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MED 109- BIOLOGY II > 87. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, NATURAL SELECTION & ADAPTATION > Flashcards

87. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, NATURAL SELECTION & ADAPTATION Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is Artificial selection?
A
  • this is the process of modification of other species by
    Humans
  • it is done by selecting and breeding individuals with
    desired traits
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2
Q
  1. Wild Mustard is a plant.
    It has allowed for different vegetables to be artificially selected from it.
    Name some of these vegetables.
A
  1. BRUSSEL SPROUTS
    - selected for the Axillary (Side) Buds
  2. KALE
    - selected for the leaves
  3. CABBAGE
    - selected for the apical (tip) bud
  4. BROCCOLI
    - selected for the flowers and the stems
  5. KOHLRABI
    • selected for the stems
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3
Q
  1. What did Darwin propose when it comes to Natural Selection?
A
  • he proposed that it is the mechanism
  • for the evolutionary adaptation of populations
  • to their environment

IT IS THE MECHANISM OF BOTH:
- descent with modification
- adaptation

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4
Q
  1. Define “Natural Selection”.
A
  • it is a process
  • in which individuals with favourable traits
  • are more likely to survive and reproduce
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5
Q
  1. Define “Adaptation”.
A
  • these are evolutionary processes
  • they enhance the fitness and survival of individuals n
    their environment
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6
Q
  1. Darwin drew 2 conclusions about Natural Selection and Adaptation from 2 observations.
    What were these Observations?
A
  1. Variation in a Population
  2. Overproduction of Offspring
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7
Q
  1. What is meant by: “Variation in a Population”?
A

MEMBERS OF A POPULATION:
- will often vary in their inherited traits

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8
Q
  1. What is meant by: “Overproduction of Offspring”?
A

ALL SPECIES:
- can produce more offspring than the environment can
support
- many of these offspring will fail to survive
- this means that they have failed to reproduce as well

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9
Q
  1. Darwin drew 2 conclusions about Natural Selection and Adaptation from 2 observations.
    What were these Conclusions?
A
  1. Differences in Reproductive Success
  2. Evolutionary Adaptations in the Population
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10
Q
  1. What is meant by: “Differences in Reproductive Success” ?
A

INDIVIDUALS:
- whose inherited traits give them a higher probability
of surviving and reproducing
- in a given environment

TEND:
- to leave more offspring
- than other individuals

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11
Q
  1. What is meant by: “Evolutionary Adaptations in the Population”?
A

THE UNEQUAL ABLITY OF INDIVIDUALS:
- to survive and reproduce
- leads to the accumulation of favourable traits
- in the population
- over successive generations

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12
Q
  1. What is closely linked to Adaptation, according to Darwin?
A
  • adaptation to the environment
  • and the origin of new species
  • are closely related processes

EXAMPLE:
- the beak variations in the Galapagos Finches

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13
Q
  1. What can be seen in this image?
A
  • beak variation in the Galapagos Finches
  • their beaks differ based on their food source
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14
Q
  1. Does Natural Selection create New Traits?
A
  • NO
  • this was the ideology that existed before Darwin’s
    theories disproved it

NATURAL SELECTION:
- will edit or select for traits
- these traits are already present in the population

THE INDIVIDUALS WITH THE MOST FAVOURABLE TRAITS:
- will reproduce
- they will survive
- the frequency of them in the population will increase

THE INDIVIDUALS WITH THE LEAST FAVOURABLE TRAITS:
- will die out
- they will fail to reproduce
- they will lose the battle for resources

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15
Q
  1. What is determined by the Adaptation to the Local environment?
A
  • it determines the traits that will be selected for in any
    specific population
  • it determines the traits that will be selected against in
    any specific population
  • adaptations vary within different environments
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16
Q
  1. What is an example of Offspring overproduction?
A
  • the human population
  • we have the potential to increase faster than our food
    supplies and other resources
17
Q
  1. How do Natural Selection and Adaptation tie into one another?
A

NATURAL SELECTION:
- the advantageous heritable traits
- will accumulate in a population over time
- this increases the frequency of individuals with these
traits

NATURAL SELECTION:
- accounts for the match between organisms and their
environment
- this is known as Adaptation

18
Q
  1. What is an example of Evolutionary Adaptation?
A
  • Camouflage
  • this is done by many insects, mammals and
    amphibians

EXAMPLE:
- a mantid
- it will change colour to hide from birds
- this prevents it from being eaten

19
Q
  1. What is an example of Natural Selection and Adaptation when it comes to human beings?
A
  1. Thalassaemia
    - this can be Alpha or Beta
  2. Sickle Cell Anaemia
  3. This is true for all Haemoglobin viruses
20
Q
  1. Explain what happens with Thalassaemia, Natural Selection and Adaptation?
A
  • those who are heterozygous carriers
  • of the Thalassaemia Allele
  • have a resistance to Malaria
  • many of these individuals are found in countries where
    the Malaria Endemic is prevalent

NATURAL SELECTION:
- favoured the selective survival of Heterozygous
carriers of the Thalassaemia allele

21
Q
  1. What causes Malaria?
A
  • the Plasmodium Malariae
  • this is a protist
  • it replicates in mosquitoes

THESE MOSQUITOES:
- live in tropical and sub-tropical regions
- they do not lie in cold and countries that are far North

22
Q
  1. What does Plasmodium Malariae do once it enters the body?
A
  • it infects the Red Blood Cells
  • it begins to digest Haeomoglobin
23
Q
  1. How does being a Heterozygous carrier for the Thalassaemia allele provide protection against Malaria?
A
  • these carriers have lower haemoglobin levels
  • they are more resistant to the Plasmodium Infection
    since the mosquitoes will have much less interest in
    them
24
Q
  1. What is the cause of Thalassaemia being so widespread in countries where Malaria is prevalent?
A
  • Evolution
25
Q
  1. How is the spread of Heterozygous Thalassaemia carriers an example of Natural Selection and Adaptation
A

HAVING A SINGLE ALLELE FOR THALASSAEMIA:
- is an advantage
- it provides protection against Malaria in Endemic
Regions

HETEROZYGOUS CARRIERS OF THE BETA THALASSAEMIA ALLELE:
- have some protection against Coronary Heart Disease

MED 109- BIOLOGY II (90 decks)

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