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MED 109- BIOLOGY II > 76. VIRUSES > Flashcards

76. VIRUSES Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Define: Phages.
A
  • these are viruses that affect bacteria
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2
Q
  1. List 5 characteristics of Viruses.
A
  1. They are a simpler form of life
  2. They are Non-Cellular
  3. They are infectious particles
  4. They are much smaller than Bacteria
  5. They do not consist of cells
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3
Q
  1. What is the sizer of Viruses?
A
  • they are usually between 10 - 300 nano metres in
    diameter
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4
Q
  1. When were Viruses discovered?
A
  • after the Electron Microscope was discovered

THIS IS BECAUSE:
- viruses can only be seen with the Electron Microscope

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5
Q
  1. What are the 2 main categories that Viruses are grouped into?
A
  1. Obligate Intracellular Parasites
  2. Bacteriophages
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6
Q
  1. Define: Obligate Intracellular Parasites.
A
  • they depend on the host cell for replication
  • they use enzymes from the host cell to replicate
  • they cannot replicate outside of the host cell
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7
Q
  1. What kind of cells do Obligate Intracellular Parasites infect?
A
  • eukaryotic cells
  • prokaryotic cells
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8
Q
  1. Define: Bacteriophages.
A
  • these are also known as Phages
  • they are viruses that infect bacteria
  • they are important pathogenic agents
  • in both animals and plants
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9
Q
  1. What does this image show?
A
  • this is a virus
  • it is usually 0.05 μm in size
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10
Q
  1. What does this image show?
A
  • this is a Bacteriophage
  • it is usually 0.1 μm in size
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11
Q
  1. Label this diagram.
A
  1. Membrane Envelope
    - not all viruses have this
  2. Nucleic Acid
    - this can be either RNA or DNA
  3. Capsid
    - this is a protein saccule
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12
Q
  1. What are the two main molecules that make up Viruses?
A
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
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13
Q
  1. Define: Capsid
A
  • this is a protein coat
  • it encloses the viral genome
  • it protects it from the nucleases

IT MAY HAVE FIBRES:
- these help to attach the virus to the host cell

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14
Q
  1. Define: Envelope.
A
  • this is only present is some viruses
  • these viruses are called Enveloped Viruses

THE ENVELOPE CONSIST OF:
- the membrane

THE ENVELOPE CARRIES:
- glycoproteins

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15
Q
  1. What do Viral Genomes consist of?
A

THEY CAN CONSIST OF:
- double or single stranded DNA
- double or single stranded RNA

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16
Q
  1. What are the two types of Viruses that we get?
A
  1. DNA Viruses
  2. RNA Viruses
17
Q
  1. What are Capsids composed of?
A
  • they are made up of Capsomeres
  • these are a protein subunit
18
Q
  1. What is the shape of the Capsid?
A
  • the shape varies

IT CAN EITHER HAVE:
- Icosahedral Symmetry
- helical Symmetry

19
Q
  1. What does this image show?
A
  • this is a Helical Capsid
20
Q
  1. What does this image show?
A
  • this is an Icosahedral Capsid
  • it is also known as a Spherical Capsid
  • it is has 20 sides
21
Q
  1. What can be said about animal viruses and viral envelopes?
A
  • most animal viruses are enveloped
  • they have a membranous envelope
  • this surrounds their capsid
22
Q
  1. What is the function of the Viral Envelope?
A
  • it helps the virus to infect the host cell
  • the viral envelope will fuse with the host cell
    membrane

THIS ALLOWS FOR THE CAPSID:
- to be released from the virus
- into the host cell

23
Q
  1. What is the Origin of Viral Envelopes?
A

VIRAL ENVELOPES:
- are derived from the host cell’s membranes
- this membrane can be cytoplasmic
- this membrane can be nuclear

24
Q
  1. When is the Viral Envelope formed?
A
  • it is formed when the viral particles exit the host cells
25
Q
  1. What does the Viral Envelope consist of?
A
  • it consists of a combination
  • of the viral and host cell molecules
26
Q
  1. What is the Viral Envelope structure made up of?
A
  • Viral Glycoproteins
  • these bind to the specific receptor molecules
  • this happens on the surface of the Host Cell
27
Q
  1. What can be said about different types of Bacteriophages?
A
  • they infect different species of Bacteria
28
Q
  1. What shapes can Bacteriophages have?
A
  • they have a spherical symmetry
  • they can have a helical symmetry
29
Q
  1. What are the components that make up the Bacteriophage?
A
  1. CAPSID HEAD:
    - this encloses the nucleic acid of the Bacteriophage
    - this Nucleic Acid is typically DNA
  2. PROTEIN TAIL:
    - this has fibres
    - this helps it to attach to itself to the host cell

MED 109- BIOLOGY II (90 decks)

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