in the lungs (kaya hirap sila huminga)
  3. R-CHF
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78
Q

BQ: Pigment carried by Heart failure cells

A

Hemosiderin

Dust cells: eat yung rbc sa lungs = end product: hemosiderin

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79
Q

Most common cause of R-CHF

A

Left CHF

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80
Q

Nutmeg liver is s characteristic feature of what disease?

A

Nutmeg liver : R-CHF

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81
Q 
Nutmeg liver
Portal hypertension leading to:
- Splenomegaly
- Ascites
- Peripheral edema ( in lower ext)
- Jugular venous distention
- Esophageal varices
\: Are associated with what CHF?
A

Right CHF (is body is involved)

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82
Q

Fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites

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83
Q

BQ: Esophageal varices is seen in what disease?

A

Right CHF or “CHF”

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84
Q

Plaque or (fat-calcium complexes) formation in the coronary artery

A

Coronary heart disease

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85
Q

Volume of blood pumped by the heart for every minute

A

Cardiac output

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86
Q

Formula for Cardiac output

A

CO = Stroke vol x Heart rate

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87
Q

Volume of blood pumped by the heart

A

Stroke volume

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88
Q

Beats per minute

A

Heart rate

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89
Q

Average stroke volume

A

70ml

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90
Q

Average heart rate

A

70 bpm

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91
Q

Average Cardiac output

A

4900ml/min ➡️ 5L/min!!!!

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92
Q

Typical range of Cardiac output

A

4L-7L/min

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93
Q

3 stages of Coronary Heart Disease

A

👑 Atherosclerosis
👑 Angina pectoris
👑 Myocardial infarction

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94
Q

Thickening and hardening of LARGE arteries like coronary artery, aorta

A

Atherosclerosis

95
Q

Thickening and hardening of the smallest artery or arterioles

A

Arteriosclerosis

96
Q

Chest pain due to ischemia (dec blood supply) in the heart

A

Angina pectoris

97
Q

BQ: Chest pain without physical exertion 🙅‍♀️

A

Unstable angina

98
Q

BQ: Chest pain during physical exertion 💃

A

Stable angina

99
Q

Intermittent chest pain at rest (di matanong sa boards)

A

Variant or Prinzmetal’s angina

100
Q

BQ: DOC for angina pectoris or chest pain

A

Nitroglycerin (Glycerin trinitrate)

  • Sublingual
  • causes vasodilation = ⬆️ Blood supply
101
Q

Inhalational drug that can also be used to tx angina pectoris

A

Amyl nitrate

102
Q

“Heart attack”

A

Myocardial infarction

103
Q

Necrosis of myocardium due to infarction (LOSS of blood supply) in the coronary artery

A

Myocardial infaction

104
Q

Whole process that causes Myocardial infarction is called?

A

Thromboembolism (formation of thrombus to EMBOLUS)

105
Q

BQ: Most common site of thrombosis or Clot formation?

A

Deep femoral vein

106
Q

Formation of clot

A

Thrombosis

107
Q

aka “clot”

A

Thrombus

108
Q

Any floating mass that is capable of clogging capillary walls (ex blood clot)

A

Embolus

109
Q

Lodging of an embolus (pag na trap sa small vessel)

A

Embolism

110
Q

Process: thrombus to embolus

A

Thromboembolism

111
Q

Myocardial infarction has features of having:

- Severe chest pain and numbness radiating to what side of the body?

A

Left side of body - Numbness/Severe chest pain

112
Q

Virchow’s triad - Factors that contribute to thrombosis formation : (virCHEows)

A
  1. Changes in vascular flow
    - obstruction ng blood flow
    - (pag nakaupo palagi)
  2. Hypercoagulability
    - Gene mutations or drugs (birth control pills)
  3. Endothelial injury
    - damage in the wall of bv (happens in any form of wound like during SURGERY = ⬆️ risk of having MI)
113
Q

BQ: “Roger’s disease”

A

Ventricular septal defect

114
Q

Most common type of Acyanotic

A

Ventricular septal defect

115
Q

Most common type of Cyanotic type: “Bluish” 💙

A

Tetralogy of fallot

116
Q

4 components of Tetralogy of fallot

A 
“PROVe”
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
Ventricular septal defect
117
Q

“Narrowing of valve” = ⬇️ blood to lungs

A

Pulmonary STENOSIS

stenosis - narrowing

118
Q

Narrowing of the DESCENDING AORTA

A

Coarctation of the aorta

119
Q

Blood pressure difference in Coarctation of the aorta:
Upper body =
Lower body =

A

Coarctation of the aorta:
Upper body = hypertension
Lower body = hypotension

120
Q

BQ: Ductus arteriosus (fetus)

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

121
Q

BQ: Ductus venosus (fetus)

A

Ligamentum venosum (adults)

122
Q

BQ: Umbilical vein (fetus)

A

Ligamentum teres (joins with falciform ligament of liver)

123
Q

BQ: Foramen ovale (fetus)

- loc: sphenoid and heart (bet R/L atrium)

A

Fossa ovalis of right atrium

In adults: 1 foramen ovale = exit of V3

124
Q

BQ: Which has thicker MUSCULAR LAYER: Arteries or veins?

A

Arteries thicker!

125
Q

BQ: Which of the ffg layers of is ABSENT in veins?

A

Serosa

126
Q

BQ: Arteries carrying UNoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery

Umbilical artery

127
Q

BQ: Veins carrying OXYGENATED blood

A

Pulmonary vein
Ductus venosus
Umbilical vein

128
Q

BQ: Blue baby syndrome is assoc with?

A

Congenital heart defects
Methemoglobinemia
Erythroblastosis fetalis

129
Q

BQ: Small bv supplying Larger blood vessels

A

Vasa vasorum

“Vessels of the vessels”

130
Q

BQ: Exchange system of arteries and veins

A

Capillaries

131
Q

Smallest BV

A

Capillaries

132
Q

Lining of capillaries

A

Simple squamous

133
Q

Size or Thickness of lumen of Capillaries

A

1 RBC

134
Q

BQ: Vessels with greatest cross sectional area?

A

Capillaries

But slowest blood flow: ⬆️Cross sec area = ⬇️ Blood flow

135
Q

BQ: blood flow is fastest in what blood vessel?

A

Aorta

Rule: ⬇️ Cross sectional area: ⬆️BF

136
Q

BQ: Peripheral resistance is greatest in?

A

Capillaries

⬇️compliance of capillaries = ⬆️ peripheral resistance

137
Q

Pressure exerted by the blood towards the wall of the blood vessel or “resistance ng vessel against blood pressure”

A

Peripheral resistance

Example:
(Blood exerts pressure on aorta(flexible)= ⬆️compliance:magsstretch ung walls pero may limit)
RULE: ⬆️compliance = ⬇️ Peripheral resistance

138
Q

Highest BP in the body

A

Aorta

139
Q

Lowest BP in the body

A

Vena cava

140
Q

BQ: What vessel is assoc with Sudden GREATEST DECREASE in BP? (Biglang bumagsak BP)

A

Arteriole

141
Q

BQ: What kind of drug is 5-Fluorouracil?

A

Anti-metabolite

142
Q

BQ: Which disease has a rx app of Sunburst or Sunray ☀️

A

Osteosarcoma

143
Q

BQ: Hx app of FIBROSARCOMA

A

Herringbone pattern

Nakikita din sa xray film: pag baligtad

144
Q

Malignancy of skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

145
Q

Benign tumor of skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma

146
Q

Malignancy of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyosarcoma

147
Q

Benign counterpart of leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle)

A

Leiomyoma

148
Q

BQ: Which is SMALLER: Osteiod osteoma or Osteoblastoma?

A

Osteoid osteoma - <1cm

osteoblastoma - >2cm

149
Q

Which is MORE PAINFUL (Constant/nocturnal) : Osteiod osteoma or Osteoblastoma?

A

Osteoid osteoma

150
Q

BQ: Which is relieved by nsaids: Osteoid osteoma or Osteoblastoma?

A

Osteoblastoma - pain reliever

151
Q

Hereditary accumulation of polyps in the rectum of large intestine
- (presence of POLYPS and SUPERNUMERARY TEETH)

A

Gardner’s syndrome

152
Q

Other name for Gardner’s syndrome

A

Familial colorectal polyposis

153
Q

BQ: Most common site of colorectal cancer?

A

Rectosigmoid junction

154
Q

Gardner’s syndrome or Familial colorectal polyposis is assoc with what cancer

A

Colorectal cancer

155
Q

BQ: What is the differential diagnosis of Gardner’s?

A

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

  • With polyps
  • normal # of teeth
  • w/ freckles(ephilides)
156
Q

Other name for Sjogren’s syndrome

A

Sicca syndrome

157
Q

Autoimmune disease that damages the salivary and lacrimal glands

A

Sjogren’s syndrome or Sicca syndrome

158
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome TRIAD

A

Xerostomia
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Rheumatoid arthritis

159
Q

Treatment for Sjogren’s syndrome

A
  1. Immunosuppressants:
    Cyclosporine
    Corticosteroids
  2. Cholinergic drugs - Pilocarpine (parasymp drug: inc fluids for dry mouth and eyes)
  3. Antiinflammatory:
    NSAIDs
160
Q

BQ: Drugs assoc with GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA

A

Phenytoin
Cyclosporines
Nifedipine

161
Q

BQ: Disease assoc with sjogren’s syndrome with ENLARGEMENT OF SALIVARY AND LACRIMAL GLANDS is called?

A

Mikulicz disease
“benign lymphoepithelial lymphomatosum”
( BLL - mukhang BELL)

162
Q

BQ: most common tumor assoc with PAROTID GLAND

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

163
Q

Most common BENIGN tumor of parotid gland

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

164
Q

Most common MALIGNANT tumor of parotid gland

A

“Mucoepidermoid carcinoma”

ssc of salivary gland

165
Q

BQ: other term for SCC

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

166
Q

BQ: “Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum”

A

Warthin’s tumor (2nd benign)

167
Q

BQ: 2nd most common skin cancer of the body

A

SCC

168
Q

BQ: most common site of SCC

A

Posterolateral border of tongue

169
Q

Second most common MALIGNANT in PAROTID gland

A

Acinic cell carcinoma

170
Q

Autodigestion of pancreas due to early activation of pancreatic juices - (happens only when you have gallstones : Alcoholics)

A

Acute pancreatitis

COD: Internal hemorrhage

171
Q

Lab findings in Acute pancreatitis

A

Increase serum amylase and lipase (secreted by pancreas)

172
Q

Liver tissues are being replaced by SCAR FIBROUS TISSUE resulting to decrease blod flow in the liver

A

Cirrhosis

173
Q

Cirrhosis due to alcohol

Presence of mallory bodies

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

“Laennec’s cirrhosis”

174
Q

Cirrhosis due to obstruction of bile ducts

A

Biliary cirrhosis

175
Q

Cirrhosis due to chronic RIGHT CHF!!!!

A

Cardiac cirrhosis

176
Q

Inflammation of gall bladder

A

Cholecystitis

177
Q

Gall bladder or bile duct STONES

A

Cholelithiasis

178
Q

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease

A

Crohn’s disease

179
Q

Clinical appearance of Crohn’s disease

A

Cobblestone

180
Q

BQ: glomerular inflammation due to POST STREP INFECTIONS

A

Glomerulonephritis

181
Q

BQ: Inflammatory rupture of the glomerular capillaries

- presence of HEMATURIA!!!

A

Nephritic syndrome

182
Q

BQ: Functional impairment of kidney
Inc excretion of substances WITHOUT NEPHRITIS
- WITHOUT HEMATURIA

A

Nephrotic syndrome

183
Q

Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney

A

Pyelonephritis

184
Q

Failure of PCT to reabsord impt subs like glucose and amino acids

A

Faconi’s syndrome

185
Q

BQ: overfunctioning of the prostate gland

Inc serum acid phosphatase and Prostate specific antigen “PSA”

A

Prostate cancer

186
Q

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissues

A

Edema

187
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites

188
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the Pleural cavity

A

Hydrothorax/ Pleural effusion

189
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the Pericardial sac

A

Cardiac tamponade

190
Q

Generalized edema

A

Anasarca

191
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the LUNG SPACES

A

Pulmonary edema

192
Q

Process of “Blood efflux” from the circulatory system

A

Hemorrhage

193
Q

Small size hemorrhage (<3mm)

A

Petechiae

194
Q

Moderate size hemorrhage (3-10mm)

A

Purpura

195
Q

Large size hemorrhage (>10mm)

A

Ecchymoses

196
Q

Tumor like hemorrhage

A

Hematoma

197
Q

Lack of blood flow to the tissues

A

Shock

198
Q

Shock caused by hemorrhage

A

Hypovolemic shock or Hemorrhagic shock

199
Q

Shock due to Decrease cardiac function (heart attack or cardiac tamponade)

A

Cardiogenic shock

200
Q

Shock due to bacterial infection or SEPSIS and SEPTICEMIA

A

Septic shock

201
Q

Shock due to excessive allergic reaction

A

Anaphylactic shock

202
Q

Tx for anaphylactic shock

A

Epinephrine (1:1000 - IM)

203
Q

Shock due to disruption of parasym and symp

A

Neurogenic shock

204
Q

“Diabetic shock”

Due to abnormal body metabolism

A

Metabolic shock

205
Q

Shock due to emotional event or traumatic event

A

Psychogenic shock

206
Q

BQ: location of prostate gland

A

Neck of bladder

207
Q

Decrease in erthrocyte count

A

Anemia

208
Q

BQ: most common type of anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia

209
Q

BQ: “Plummer Vinson Syndrome” is assoc with what type of anemia?

A

Iron def anemia

210
Q

Tx for iron def anemia that causes tooth discoloration

A

Ferrous sulfate

211
Q

BQ: “Plummer’s dse” is assoc with what disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

212
Q

Inability of red bone marrow cells to produce RBC

A

Aplastic anemia

213
Q

Vit B12 def

A

Pernicious anemia

214
Q

Vit B9 def

A

Megaloblastic anemia

215
Q

BQ: “beefy tongue” is seen in

A

Pernicious anemia

216
Q

Hemolytic anemia (“STEf”)

A

Sickle cell anemia
Thalassemia
Erythroblastosis fetalis

217
Q

Abnormal “hemoglobin” formation

A

Thalassemia

218
Q

Hx app: Heinz bodies

A

Thalassemia

219
Q

2 dses with RX: Crewcut/Hair-on-end

A

Thalassemia

Sickle cell anemia

220
Q

Type of anemia where in Glutamic acid is replaced by VALINE

A

Sickle cell anemia

221
Q

Lifespan of rbc in sickle cell anemia

A

10-20 days only!

222
Q

Hemolytic anemia in fetus

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Rh - mom / Rh+ father

223
Q

BQ: “GRANULOCYTOPENIA”
- decrease number of granulocytes
(Nakakalito kasi misleading!!)

A

Agranulocytosis

224
Q

Neoplastic growth of WBC

A

Leukemia

225
Q

BQ: “not a feature of leukemia”

A

Features:

  1. Dec platelet count = thrombocytopenia
  2. Hemorrhage - petechiae/ecchymosis
  3. Decrease RBC - anemia
  4. Abnormal WBC
  5. Gingival hyperplasia
  6. Oral ulcerations
  7. Oral petechiae
226
Q

BQ: Leukemia common to Down’s syndrome

A

Acute leukemia

227
Q

BQ: Most common leukemia

A

CLL

228
Q

BQ: Least common leukemia

A

AML

229
Q

BQ: Most common acute leukemia in CHILDREN

A

ALL

230
Q

BQ: Leukemia assoc with PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME (translocation of 22 to 9)

A

CML

231
Q

BQ: Mutation of chr 22 to 11

A

Ewings sarcoma

232
Q

BQ: deletion of chr 22

A

DiGeorge syndrome

Def thymus and parathyroid

233
Q

BQ: 3 disease of HISTIOCYTOSIS

A

BQ: Letterer Siwe disease
BQ: Hand schuller christian disease
Eosinophilic granuloma

234
Q

BQ: Letterer siwe disease is common in what age

A

<1 yr old

d b review (38 decks)

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