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Zoonotic bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Who are at high risk of developing zoonotic infections?

A

Vets, farmers, ranchers, lab workers etc

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2
Q

True or false: in general, humans are only incidental hosts for zoonotic illnesses?

A

True

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3
Q

Why are there not many vaccine for zoonotic infections?

A

Not feasible d/t low incidence

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4
Q

What is the gram stain, morphology, of bacillus anthrax? Spores? Aerobic?

A

Gram positive rod
Aerobic
Spore forming

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5
Q

How does bacillus anthracis appear in a stain?

A

Long chains or single with squared ends

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6
Q

Where are spores of anthrax found? How long are they viable for?

A

Soil, viable for decades

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7
Q

Squared ended gram positive bacilli = ?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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8
Q

How do you diagnose bacillus anthracis?

A

Culture is very easy

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9
Q

What is the main virulence factor for bacillus anthracis?

A

Protein capsule

Poly D-glutamic acid

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10
Q

What are the three toxins that bacillus anthracis produces?

A

Lethal toxin
Edema toxin

Protective antigen

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11
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the lethal toxin that anthrax produces?

A

Disrupts normal cellular signaling events, leading to cell death

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the edema toxin produced by anthrax?

A

Increase adenylate cyclase upregulation = water efflux

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13
Q

What is the general way that we become infected with bacillus anthracis?

A

Inhaled or inoculated spores

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology of the protective antigen that bacillus anthracis produces?

A

Binds to cellular receptors. Activated by cleavage by host cell enzymes. Allows edema/lethal factor to enter

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15
Q

What is the reservoir of anthrax? Where in the world?

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, horses

Everywhere

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16
Q

How do animals become infected with bacillus anthracis?

A

Grazing pastures

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17
Q

What are the two primary ways that anthrax can be transmitted?

A

Cutaneous Inoculation

inhalation

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18
Q

What is wool-sorters disease?

A

Bacillus anthracis poisoning

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19
Q

Who is usually infected via the inoculation route of anthrax?

A

Butchers

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20
Q

Can anthrax be ingested?

A

yes, but more rare

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21
Q

The majority of human cases of anthrax poisoning are of what type?

A

Cutaneous

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22
Q

What are the initial symptoms of cutaneous bacillus anthracis poisoning?

A

Small, red, painless papule, that turns to vesicle to necrotic ulcer (eschar)

Lymph node swelling

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23
Q

Eschar = what bacterial disease?

A

Anthrax

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24
Q

What is the treatment for cutaneous bacillus anthracis poisoning?

A

topical abx

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25
Q

What is the fatality rate of cutaneous anthrax poisoning with and without treatment?

A 
with = <1%
w/o = 5-20%
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26
Q

What are the presenting symptoms for inhalation bacillus anthracis poisoning?

A

Non-productive cough, SOB, malaise, nonspecific

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27
Q

What are the second stage symptoms of anthrax?

A

Fever, diaphoresis, extreme SOB, cyanosis,

Meningitis

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28
Q

What is the mortality rate of inhalation anthrax?

A

100% w/o treatment

75% with

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29
Q

What are the findings on a CXR for anthrax?

A

Enlarged hilar lymph

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30
Q

What is the incubation period of ingested anthrax?

A

1-7 days

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of ingested anthrax?

A

abdominal pain, oral lesions, bloody diarrhea,

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32
Q

What is the case fatality of ingested anthrax?

A

100%

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33
Q

What is the treatment for cutaneous anthrax?

A

Amox

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34
Q

What is the treatment for inhalation anthrax?

A

doxy/cipro with two additional abx

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35
Q

Is there a vaccination for anthrax?

A

Yes

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36
Q

What are the three species of brucella that infect humans?

A

B. Abortis (cattle)
B. Suis (piggies)
B. melitensis (goats)

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37
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of brucella? how fast do they grow?

A

Small, slow growing gram negative coccobacilli

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38
Q

In what cells does brucella survive in?

A

Phagosomes of macrophages/monocytes

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39
Q

How is brucella transmitted?

A

Aerosol or ingestion of contaminated foods

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40
Q

Is human to human transmission of brucella possible?

A

Yes, but rare

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41
Q

What is the presentation for brucellosis? (4)

A

Acute, undulating fever, arthralgias, myalgias, and diaphoresis (with characteristic Hay-like scent)

42
Q

Pregnancy and brucellosis can lead to what?

A

Premie or miscarriage

43
Q

What is the usual food product associated with brucella?

A

Unpasteurized Milk

44
Q

How do you diagnose brucellosis? (3)

A

Blood culture, serology, PCR

45
Q

What is the treatment for brucellosis?

A

6 weeks of tetracycline and rifampin

46
Q

How do you prevent Brucellosis?

A

Quarantine and vaccination of cattle.

Pasteurize dairy products

47
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of pasteurellosis? Aerobic?

A

Gram negative, coccobacilli, facultative anaerobe

48
Q

What are the virulence factors of pasteurella multocida?

A

LPS

Capsule

49
Q

Where is pasteurella multocida found? what about geographically?

A

Nasopharynx of dogs or cats

Worldwide

50
Q

How is pasteurella multocida transmitted?

A

bite or scratch of a dog or cat

51
Q

What are the symptoms of pasteurella multocida?

A

Rapid cellulitis

Lymphangitis

52
Q

How do you diagnose pasteurellosis?

A

Signs
h/o exposure
Culture

53
Q

What is the treatment for pasteurellosis?

54
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of leptospira interrogans?

A

Thin, gram negative spiral shaped bacteria with termianal hooks

55
Q

What specialization does leptospira interrogans have?

A

Terminal hooks

56
Q

Does leptospira interrogans stain or grow well?

57
Q

What is the pathogenesis of leptospira interrogans?

A

Invade abraded skin, and intact mucus membranes to cause bacteremia

58
Q

How do you see leptospira interrogans?

59
Q

Where is leptospirosis usually found?

A

Worldwide, but tropics usually

60
Q

How is leptospira interrogans transmitted?

A

Contaminated animal urine or water

Usually swimming

61
Q

What are the reservoirs of leptospira interrogans?

A

over 200 domestic and wild animals have this thing

62
Q

What is the phase 1 of leptospirosis?

A

Non-specific symptoms then resolution

63
Q

What is phase 2 of leptospirosis?

A

Meningitis, jaundice, renal failure, petechial rash

64
Q

What is the mortality rate of leptospira interrogans?

65
Q

How do you diagnose leptospira interrogans?

A

Culture (hard)

Serology

66
Q

What is the treatment for leptospira interrogans?

A

PCN and ampicillin

67
Q

How do you prevent leptospirosis?

A

Limit exposure to animal urine

68
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of francisella tularensis? Aerobic?

A

Small, slow growing aerobic, gram negative coccobacilli

69
Q

Is francisella tularensis hard to grow in culture?

70
Q

What cells does francisella tularensis infect?

A

monocytes/macrophages

71
Q

What are the virulence factors of francisella tularensis?

A

Capsule

LPS

72
Q

Where is tularemia found geographically?

A

Northern hemisphere

73
Q

What is the reservoir for francisella tularensis?

A

wild mammals

74
Q

How is francisella tularensis transmitted?

A

Hard-shelled Ticks or through contact with animal blood

75
Q

What are the symptoms of a skin infection with francisella tularensis? (3)

A

Red, painful, swollen papule that becomes purulent and ulcerates

May lead to bacteremia

76
Q

What are the symptoms of oculoglandular tularemia?

A

Painful conjunctivitis with swollen cervical lymph nodes

77
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonic tularemia?

A

Pneumonitis eventual sepsis

78
Q

How do you diagnose francisella tularensis?

A

culture, serology

79
Q

What is the treatment for francisella tularensis?

A

Gentamycin

80
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of yersinia pestis?

A

Non-motile gram negative rod

81
Q

What is the family of bacteria for yersinia pestis?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

82
Q

What is the virulence factors for Yersinia pestis?

A

Protein capsule
LPS
Plasmids x3

83
Q

What is the stain that is utilized for yersinia? What does this detect?

A

Giemsa–detects the protein capsule

84
Q

What color do all bacteria show up on a Giemsa stain?

85
Q

What do Yersinia pestis bacteria look like under the microscope?

A

Closed safety pin

86
Q

Closed safety pin bacteria = ?

A

Yersinia Pestis

87
Q

What are the three plasmids that Yersinia has, and what do they do?

A
  1. Biofilm formation
  2. Enhanced resistance to macrophage killing
  3. Complement resistance
88
Q

Why is it significant that Yersinia forms a biofilm?

A

Can be regurgitated by fleas

89
Q

What are the resrvoirs of Yersinia?

A

mammals and rats

90
Q

Where in the world is Yersinia found?

91
Q

What are the most important vectors in the US for Yersinia?

92
Q

How is Yersinia transmitted?

A

Rodent to fleas, humans as accidental host

93
Q

Is human to human transmission possible with Yersinia pestis?

94
Q

What are the symptoms of the black plague?

A

Painful lymphadenopathy –buboes

95
Q

What are the two fatal consequences of untreated buboes from Yersinia pestis?

A

Gangrene

Bacteremia

96
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonic plague?

A

Nonspecific LRI, then more severe with hemoptysis, circulatory collapse

97
Q

How do you diagnose pneumonic plague?

A

Sputum samples

98
Q

What is the mortality rate of untreated bubonic plague? Pneumonic? What about treated?

A 
Bubonic = 50%
Pneumonic = 100%

Treated = 15% for both

99
Q

What is the treatment for Yersinia pestis?

A

Streptomycin

100
Q

What are the three forms of tularemia?

A
  1. Ulceroglandular
  2. Oculoglandular
  3. Pneumonic

Microbio (50 decks)

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