Zoonotic bacteria Flashcards by tcarlso 3

Who are at high risk of developing zoonotic infections?

Vets, farmers, ranchers, lab workers etc

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True or false: in general, humans are only incidental hosts for zoonotic illnesses?

True

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Why are there not many vaccine for zoonotic infections?

Not feasible d/t low incidence

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What is the gram stain, morphology, of bacillus anthrax? Spores? Aerobic?

Gram positive rod
Aerobic
Spore forming

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How does bacillus anthracis appear in a stain?

Long chains or single with squared ends

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Where are spores of anthrax found? How long are they viable for?

Soil, viable for decades

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Squared ended gram positive bacilli = ?

Bacillus anthracis

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How do you diagnose bacillus anthracis?

Culture is very easy

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What is the main virulence factor for bacillus anthracis?

Protein capsule

Poly D-glutamic acid

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What are the three toxins that bacillus anthracis produces?

Lethal toxin
Edema toxin

Protective antigen

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What is the pathogenesis of the lethal toxin that anthrax produces?

Disrupts normal cellular signaling events, leading to cell death

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What is the pathogenesis of the edema toxin produced by anthrax?

Increase adenylate cyclase upregulation = water efflux

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What is the general way that we become infected with bacillus anthracis?

Inhaled or inoculated spores

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What is the pathophysiology of the protective antigen that bacillus anthracis produces?

Binds to cellular receptors. Activated by cleavage by host cell enzymes. Allows edema/lethal factor to enter

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What is the reservoir of anthrax? Where in the world?

Cattle, sheep, goats, horses

Everywhere

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How do animals become infected with bacillus anthracis?

Grazing pastures

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What are the two primary ways that anthrax can be transmitted?

Cutaneous Inoculation

inhalation

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What is wool-sorters disease?

Bacillus anthracis poisoning

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Who is usually infected via the inoculation route of anthrax?

Butchers

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Can anthrax be ingested?

yes, but more rare

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The majority of human cases of anthrax poisoning are of what type?

Cutaneous

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What are the initial symptoms of cutaneous bacillus anthracis poisoning?

Small, red, painless papule, that turns to vesicle to necrotic ulcer (eschar)

Lymph node swelling

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Eschar = what bacterial disease?

Anthrax

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What is the treatment for cutaneous bacillus anthracis poisoning?

topical abx

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What is the fatality rate of cutaneous anthrax poisoning with and without treatment?

``` with = <1% w/o = 5-20% ```

What are the presenting symptoms for inhalation bacillus anthracis poisoning?

Non-productive cough, SOB, malaise, nonspecific

What are the second stage symptoms of anthrax?

Fever, diaphoresis, extreme SOB, cyanosis, Meningitis

What is the mortality rate of inhalation anthrax?

100% w/o treatment | 75% with

What are the findings on a CXR for anthrax?

Enlarged hilar lymph

What is the incubation period of ingested anthrax?

1-7 days

What are the symptoms of ingested anthrax?

abdominal pain, oral lesions, bloody diarrhea,

What is the case fatality of ingested anthrax?

100%

What is the treatment for cutaneous anthrax?

Amox

What is the treatment for inhalation anthrax?

doxy/cipro with two additional abx

Is there a vaccination for anthrax?

Yes

What are the three species of brucella that infect humans?

B. Abortis (cattle) B. Suis (piggies) B. melitensis (goats)

What is the gram stain and morphology of brucella? how fast do they grow?

Small, slow growing gram negative coccobacilli

In what cells does brucella survive in?

Phagosomes of macrophages/monocytes

How is brucella transmitted?

Aerosol or ingestion of contaminated foods

Is human to human transmission of brucella possible?

Yes, but rare

What is the presentation for brucellosis? (4)

**Acute, undulating fever**, arthralgias, myalgias, and diaphoresis (with characteristic Hay-like scent)

Pregnancy and brucellosis can lead to what?

Premie or miscarriage

What is the usual food product associated with brucella?

Unpasteurized Milk

How do you diagnose brucellosis? (3)

Blood culture, serology, PCR

What is the treatment for brucellosis?

6 weeks of tetracycline and rifampin

How do you prevent Brucellosis?

Quarantine and vaccination of cattle. Pasteurize dairy products

What is the gram stain and morphology of pasteurellosis? Aerobic?

Gram negative, coccobacilli, facultative anaerobe

What are the virulence factors of pasteurella multocida?

LPS | Capsule

Where is pasteurella multocida found? what about geographically?

Nasopharynx of dogs or cats Worldwide

How is pasteurella multocida transmitted?

bite or scratch of a dog or cat

What are the symptoms of pasteurella multocida?

Rapid cellulitis | Lymphangitis

How do you diagnose pasteurellosis?

Signs h/o exposure Culture

What is the treatment for pasteurellosis?

PCN

What is the gram stain and morphology of leptospira interrogans?

Thin, gram negative spiral shaped bacteria with termianal hooks

What specialization does leptospira interrogans have?

Terminal hooks

Does leptospira interrogans stain or grow well?

What is the pathogenesis of leptospira interrogans?

Invade abraded skin, and intact mucus membranes to cause bacteremia

How do you see leptospira interrogans?

Darkfield

Where is leptospirosis usually found?

Worldwide, but tropics usually

How is leptospira interrogans transmitted?

Contaminated animal urine or water Usually swimming

What are the reservoirs of leptospira interrogans?

over 200 domestic and wild animals have this thing

What is the phase 1 of leptospirosis?

Non-specific symptoms then resolution

What is phase 2 of leptospirosis?

Meningitis, jaundice, renal failure, petechial rash

What is the mortality rate of leptospira interrogans?

5-40%

How do you diagnose leptospira interrogans?

Culture (hard) | Serology

What is the treatment for leptospira interrogans?

PCN and ampicillin

How do you prevent leptospirosis?

Limit exposure to animal urine

What is the gram stain and morphology of francisella tularensis? Aerobic?

Small, slow growing aerobic, gram negative coccobacilli

Is francisella tularensis hard to grow in culture?

Yes

What cells does francisella tularensis infect?

monocytes/macrophages

What are the virulence factors of francisella tularensis?

Capsule | LPS

Where is tularemia found geographically?

Northern hemisphere

What is the reservoir for francisella tularensis?

wild mammals

How is francisella tularensis transmitted?

Hard-shelled Ticks or through contact with animal blood

What are the symptoms of a skin infection with francisella tularensis? (3)

Red, painful, swollen papule that becomes purulent and ulcerates May lead to bacteremia

What are the symptoms of oculoglandular tularemia?

Painful conjunctivitis with swollen cervical lymph nodes

What are the symptoms of pneumonic tularemia?

Pneumonitis eventual sepsis

How do you diagnose francisella tularensis?

culture, serology

What is the treatment for francisella tularensis?

Gentamycin

What is the gram stain and morphology of yersinia pestis?

Non-motile gram negative rod

What is the family of bacteria for yersinia pestis?

Enterobacteriaceae

What is the virulence factors for Yersinia pestis?

Protein capsule LPS Plasmids x3

What is the stain that is utilized for yersinia? What does this detect?

Giemsa--detects the protein capsule

What color do all bacteria show up on a Giemsa stain?

Purple

What do Yersinia pestis bacteria look like under the microscope?

Closed safety pin

Closed safety pin bacteria = ?

Yersinia Pestis

What are the three plasmids that Yersinia has, and what do they do?

1. Biofilm formation 2. Enhanced resistance to macrophage killing 3. Complement resistance

Why is it significant that Yersinia forms a biofilm?

Can be regurgitated by fleas

What are the resrvoirs of Yersinia?

mammals and rats

Where in the world is Yersinia found?

Worldwide

What are the most important vectors in the US for Yersinia?

Coyotes

How is Yersinia transmitted?

Rodent to fleas, humans as accidental host

Is human to human transmission possible with Yersinia pestis?

Yes

What are the symptoms of the black plague?

Painful lymphadenopathy --**buboes**

What are the two fatal consequences of untreated buboes from Yersinia pestis?

Gangrene | Bacteremia

What are the symptoms of pneumonic plague?

Nonspecific LRI, then more severe with hemoptysis, circulatory collapse

How do you diagnose pneumonic plague?

Sputum samples

What is the mortality rate of untreated bubonic plague? Pneumonic? What about treated?

``` Bubonic = 50% Pneumonic = 100% ``` Treated = 15% for both

What is the treatment for Yersinia pestis?

Streptomycin

What are the three forms of tularemia?

1. Ulceroglandular 2. Oculoglandular 3. Pneumonic