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d b review > 18. Urinary System > Flashcards

18. Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

How many segments in a nephron/kidney?

A

5

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2
Q

Functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

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3
Q

Macrophages of kidney

A

Mesangial cells

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4
Q

Pathway of filtration in a nephron

A

Afferent BV > Glomerulus > PCT > Loop of henle > DCT > collecting ducts

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5
Q

Made up of bowman’s capsule and glomurular capillaries

A

Renal corpuscle

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6
Q

Lining of renal tubules (mostly)

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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7
Q

BQ: What are the filtering units of the glomerulus?

A

Podocytes

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8
Q

Clusters of capillaries where blood is filtered

A

Glomerular capillaries or glomerulus

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9
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

125mL/min

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10
Q

2/3 (60-70%) of filtrate are reabsorbed here

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

PCT: Active transport

A

Glucose, amino acid, Na

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12
Q

PCT: for water reabsorption (facilitated diffusion)

A

Aquaporins

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13
Q

BQ: Has counter current mechanism

A

Loop of henle

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14
Q

“Concentrating segment”

- because water goes out here

A

Thin descending segment of loop of henle

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15
Q

“Diluting segment”

- because solutes or electrolytes go out here

A

Thick ascending segment of loop of henle

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16
Q

Wall is very permeable to water

- water comes out due to HIGH osmotic pressure in medulla

A

Thin descending segment

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17
Q

Not permeable to water

Has ion pumps that pumps out (Na, Cl, K) ions out and towards the medulla

A

Thick ascending segment

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18
Q

Normally not permeable to water
Changes its function depending on the hormone present
(Aldosterone/Adh/Pth)

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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19
Q

Na reabsorption and K excretion

A

Aldosterone

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20
Q

H20 reabsorption

A

Adh

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21
Q

Calcium reabsorption and Phosphate excretion

A

Pth

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22
Q

Collects the filtered urine

Drains to the minor calyx

A

Collecting tubules

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23
Q

Receives filtrate from collecting tubules

A

Minor calyx

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24
Q

Receives filtrate from minor calyx

A

Major calyx

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25
Receives filtrate from the major calyx
renal pelvis
26
Brings urine towards ureter going to the bladder
Renal pelvis
27
Regulates the blood volume | - influences blood pressure and solutes
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
28
BQ: What are the cells responsible for TGF or tubuloglomerular feedback?
Macula densa cells of DCT
29
Detects NaCl concentration in DCT = ⬇️Blood volume = ⬇️ Urine output
Macula densa cells of DCT
30
Maximum capacity of bladder
500ml
31
Lining of bladder
Transitional epithelium
32
Shape of bladder in relaxed or empty state
Cuboidal
33
Shape of bladder in full or stretched state
Squamous
34
High NaCl concentration in DCT = afferent arterioles ____
High NaCl concentration in DCT = afferent arterioles CONSTRICT
35
Low NaCl concentration in DCT = afferent arterioles ____
LOW NaCl concentration in DCT = afferent arterioles DILATE
36
Signals Juxtaglomerular cells to release RENIN
Low NaCl concentration in DCT
37
Cells found along afferent arterioles that secretes RENIN which is important for RAAS
Juxtaglomerular cells
38
BQ: GFR measures: 3
"CrIB" Creatinine - most important Inulin Blood urea nitrogen (Bun)
39
BQ: What is the average daily urine output?
1. 5L/day | 1. 5-2.0L/day
40
Most specific in determining GFR
Creatinine
41
⬆️ creatinine = problem in
Problem in kidney
42
Are almost completely reabsorbed in the PCT
Glucose and amino acid
43
99% of filtered water is reabsorbed: Only 1% of water forms the _
1% of water = urine
44
RAAS: Na and water = K =
RAAS: Na and water = reabsorption ⬆️ K = excretion ⬆️
45
Urine pigment
Urobilin
46
Uric acid crystals are from what Bases
Purine (adenine and guanine)
47
BQ: Renal threshold for Glucosuria
160*-180mg/dl
48
BQ: How many nephrons per kidney?
1 million nephrons per kidney
49
Inner part of kidney
Renal medulla
50
Outer part of kidney
Renal cortex
51
Which is lower: Left or right kidney?
Right kidney is lower - because of the LIVER
52
What does the kidney filter?
Kidney filters BLOOD
53
Blood vessel towards a nephron
Afferent arteriole
54
Blood vessel away from a nephron
Efferent arteriole
55
Loop of Henle is located in which part of the kidney
Renal medulla
56
Other name for Renal corpuscle
Malphigian corpuscle
57
Can RBCs cross or enter the proximal convoluted tubules?
No. | *If yes = HEMATURIA (Blood in the urine)
58
Filtrate is composed of (4)
Water Electrolytes (Na,K,Cl) Amino acids Glucose
59
BQ: Water comes out from the Thin descending segment of loop of henle because of
Hyperosmotic renal medulla
60
Water and electrolytes that go out from the loop of henle goes to the
Vasa recta - then towards the circulatory system
61
What is the blood vessel adjacent to a nephron?
Vasa recta
62
Hormones that affect function of DCT
"PAA" Pth Aldosterone Adh
63
blood volume is how many % in relation to the body weight
8% of body weight
64
What happens when Macula densa cells detect HIGH NaCl concentration in the DCT? ⬆️NaCl concentration - Macula densa cells signals afferent arterioles to? - Blood volume? - GFR? - Urine output?
⬆️NaCl conc(iisipin ng macula densa cells: maalat = kulang sa water/blood volume) - signals afferent arterioles to CONSTRICT - ⬇️ Blood volume towards glomerulus - ⬇️ GFR - ⬇️ Urine output
65
2 important cells present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa cells of DCT and Juxtaglomerular cells
66
What happens when Macula densa cells detect LOW NaCl concentration in the DCT? ⬇️NaCl concentration - Macula densa cells signals afferent arterioles to? - Blood volume? - GFR? - Urine output?
⬇️NaCl conc (iisipin ng macula densa cells: matabang = sobra sa water/blood volume) - signals afferent arterioles to DILATE - ⬆️ Blood volume towards glomerulus - ⬆️ GFR - ⬆️ Urine output
67
IMPORTANT: Macula densa cells send signals to 2 cells when there is LOW NaCl concentration
1. Afferent arterioles to DILATE = ⬆️Vol 2. Juxtaglomerular cells to secrete RENIN (RAAS: Aldosterone - end product) Aldosterone = Na reabsorption -- Ayaw ni macula densa itapon mga solutes, so babalik sa VASA RECTA to blood -- Aldosterone - Sodium reabsorption ❤️ H20 follows: pakonti konti lang para di agad babagsak yung katawan
68
Cells found along the afferent arterioles that secretes renin which is important in RAAS
Juxtaglomerular cells
69
RAAS EFFECT: Bv - BP - GFR -
RAAS EFFECT: Aldosterone :Na reabsorption Bv - vasodilation BP - increase BP GFR - increase GFR
70
BQ: Location of Baroreceptors
Carotid and aortic SINUS
71
Stimulus for RENIN secretion (4)
Low NaCl concentration in DCT Low BP Decrease renal blood flow = Dec GFR Sympathetic activation
72
What detects pressure in the blood?
Baroreceptors
73
BQ: Lining of urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium
74
Suffix for ACE inhibitors
ACE-pril | - Captopril: dont convert angiotensin I to II
75
Example of A2 antagonist drug
Losartan

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