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d b review > 19. General pathology > Flashcards

19. General pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Indicates that an antigen(antibody generating) is present

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

Redness

A

Rubor

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3
Q

Heat

A

Calor

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4
Q

Pain

A

Dolor

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5
Q

Swelling

A

Tumor

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6
Q

Loss of function

A

Function laesa

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7
Q

They cause vasodilation and increase in vascular permeability

A

Mediators of inflammation

  • prostaglandin, bradykinin, kallidin
  • histamine
  • lymphocytes
  • wbc enzymes
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8
Q

Mediators of inflammation that produces PAIN

A

Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Kallidin

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9
Q

Most important mediator of inflammation

A

Histamine

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10
Q

Cells that produces histamine

A

Mast cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Platelets

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11
Q

Opp fxn of histamine

Histamine = vasodilation

A

Serotonin = vasoconstriction

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12
Q

H1 receptors

A

Bronchi - bronchoconstriction

Bv - vasodilation

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13
Q

H2 receptors

A

Stomach - increase HCl acid

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14
Q

H3 receptors

A

Cns

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15
Q

BQ: Dse assoc with ⬇️ T cell count in Thymus and ⬇️ PTH in Parathyroid gland

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

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16
Q

BQ: DiGeorge Syndrome = ⬇️ PTH
- Hypoparathyroidism
-Hypocalcemia
==

A

Tetany

- chvostek and trosseous sign

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17
Q

What is the disease associated with ⬇️ B cell count?

A

Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

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18
Q

Matured in thymus

A

T lymphocytes

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19
Q

T helper cell

A

CD4

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20
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

CD8

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21
Q

Specialized CD8

A

NK cells

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22
Q

Matures in bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes

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23
Q

Activated B cells ; produces immunoglobulins

A

Plasma cells

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24
Q

Effects of vascular permeability

A

Escape of plasma contents towards interstitial tissues

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25
Q 
Numerous proteins (albumin)
Seen in ABSCESS
A

Exudate

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26
Q 
Few protein (albumin)
Seen in EDEMA(pitting or non pitting) and gingival crevicular fluid/sulcular fluid
A

Transudate

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27
Q

Specific gravity of exudate

A

> 1.018

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28
Q

Specific gravity of Transudate

A

< 1.012

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29
Q

Peripherally lining up of WBCs

Preparation for diapedesis

A

Pavementing or Migration

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30
Q

BQ: What is the passive movement of blood cells across endothelial wall?

A

Diapedesis
- (after mag line up ng wbc sa periphery or pavementing, magmmove yung wbc across endothelial wall or endothelium which is the wall of the blood vessel because antigen is outside the blood vessel or at the surface)

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31
Q

What is the specialize movement of lymphocytes across endothelium?

A

Emperipolesis

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32
Q

What organelle is used by WBCs to move across endothelium? For motility

A

Pseudopods

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33
Q

BQ: It is the phenomenon through which blood borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation?
(bacteria from secondary inflammatory site are attracted to primary inflammatory site)

A

Anachoresis

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34
Q

Movement from Point A to Point B:with CHEMOTACTIC AGENTS

motile cells are attracted to chemotactic agents

A

Chemotaxis

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35
Q

Chemotactic agents for neutrophils

A

Antigens

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36
Q

Chemotactic agents for Wbcs like monocyte

A

Neutrophils

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37
Q

“cell eating”

A

Phagocytosis

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38
Q

Process of cell digestion

A

Phagosome
Lysosome
Phagolysosome
Residual bodies

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39
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Nonspecific/Passive/Innate (NPI)

Specific/Active/Adaptive (SAA)

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40
Q

1st line of defense (skin, Hcl acid in stomach)

A

NPI - Barriers

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41
Q

2nd line of defense

A

NPI: Phagocytes

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42
Q

2 types of SAA immunity

A

Humoral

Cell mediated

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43
Q

Mediated primarily by B cells

A

Humoral immunity

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44
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  1. Bcells bind to antigen’s epitope
  2. B cells will engulf antigen (endocytosis)
  3. Antigen will be digested and production of MHC 2
  4. CD4 will read MHC 2 and will result to
    - CD4 activation
    - B lymphocyte activation (memory b cell/ plasma cell)
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45
Q

Presented antigen to alarm immune system

A

Major histocompatibility Complex 2

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46
Q

Produces antibodies or immunoglobulins that binds to the specific antigen

A

Plasma cells

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47
Q

Binding of antibodies to antigen results to

A

Complement activation

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48
Q

Accumulation of C3B/opsonin on the antigen

A

Opsonization

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49
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

C5b

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50
Q

Mediated primarily by T cells

A

Cell mediated

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51
Q

Cell mediated

A
  1. Cell becomes infected by pathogen or becomes a cancer cell
  2. Cell produces abnormal proteins
  3. Cell will produce MHC1
  4. CD8 will read MHC1 and will result to CD8 activation
  5. CD8 cells bond to the cell with MHC1 and kills it
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52
Q

Sudden onset

Injury > resistance

A

Acute infection

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53
Q

Long standing

Injury = resistance

A

Chronic infection

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54
Q

Bilateral involvement of submn, subli, submental spaces

A

Ludwigs angina

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55
Q

Tx for ludwigs angina

A

Antibiotics

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56
Q

Management of fluctuant swelling in ludwigs angina

A

Incision and drainage

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57
Q

Blade used for I and D of swelling in ludwigs angina

A

Blade 11

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58
Q

Aka phlegmon

A

Cellulitis

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59
Q

Inflammation of the cells

A

Cellulitis

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60
Q

Tx for cellulitis

A

Antibiotics

NO ASPIRATION!!!!!

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61
Q

2 examples of acute infection

A

Ludwigs angina

Cellulitis

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62
Q

Seen in chronic apical periodontitis

A

Abscess
Granuloma
Cyst

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63
Q

How to differentiate abscess, granuloma and cyst

A

Biopsy

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64
Q

Most common stage of granuloma

A

Granulomatous stage

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65
Q

BQ: Lining of cyst

A

Stratified squamous

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66
Q

Leukocytosis is a characteristic of what infection?

A

Acute bacterial

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67
Q

Lymphocytosis is a characteristic of what infection?

A

Acute viral and chronic bacterial

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68
Q

What cells are found in chronic infections??

A

Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells

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69
Q

Other names for type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Immediate hypersensitivity
Allergic
Anaphylactic

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70
Q

Mediator in Hypersensitivity type 1

A

IgE

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71
Q

Other name for Hypersensitivity type 2

A

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

CyTWOtoxic

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72
Q

Mediator for hypersensitivity type 2

A

IgG and IgM

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73
Q

Other name for hypersensitivity type 3

A

Immune complex hypersensitivity

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74
Q

Mediator in hypersensitivity type 3

A

Antigen and antibody complex

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75
Q

Other names for hypersensitivity type 4

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

T cell mediated

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76
Q

Type of hypersensitivity which takes days before reactions appear

A

Type 4 = Delayed

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77
Q

Mediator in hypersensitivity type 4

A

Immune cells

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78
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction when serum of horse is injected to the rabbit?

A

Type 3 - Immune complex

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79
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in urticaria

A

Type 1

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80
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in Serum sickness

A

Type 3

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81
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Type 2

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82
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in asthma

A

Type 1

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83
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in arthus reaction

A

Type 3

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84
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in hemolytic anemia

A

Type 2

85
Q

Type of hypersensitivity reaction seen in SLE

A

Type 3

86
Q

Pathognomonic sign of SLE

A

Butterfly rash

87
Q

3 types of cells according to regenerative properties

A

Labile
Stable
Permanent

88
Q

Cells that multiplies throughout life; short life

A

Labile cells

89
Q

Cell that multiplies when damaged

A

Stable cells

90
Q

Cells that cannot multiply

A

Permanent cells

91
Q

Example of labile cells

A

Epithelial cells in the skin

92
Q

Examples of Stable cells

A

Stable KPL

- kidney, pancreas, liver

93
Q

Examples of permanent cells

A

Neuron
Mature rbc
Skeletal and cardiac muscles

94
Q

Retrogressive changes in cells and tissues characterized by abnormal structural changes WITHIN THE CELL and decreased function. It may be reversible or irreversible depending on the injury

A

Cellular degeneration

95
Q

Mildest and most common type of cellular degeneration

A

Cloudy swelling (reversible)

96
Q

Swelling of cells results to pale or cloudy appearance of tissue

A

Cloudy swelling

97
Q

Excessive swelling of cells de to excessive water accumulation

A

Hydropic or Vacuolar (reversible)

98
Q

Accumulation of lipids or fats within the cells

A 
Fatty degeneration (reversible)
Example fatty liver
99
Q

Accumulation of PCT cells

A

Hyaline droplets

100
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis (Laennec’s cirrhosis)

A

Mallory bodies

101
Q

Yellow fever

A

Councilman bodies

102
Q

Sign of yellow fever

A

Jaundice

103
Q

Typer of intracellular hyaline accumulation - plasma cells

A

Russell-Fuchs bodies

104
Q

Typhoid fever

A

Zenker’s degeneration

105
Q

Causative agent of typhoid fever

A

Salmonella typhi

106
Q

What is the most common type of staining?

A

Haemotoxylin and eosin staining

107
Q

Immature rbcs with nucleus

A

Reticulocytes

108
Q

Nucleus of mature rbc

A

None/ no nucleus

109
Q

BQ: What is the hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes?

A 
"Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome"
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (reversible)
110
Q

Extracellular hyaline accumulation of Amyloid(abnormal protein fragments)

A

Amyloidosis

111
Q

Amyloidosis is seen in what type of staining?

A

Congo red staining

112
Q

Tissue death; irreversible

A

Necrosis

113
Q

Type of necrosis where proteins are denatured or coagulated

A

Coagulation necrosis

114
Q

Most common organ involved in coagulation necrosis

A

Heart

115
Q

Least common organ involved in coagulation necrosis

A

Brain

116
Q

“Liquefaction” of injured tissue

A

Liquefaction necrosis

117
Q

Most common organ involved in liquefaction necrosis

A

Brain

118
Q

Cheeselike material

A

Caseous necrosis

119
Q

soft granulomatous growth

A

Gumma - gummatous necrosis

120
Q

Type of necrosis Seen in lower extremities of diabetic patients

A

Gangrenous necrosis

121
Q

Tx for gangrenous necrosis in diabetic pxs

A

Amputation

122
Q

fat calcium complexes accumulation

A

Fat necrosis

123
Q

Most common organ involved in fat necrosis

A

Pancreas

124
Q

Bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene

A

Gas gangrene

125
Q

Causative agent of gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens

Gram+anaerobic

126
Q

Type of necrosis assoc with hypoxia and ischemia in all tissues

A

Coagulation necrosis

127
Q

Type of necrosis assoc with tuberculosis of lungs

A

Caseous necrosis

128
Q

Causative agent of tb of lungs which is also good in creating drug resistance

A

Mycobacterium tb

129
Q

Treatment for TB

A 
RIPES
rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
130
Q

Type of necrosis assoc with tertiary syphilis

A

Gummatous necrosis

131
Q

Type of syphilis where there is chancre sores

A

Primary syphilis

132
Q

Type of syphilis where there are white mucous patches

A

Secondary syphilis

133
Q

Type of syphilis where there is gummatous necrosis

A

Tertiary syphilis

134
Q

Causative agent for syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

135
Q

Dark pigmentation of skin

From melanocytes

A

Melanin

136
Q

Brown to black

A

Eumelanin

137
Q

Red to yellow

A

Pheomelanin

138
Q

Red pigment, carries oxygen in rbc

A

Hemoglobin

139
Q

Red portion of hemoglobin

A

Heme

Porphyrin

140
Q

Green pigment

A

Biliverdin

141
Q

Yellow pigment

A

Bilirubin

Urobilin - urine

142
Q

Golden brown or rust

Seen in heart failure cells of liver

A

Hemosiderin

143
Q

Brown, feces pigment

A

Stercobilin

144
Q

Wear and tear pigment, common in neurons

A

Lipofuscin or lipochrome

145
Q

Blue-Gray-Black gingiva

A

Plumbism
Argyria
Mercury poisoning

146
Q

Lead poisoning

A

Plumbism

147
Q

Bluish line in marginal gingiva Seen in plumbism

A

Burton line - Plumbism

148
Q

Silver poisoning

A

Argyria

149
Q

BQ: Black pigmentation??

A

Silver nitrate

150
Q

Cherry red tissues

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning

151
Q

Greenish black teeth

A

Tetracycline stain

152
Q

Tetracyline staining can affect children until what age

A

Until 8 years old only

Because crowns are fully developed

153
Q

Yellowish teeth

A

Iron def anemia (cause of yellowing of teeth: ferrous sulfate)

154
Q

BQ: Copper accumulation with keyser fleischer ring(brown green bordered eyes)??

A

Wilson’s disease

155
Q

Violet stain

A

Potassium permanganate

156
Q

BQ: Mediator of humoral immunity?

A

B cells

157
Q

BQ: Plasma cells are from what cells?

A

B cells

158
Q

BQ: Other term for C3b?

A

Opsonin

159
Q

BQ: Ano pnpresent ng B cell?

A

MHC 2

160
Q

BQ: mediator of cell mediated immunity?

A

T cells

161
Q

Protects stomach from acid

A

Prostaglandins

162
Q

What causes EDEMA?

A

Vasodilation = ⬆️blood flow to the area
Increase vascular permeability
- (normally, closed ung vessels. But bumubuka ung vessels pag may inflammation, nakakalabas yung mga fluids = edema)

163
Q

Lifespan of platelets

A

10 days

164
Q

Normal count of platelets

A

150,000-450,000

165
Q

Growth peak of thymus

- 200% size then shrinks

A

10-12 years old

166
Q

BQ: What are deficient in pxs with DiGeorge syndrome?

A

Thymus and Parathyroid gland

167
Q

Hypersensitive facial nerve seen in tetany

A

Chvostek sign

168
Q

Hand of obstetrician seen in tetany

A

Trosseous sign

169
Q

Granulocytes

A

BEN

170
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and macrophages

171
Q

Wbc that has azurophilic granules

A

Neutrophils

172
Q

Other names for neutrophils

A

PMN cells / Stab cells

173
Q

BQ: How to differentiate Exudate from Transudate

A

Number of proteins
More - exudate
Few - transudate

174
Q

2 site where transudate can be seen

A

Edema

Gingival crevicular fluid (sulcus)

175
Q

Location where WBC normally floats

A

Central portion of blood stream

176
Q

When there is presence of an antigen, WBC are peripherally lining up: which is called?

A

Lining up in the periphery - Pavementing or Migration

177
Q

Butterfly shape gland

A

Thyroid gland

178
Q

Butterfly shape bone

A

Sphenoid bone

179
Q

It is a severe allergic reaction

A

Anaohylaxis

180
Q

⬇️ BP = “Loss of blow flow” which is called

A

Shock
(In anaphylactic shock: Mast cells produces histamine which targets h1 receptors: smooth muscles of bronchi and blood vessels=vasodilation:⬇️BP:loss of blood flow~ Anaphylactic shock)

181
Q

BQ: Doc for anaphylactic shock

A

1:1,000 Epinephrine IM(90degrees)

182
Q

Most common muscle for IM injection

A

Vastus lateralis (part of quadriceps muscles)

183
Q

3 muscles used for IM

A

Vastus lateralis
Gluteus maximus
Deltoid

184
Q

Safest part of gluteus maximus for IM injection to avoid SCIATIC NERVE

A

Superolateral or upper outer corner

185
Q

BQ: Binding site of Bcells in antigen

A

Epitope

186
Q

BQ: mediator of Humoral immunity

A

B cells

187
Q

BQ: Antigen presented by B cells to alarm the immune system

A

MHC 2

188
Q

Meeting of Bcell and CD4 results to

A

Activation of both CD4 and B cell

189
Q

BQ: Plasma cells are derived from

A

B cells

190
Q

Once nagbind yung Antibodies sa epitope ng antigen start na ng

A

Start of complement system

191
Q

BQ: binding site of COMPLEMENT PROTEINS on the Antibody

A

Fc receptors

192
Q

BQ: How many are the complement proteins? From what organ?

A

> 30 CP from the LIVER

193
Q

BQ: accumulation of C3b or opsonin

A

Opsonization

194
Q

Immunity present at birth

A

Nonspecific
Passive
Innate

195
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Specific
Adaptive
Active

196
Q

An infected T cell creates what proteins

A

Abnormal proteins

197
Q

BQ: What is presented by the T cells to alarm the immune system

A

MHC 1

198
Q

BQ: Presentation of MHC1 by the T cells activates what cells in order to prevent viral replication

A

CD8 cells

199
Q

Other name for alcohol cirrhosis (long neck)

A

Laennec’s cirrhosis

200
Q

Loss of blood supply

A

Infarction

201
Q

Most common organ assoc w infarction

A

Heart

202
Q

Least common organ assoc with infarction

A

Liver

203
Q

2 old terms for syphilis

A

Lues disease

Great pox

204
Q

Diff dx of white mucous patches

A

Secondary syphilis
Candidiasis
White hairy leukoplakia

205
Q

BQ: common side effect of rifampicin

A

Hepatotoxic

206
Q

BQ: side effect of streptomycin

A

Ototoxic (ears)

207
Q

Macrophages of TB

A

Epitheloid cells

Langhans cells

208
Q

2 cells derived from neural crest cells

A

Melanocytes

Neuroglia/glial cells

209
Q

Wear and tear arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis

d b review (38 decks)

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