61. SUPERGROUP SAR

Question 1

1. What does SAR stand for?

Answer 1

SAR stands for:
- S = Stramenopiles
- A = Alveolates
- R = Rhizaria

Question 2

2. What are Alveolates?

Answer 2

• they have membrane-bounded sacs underneath their
  Plasma Membrane
• these are known as Alveoli

Question 3

3. What groups do Alveolates include?

Answer 3

1. Apicomplexans
2. Dinoflagellates
3. Ciliates

Question 4

4. Which of the Alveolates include pathogenic species?

Answer 4

• Apicomplexans

Question 5

5. What does this image show?

Answer 5

• this shows Alveolates
• their Morphology helps to identify the Causative Agent

Question 6

6. What are Apicomplexans?

Answer 6

• they are Pathogenic Parasites
• some of these cause serious human diseases

Question 7

7. How do Apicomplexans spread?

Answer 7

• they spread through their host as infectious cells
• these are called Sporozoites

Question 8

8. What does the Apex of the Apicomplexans contain?

Answer 8

• they contain organelles
• these are specialised for penetrating host cells and
  tissues

Question 9

9. What do Apicomplexans require for the completion of their life cycle?

Answer 9

• they require 2 or more different host species
• for the completion of their cell cycle

Question 10

10. What are the Pathogenic Species of Apicomplexans?

Answer 10

1. Plasmodium Malariae
2. Toxoplasma Gondii

Question 11

11. What does Plasmodium Malariae cause?

Answer 11

• it causes Malaria
• this is an endemic in many underdeveloped countries

Question 12

12. How is Plasmodium Malariae transmitted?

Answer 12

• it is transmitted by Mosquitoes
• this is the Vector
• they thrive in humid and hot conditions

Question 13

13. How does Plasmodium Malariae spread throughout the body?

Answer 13

• Malaria feeds on the Haemoglobin
• this is known as Haemoglobin Digestion
• this then reproduces in the Red Blood Cells
• this process carries oxygen to the tissue

Question 14

14. What Natural Selection Adaptation happened regarding Malaria?

Answer 14

NATURAL SELECTION FAVOURED:
- the Selective Survival of the Thalassaemia Allele
Carriers
- these carriers are Heterozygotes
- this is especially true in areas with a high prevalence of
Malaria

Question 15

15. Why are the Thalassaemia Allele Carriers immune to Malaria?

Answer 15

• they have lower Haemoglobin levels
• the parasite has no interest in them

Question 16

16. What is the annual global death rate of Malaria?

Answer 16

• 900 000 deaths per year from Malaria
• there are ongoing efforts for Vaccine Development

Question 17

17. What is the first stage of the Malaria Life Cycle?

Answer 17

1. SPOROZOITES
   - these are infectious
   - they infect the liver cells
   - they are haploid

Question 18

18. What is the Second stage of the Malaria Life Cycle?

Answer 18

2. MEROZOITES
   - they infect the Red Blood Cells
   - they do the most damage
   - they digest the Haemoglobin

Question 19

19. What does Toxoplasma Gondii cause?

Answer 19

• it causes Toxoplasmosis

Question 20

20. In which two ways is Toxoplasmosis transmitted?

Answer 20

1. Oral-faecal Route
2. Trans-placental Transmission

Question 21

21. What is the Oral-faecal Route?

Answer 21

• transmission through consuming contaminated raw or
  undercooked meat
• transmission through ingesting anything contaminated
  with cat or other animal faeces

Question 22

22. What is Trans-placental Transmission?

Answer 22

• this is from the mother to foetus
• it can cause abortion and hydrocephalus
• it can also cause mental retardation of the foetus

Question 23

23. How can a Foetus contract Toxoplasmosis?

Answer 23

• this transmission can occur through the Placental
  Connection with an infected mother

THE MOTHER MAY BE INFECTED BY:
- the improper handling of cat litter
- the handling or ingesting contaminated meat

Question 24

24. What are Ciliates?

Answer 24

• they use Cilia to move and feed

Question 25

25. What is an example of Ciliates?

Answer 25

• Paramecium
• they are oval shaped
• they are not pathogenic
• they live in cold water