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MED 109- BIOLOGY II > 25. RNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION > Flashcards

25. RNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is RNA?
A
  • Ribonucleic acid
  • it is produced by the transcription of DNA
  • it is a single stranded molecule
  • it consists of ribonucleotides
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2
Q
  1. What do Ribonucleotides consist of?
A
  1. A nitrogenous base
    - (U, A, G, C)
    - Uracil replaces Thymine
  2. A pentose sugar
    (Ribose)
  3. A phosphate Group
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3
Q
  1. What are 5 differences between DNA and RNA?
A
  1. DNA is double stranded
    - RNA is single stranded
  2. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
    • the sugar in RNA is ribose
  3. The Nitrogenous bases in DNA: T, A, C, G
    - the Nitrogenous bases in RNA: U, A, C, G
  4. DNA is composed on deoxyribose nucleotides
    - RNA is composed of ribose nucleotides
  5. DNA is found in the nucleus
    - RNA is found in the cytoplasm
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4
Q
  1. What are the 3 main types of RNA?
A
  1. mRNA
    - this is the messenger RNA
    - it is translated into proteins
  2. rRNA
    - this is Ribosomal RNA
    - it forms part of the ribosome structure
  3. tRNA:
    - this is transfer RNA
    - it transfers the Amino acids to the growing
    polypeptide chain
    - this happens during translation
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5
Q
  1. What is Transcription?
A
  • this is the synthesis of proteins
  • it is a directed by DNA
  • it is the first stage of gene expression
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6
Q
  1. What is Transcription catalysed by?
A
  • RNA Polymerase
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7
Q
  1. What is Transcription similar to?
A
  • it is similar to DNA replication
  • except Uracil replaces Thymine
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8
Q
  1. What does Transcription start with?
A
  • it starts with the binding of the RNA Polymerase
  • to a promoter
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9
Q
  1. What is a Promoter?
A
  • this is a part of the DNA sequence
  • the RNA Polymerase attaches to it
  • it is located at the 5’ end of the gene
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10
Q
  1. What is the 5’ end of the gene known as?
A
  • Upstream
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11
Q
  1. What is the Terminator?
A
  • this is a sequence
  • it signals the end of Transcription in Bacteria
  • this is different for Eukaryotes
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12
Q
  1. What is the unit of Transcription?
A
  • this is the stretch of the DNA that is transcribed
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13
Q
  1. How many RNA polymerases do Bacteria have?
A
  • Bacteria only have one RNA Polymerase
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14
Q
  1. How many RNA Polymerases do Eukaryotes have?
A
  • 3 types of RNA Polymerases

THE RNA POLYMERASE INVOLVED IN TRANSCRIPTION:
- is RNA Polymerase II

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15
Q
  1. What does RNA Polymerase do?
A
  • it synthesises RNA
  • it does this using the DNA template strand
  • it only transcribes 1 of the 2 DNA strands
  • it transcribes the 3’ - 5’ strand

THE RNA POLYMERASE:
- adds nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) only in the 5’ - 3’
direction
- it does not require the presence of a primer to do so

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16
Q
  1. What does Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase I do?
A
  • it is responsible for the rRNA synthesis
  • 5.8S
  • 60 S Ribosomal subunits
17
Q
  1. What does Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II do?
A
  • it is responsible for the synthesis of mRNA
  • and the synthesis of snRNAs
18
Q
  1. What does Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase III do?
A
  • it is responsible for the synthesis of tRNA
  • and the synthesis of small RNAs
  • like 5S (60S) rRNA subunits
19
Q
  1. What are the three stages of Transcription?
A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
20
Q
  1. Provide a definition for Initiation?
A
  • the RNA Polymerase II binds to the promoter
21
Q
  1. Provide a definition for Elongation?
A
  • the RNA polymerase adds Nucleotide Triphosphates
    to the strand in the 5’-3’ direction

MRNA IS PRODUCED:
- in the 5’-3’ direction always

DNA TEMPLATE:
- is read in the 3’ -5’ direction always

22
Q
  1. Provide a definition for Termination?
A
  • the RNA transcript is released from the DNA
  • this happens when it reaches the termination of
    transcription
23
Q
  1. Provide a label for number 1.
A
  • the RNA Polymerase II will bind to the promoter
  • the DNA strands will unwind
  • the RNA Polymerase II will initiate RNA synthesis
  • this is Initiation
24
Q
  1. Provide a label for Number 2.
A
  • the RNA Polymerase II moves downstream
  • it unwinds the DNA
  • it elongates the RNA strand in a 5’-3’ direction
  • it does this by adding Nucleotide Triphosphates
  • this is Elongation
25
Q
  1. Provide a label for Number 3.
A
  • the RNA transcript (strand) is released
  • the RNA Polymerase II detaches from the DNA
  • this is Termination
26
Q
  1. Name the 4 factors that aid in the Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes?
A
  1. Promoters
  2. General Transcription Factors
  3. Transcription Initiation Complex
  4. TATA Box
27
Q
  1. What are Promoters?
A
  • they signal the initiation of RNA synthesis
  • they do this by binding to the RNA Polymerase II
28
Q
  1. What are General Transcription factors?
A
  • these are proteins
  • they mediate the binding of RNA Polymerase II to the
    promoter
  • several of these must bind to the Promoter before the
    RNA Polymerase II can
  • they mediate the initiation of Transcription
29
Q
  1. What are Transcription Initiation Complexes?
A
  • they are the transcription factors and the RNA
    Polymerase II
  • they are bound to a promoter
30
Q
  1. What is the TATA Box?
A
  • this is a specific sequence within a promoter
  • it is responsible for the assembly of the transcription
    initiation complex
  • in eukaryotes
31
Q
  1. What are the 2 stages of Transcription Initiation?
A
  1. THE GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
    • bind to the TATA box
    • this happens within the Promoter
  2. THE RNA POLYMERASE II IS RECRUITED
    • it binds to the promoter

MED 109- BIOLOGY II (90 decks)

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