51. GENETIC RECOMBINATION OF PROKARYOTES

Question 1

1. What is Genetic Recombination?

Answer 1

• this is the combination of DNA
• this DNA comes from two sources
• this contributes to Genetic Diversity

Question 2

2. What is Horizontal Gene Transfer?

Answer 2

• this is the movement of genes among individuals
• these individuals come from different species

Question 3

3. What 3 methods can join together Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals?

Answer 3

1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation

Question 4

4. What is Transformation?

Answer 4

• this is the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA
• this is done by Prokaryotic Cells
• they take this foreign DNA from their environment

Question 5

5. What is Transduction?

Answer 5

• this is the exchange of DNA between bacteria
• this process is mediated between Bacteriophages

Question 6

6. What is Conjugation?

Answer 6

• this is the transfer of Genetic material
• this happens between prokaryotic cells
• these cells are in direct contact
• it happens through the help of Sex Pili

Question 7

7. What image does this process show?

Answer 7

• Transduction

AT STEP 1:
- the Phage is injecting Bacterium into the Donor cell

AT STEP 2:
- the bacterium is reproducing itself
- this happens through the presence of hot substances

AT STEP 3:
- new Phages are being built

AT THE RECOMBINATION STEP:
- the Phage is coming in contact with both Bacteria
- it has the ability to introduce one bacteria to the other

Question 8

8. What groups are Prokaryotes categorised into?

Answer 8

• they are categorised into 4 groups based on their
  Energy and Carbon Source

Question 9

9. What are the 4 groups that Prokaryotes are categorised into based on their Energy and Carbon Source?

Answer 9

1. Phototrophs
2. Chemotrophs
3. Autotrophs
4. Heterotrophs

Question 10

10. Where do Phototrophs obtain their energy from?

Answer 10

• the light

Question 11

11. Where do Chemotrophs obtain their energy from?

Answer 11

• the chemicals

Question 12

12. Where do Autotrophs obtain their energy from?

Answer 12

• they require CO₂ as a Carbon Source

Question 13

13. Where do Heterotrophs obtain their energy from?

Answer 13

• they require an Organic Nutrient
• this is their Carbon Source

Question 14

14. What are the 4 major categories of Prokaryotes based on their mode of nutrition?

Answer 14

1. Photoautotrophs
2. Chemoautotrophs
3. Photoheterotrophs
4. Chemoheterotrophs

Question 15

15. Which three categories of Prokaryotes are environmental?

NB:
- this means that they are NOT pathogenic

Answer 15

1. Photoautotrophs
2. Chemoautotrophs
3. Photoheterotrophs

Question 16

16. What can be said about Chemoheterotrophs?

Answer 16

• most pathogenic Prokaryotes belong to this category

Question 17

17. What are the energy sources of the following:

17.1. Photoautotrophs
17.2. Chemoautotrophs
17.3. Photoheterotrophs
17.4. Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 17

17.1. Light

17.2. Inorganic Chemicals
(H₂S, NH₃, Fe²⁺)

17.3. Light

17.4. Organic Compounds

Question 18

18. What are the Carbon sources of the following:

18.1. Photoautotrophs
18.2. Chemoautotrophs
18.3. Photoheterotrophs
18.4. Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 18

18.1. CO₂ , HCO₃ -

18.2. CO₂ , HCO₃ -

18.3. Organic Compounds

18.4. Organic Compounds

Question 19

19. What are the Types of Organisms of the following:

19.1. Photoautotrophs
19.2. Chemoautotrophs
19.3. Photoheterotrophs
19.4. Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 19

19.1. Photosynthesis Prokaryotes
(Cyanobacteria, plants, certain protists)

19.2. Unique to certain Prokaryotes
(purple-sulphur bacteria)

19.3. Unique to certain aquatic and salt-loving
Prokaryotes
(purple and green non-sulphur bacteria)

19.4. Many prokaryotes
(EG: Clostridium)
- Many Protists
- Many fungi
- Many animals
- some plants