51. GENETIC RECOMBINATION OF PROKARYOTES Flashcards
- What is Genetic Recombination?
- this is the combination of DNA
- this DNA comes from two sources
- this contributes to Genetic Diversity
- What is Horizontal Gene Transfer?
- this is the movement of genes among individuals
- these individuals come from different species
- What 3 methods can join together Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals?
- Transformation
- Transduction
- Conjugation
- What is Transformation?
- this is the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA
- this is done by Prokaryotic Cells
- they take this foreign DNA from their environment
- What is Transduction?
- this is the exchange of DNA between bacteria
- this process is mediated between Bacteriophages
- What is Conjugation?
- this is the transfer of Genetic material
- this happens between prokaryotic cells
- these cells are in direct contact
- it happens through the help of Sex Pili
- What image does this process show?
- Transduction
AT STEP 1:
- the Phage is injecting Bacterium into the Donor cell
AT STEP 2:
- the bacterium is reproducing itself
- this happens through the presence of hot substances
AT STEP 3:
- new Phages are being built
AT THE RECOMBINATION STEP:
- the Phage is coming in contact with both Bacteria
- it has the ability to introduce one bacteria to the other
- What groups are Prokaryotes categorised into?
- they are categorised into 4 groups based on their
Energy and Carbon Source
- What are the 4 groups that Prokaryotes are categorised into based on their Energy and Carbon Source?
- Phototrophs
- Chemotrophs
- Autotrophs
- Heterotrophs
- Where do Phototrophs obtain their energy from?
- the light
- Where do Chemotrophs obtain their energy from?
- the chemicals
- Where do Autotrophs obtain their energy from?
- they require CO₂ as a Carbon Source
- Where do Heterotrophs obtain their energy from?
- they require an Organic Nutrient
- this is their Carbon Source
- What are the 4 major categories of Prokaryotes based on their mode of nutrition?
- Photoautotrophs
- Chemoautotrophs
- Photoheterotrophs
- Chemoheterotrophs
- Which three categories of Prokaryotes are environmental?
NB:
- this means that they are NOT pathogenic
- Photoautotrophs
- Chemoautotrophs
- Photoheterotrophs
- What can be said about Chemoheterotrophs?
- most pathogenic Prokaryotes belong to this category
- What are the energy sources of the following:
17.1. Photoautotrophs
17.2. Chemoautotrophs
17.3. Photoheterotrophs
17.4. Chemoheterotrophs
17.1. Light
17.2. Inorganic Chemicals
(H₂S, NH₃, Fe²⁺)
17.3. Light
17.4. Organic Compounds
- What are the Carbon sources of the following:
18.1. Photoautotrophs
18.2. Chemoautotrophs
18.3. Photoheterotrophs
18.4. Chemoheterotrophs
18.1. CO₂ , HCO₃ -
18.2. CO₂ , HCO₃ -
18.3. Organic Compounds
18.4. Organic Compounds
- What are the Types of Organisms of the following:
19.1. Photoautotrophs
19.2. Chemoautotrophs
19.3. Photoheterotrophs
19.4. Chemoheterotrophs
19.1. Photosynthesis Prokaryotes
(Cyanobacteria, plants, certain protists)
19.2. Unique to certain Prokaryotes
(purple-sulphur bacteria)
19.3. Unique to certain aquatic and salt-loving
Prokaryotes
(purple and green non-sulphur bacteria)
19.4. Many prokaryotes
(EG: Clostridium)
- Many Protists
- Many fungi
- Many animals
- some plants
