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MED 109- BIOLOGY II > 14. THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE > Flashcards

14. THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What happened with DNA during the 20th Century?
A
  • the identification of the molecules of inheritance was a
    major challenge to biologists
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2
Q
  1. What did Thomas Hunt Morgan’s research show?
A
  • it showed that genes are located on chromosomes
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3
Q
  1. Which 2 compounds of chromosomes became candidates for genetic material?
A
  • DNA
  • Proteins

NB:
- Protein was the stronger candidate

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4
Q
  1. What three characteristics did the Genetic Material have to have?
A
  1. Contain information
  2. Be easy to copy
  3. Be variable to account for the diversity between
    species
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5
Q
  1. How was the the role of DNA in heredity first discovered?
A
  • by studying bacteria and viruses
  • this is because they were a much simpler organism
    than plants, insects and animals
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6
Q
  1. When was the Griffith Experiment conducted?
A
  • it was conducted in 1928
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7
Q
  1. What did the Griffith experiment prove?
A
  • it proved that DNA can transform bacteria
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8
Q
  1. What is meant by Transformation is genetic terms?
A
  • it is the genetic alteration of a cell
  • this is due to the uptake and incorporation of
    exogenous and foreign DNA
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9
Q
  1. What did Griffith do during his experiment?
A
  • he mixed 2 strains of Streptococcus Pneumonia
  • this is a type of Bacteria
  • he mixed a heat-inactivated pathogenic strain with
    living bacteria
  • this living bacteria comes from a harmless, non-
    pathogenic strain
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10
Q
  1. What did Griffith observe at the end of his experiment?
A
  • some of the living cells became pathogenic
  • the transforming substance in Griffith’s experiment
    was later found to be DNA
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11
Q
  1. When did Hershey and Chase conduct their experiments?
A
  • they conducted them in 1952
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12
Q
  1. What were Hershey and Chase’s Experiments?
A
  • they studied viruses that infect bacteria
  • these viruses are known as Bacteriophages
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13
Q
  1. What did Hershey and Chase conclude?
A
  • they found evidence that viral DNA can program cells
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14
Q
  1. What did Erwin Chargaff report in the year 1950?
A
  • he reported that the DNA composition varies between
    species
  • this is evidence of diversity in the DNA
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15
Q
  1. What does DNA structure have a role in?
A
  • it has a role in inheritance
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16
Q
  1. What did Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin study?
A
  • they studied in King’s College
  • this is in London
17
Q
  1. What did Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin do?
A
  • they used a technique called X-Ray Crystallography
  • they used this to study the molecular structure of DNA
18
Q
  1. What did Watson and Crick produce in the year 1953?
A

BASED ON ROSALIND’S RESEARCH:
- they produced the double helical model for the DNA
structure
- they discovered the 3 dimensional structure of DNA
- they did not do a single one of the experiments

NB:
- most of the experiments were performed by Rosalind
Franklin
- she died of Cancer before the awarding of the Nobel
Peace Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1962

19
Q
  1. What is the structure of DNA?
A
  • it is composed of 2 strands forming a double helix
    shape
  • these 2 strands are antiparallel
  • they also from the sugar-phosphate backbone
  • the DNA structure also consists of the nitrogenous
    base pairs
  • these are found in the molecule’s interioir
20
Q
  1. What did Watson and Crick determine with regards to the Nitrogenous bases?
A
  • Adenine (A) only pairs with Thymine (T)
  • Guanine (G) only pairs with Cytosine (C)
21
Q
  1. What is Chargaff’s Rule?
A
  • this is a rule that was proven by the Watson-Crick DNA
    model

IT STATES THAT:
- there is an equal number of A and T bases in every
species
- there is an equal number of G and C bases in every
species

22
Q
  1. Does this diagram make sense?
A
  • yes
23
Q
  1. What is DNA?
A
  • this is the substance of inheritance
  • hereditary information is encoded in DNA
  • this information is reproduced in all cells of the body
24
Q
  1. What does the DNA program and information direct?
A

IT DIRECTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF:
- biochemical traits
- anatomical traits
- physiological traits
- behavioural traits (to some extent)

25
Q
  1. What forms the double helix shape of DNA?
A
  • the 2 polynucleotides
  • they spiral around an imaginary axis
  • they have a sugar phosphate backbone on the
    outside
  • the 2 strands run in an antiparallel manner
  • one strand runs from a 5’ to 3’ direction
  • the other strand runs from a 3’ to 5’ direction
26
Q
  1. Provide the labels for the parts numbered 1-3.
A
  1. Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
  2. Nitrogenous Bases
  3. Hydrogen Bond
27
Q
  1. What kind of Model is this?
A
  • space filling model
28
Q
  1. What are the monomers of DNA?
A
  • Nucleotides
29
Q
  1. What components does a Nucleotide consist of?
A
  1. A nitrogenous base
  2. A pentose sugar
    (this can be deoxyribose or ribose)
  3. a phosphate group
30
Q
  1. What is a Nucleoside?
A
  • this is a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar
  • it does not have a phosphate group
31
Q
  1. What is the sugar in DNA?
A
  • Deoxyribose
32
Q
  1. What is the sugar in RNA?
A
  • Ribose
33
Q
  1. What can be said about the 2 polynucleotide strands that form the DNA double helix shape?
A
  • they are complementary
  • this means that if we know the one sequence
  • we can derive the sequence of the other strand
34
Q
  1. What holds the Nitrogenous bases together?
A
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • there are two hydrogen bonds holding Adenine and
    Thymine together
  • there are three hydrogen bonds holding Guanine and
    Cytosine together
35
Q
  1. What creates nucleotide polymers?
A
  • the Phosphodiester bonds
  • the nucleotides are connected in a 3’-5’
    Phosphodiester bond to create a polymer
36
Q
  1. What is a Phosphodiester bond?
A
  • it is a bond that is found between the 3’-OH group of
    the sugar molecule of one nucleotide
    AND
  • the 5’ Phosphate group of the Second nucleotide

MED 109- BIOLOGY II (90 decks)

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