68. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Question 1

1. What can be said about the structure of Fungal Nuclei?

Answer 1

• they are normally Haploid

EXCEPTION:
- there are transient diploid stages
- these are formed during the sexual life cycles

Question 2

2. Define Fungal Sexual Reproduction.

Answer 2

• this is the fusion of Hyphae
• these hyphae come from different mating types

Question 3

3. How do Fungi communicate with their mating type?

Answer 3

• they use specific signalling molecules
• these are known as Pheromones

Question 4

4. Define Plasmogamy.

Answer 4

• this is the union of the Cytoplasm from the two
  different parent Mycelia

Question 5

5. Define Mycelia.

Answer 5

• this is the vegetative part of the Fungus
• it consists of a network of fine, white filaments
• these are the Hyphae

Question 6

6. What is Heterokaryon?

Answer 6

• this is a stage of the Sexual Reproduction cycle of Fungi
• this stage is in reference to the Mycelium

IN THE MYCELIUM:
- we have the Haploid Nuclei from each parent
- these nuclei coexist
- they do not fuse right away

Question 7

7. What is Karyogamy?

Answer 7

• this is a stage of the Sexual Reproduction cycle of Fungi
• this stage is in reference to the fusion of the Haploid
  Nuclei
• this produces diploid cells

Question 8

8. How do Yeasts repoduce?

Answer 8

• they reproduce mostly asexually
• they use simple Cell Division
• they make use of Budding

Question 9

9. Why do Yeasts make use of Asexual Reproduction?

Answer 9

• they are unicellular
• they are less developed
• they are more primitive

Question 10

10. Define Molds?

Answer 10

• these are types of fungi
• they produce haploid spores
• they do this through Mitosis

Question 11

11. What is are 2 examples of Molds?

Answer 11

• Conidia
• Penicillium

Question 12

12. What do Molds form?

Answer 12

• they form Mycelia

Question 13

13. Which methods do Molds use to reproduce?

Answer 13

• they reproduce Asexually

Question 14

14. What are two examples of Deuteromycetes?

Answer 14

1. Molds
2. Yeasts

Question 15

15. What are Deuteromycetes?

Answer 15

• these are imperfect fungi

Question 16

16. In which Supergroup can we find Fungi?

Answer 16

• the Unikonts Supergroup
• the Opisthokonts clade in specific

Question 17

17. Other than fungi, what other species can we find in the Opisthokonts Clade?

Answer 17

1. Animals
2. Choanoflaggelates (Protists)
3. Nucleariids (Protists)

Question 18

18. What other Fungal categories can we find in the Opisthokonts clade?

Answer 18

• Chytrids
• Zygomycetes
• Glomeromycetes
• Ascomycetes
• Basidiomycetes
  (these are the most recently developed)

Question 19

19. What species are Fungi mostly phylogenetically related to?

Answer 19

• animals

Question 20

20. What phylum do Chytrids belong to?

Answer 20

• Phylum chytridiomycota

Question 21

21. What kind of spores of Chytrids have?

Answer 21

• they have Zoospores
• these are flagellated spores