Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbio > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is medical microbiology?

A

the study of the dynamic interaction between microbes and the human host. This interaction (or symbiosis) involves commensalism, mutualism and parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is meant by the term “normal flora”?

A

commensal or mutual symbionts adapted to the special conditions found in various body locations. Normal flora tend to avoid injuring the host, and are often beneficial to the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is meant by the term pathogen?

A

any microorganism that has the capability to cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is meant by the term virulence?

A

The ability of a microorganism to cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

factors (e.g. toxins) produced by organisms that enable it to infect, cause disease, and/or kill the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How big are viruses?

A

(0.03- 0.3 µm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How big are bacteria?

A

0.1- 10 µm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How big are fungi?

A

4- 10 µm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are unicellular fungi called? Multicellular?

A

Uni = yeast

Muti = mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false: parasites are strictly multicellular?

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cell walls composed of in bacteria?

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cell walls composed of in fungi?

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which cell walls contain sterols: those of bacteria or of fungi?

A

Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the ribosomes that are present within eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes = 60 + 40 = 80

Pro = 50+ 30 = 70s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?

A

Eu = mito

Pro = cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is brightfield microscopy?

A

Normal microsopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is darkfield microscopy? What is it better for?

A

Inverted background d/t light condenser scattering light

better for small bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is phase-contrast microscopy? What is is used for?

A

Parallel beams of light are passed through objects of different densities.

Enables the internal details of microbes to be examined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is fluoresenct microscopy?

A

Staining microorganisms with fluorescent dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is electrion microscopy?

A

Uses magnets rather than light to get higher resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How can bacterial antigens be detected?

A

microsopy, through antibody detection, DNA sequencing, (ELISA, pcr, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the four different types of media used to grow bacteria?

A

(1) enriched nonselective media
(2) selective media
(3) differential media
(4) specialized media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the five ways that bacteria are classified?

A
  1. Visible features
  2. Nutrition
  3. End products
  4. Surface molecules
  5. Nucleic acid analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the shape of cocci bacteria?

A

Disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the shape of bacilli?

A

Rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the shape of spirochetes?

A

Spirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two different apendages found in bacteria?

A

Pili, flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which type of bacteria have an outer cell membrane: gram positive or negative?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer: gram positive or negative?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which type of bacteria have LPS: gram positive or negative?

A

gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which type of bacteria are able to form spores: gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

32
Q

Which type of bacteria are able to have capsules: gram positive or negative?

A

Both

33
Q

Which type of bacteria are resistant to lysozyme: gram positive or negative?

A

Gram-negative

34
Q

Which type of bacteria have a periplasmic space: gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative

35
Q

Which type of bacteria produce endotoxin: gram positive or negative?

A

Both

36
Q

What are acid-fast bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria that have a wax-like lipid coating of mycolic acid

37
Q

True or false: both gram positive and negative bacteria have a peptidoglycan layer

A

True

38
Q

What are the four steps of gram staining?

A
  1. Add crystal violet
  2. Add gram iodine
  3. Decolorize with EtOH/acetone
  4. Safarnin red
39
Q

What is more complex, a gram positive of gram negative cell wall?

A

Gram negative

40
Q

What are the layers to a gram positive cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan layer, followed by a membrane

41
Q

What are the layers of a gram negative cell wall?

A

Cell membrane, peptidoglycan layer, space, cell membrane

42
Q

What are the two sugars that comprise peptidoglycan?

A

NAG

NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid)

43
Q

What is the link between the NAG and NAM that is a target of lysozyme?

A

beta 1,4, cross links

44
Q

What are the proinflammatory effects of peptidoglycan?

A

Fixes complement
Binds to PRPs
Triggers TNF

45
Q

What is the stain used to identify acid fast bacteria like mycobacteria? What does this bind to?

A

Carbol fuchsin. which binds to mycolic acid

46
Q

Is peptidoglycan necessary for cell survivial?

A

Yes, but more important/more expressed when inside a host

47
Q

What is the purpose of the safranin that is added when gram staining?

A

To counter-stain other cells red

48
Q

What are the three components of LPS?

A

O antigen
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A

49
Q

What is the function of Lipid A in LPS?

A

Anchors the entire molecule to the cell membrane

50
Q

Which of the three parts of LPS is responsible for the endotoxin activity?

A

Lipid A

51
Q

What is the core polysaccharide part of LPS made of?

A

9-12 sugars

52
Q

What is the O-antigen part of LPS made of?

A

O antigen is attached to the core and extends away from the bacteria. It is a long linear polysaccharide consisting of 50 to 100 repeating saccharide units of 4 to 7 sugars per unit.

53
Q

What basic structure of LPS is identical for related bacteria and is similar for all gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae

A

Lipid A

54
Q

How can the O-antigen be used to identify a bacteria line?

A

The O antigen distinguishes serotypes (strains) of a bacterial species.

55
Q

What does LPS cause?

A

Shock via TNF

56
Q

How many sex pilli are found on bacteria?

A

One

57
Q

What is the function of common pilli?

A

attachment to epithelial cells

58
Q

Sex pili are encoded on a/an (blank) and are also referred to as (blank)

A

Sex pili are encoded on an F plasmid and are also referred to as F pili

59
Q

What are the rotating helical structures attached to the plasma membrane and involved in locomotion

A

Flagella (H antigen)

60
Q

What is the major function of a bacterial capsule?

A

Prevent phagocytosis

61
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

an organized community of bacterial cells that has a capsule/slime layer surrounding the entire community

62
Q

What is the Quellung test?

A

A test is used to identify bacterial capsules; treating with anti-capsular antibodies results in a visible “swelling” of the capsule

63
Q

True or false: both gram positive and negative bacteria can form endospores

A

False–only some gram positive can. NEVER gram negative

64
Q

How long can spores exist for?

A

Long time (centuries)

65
Q

What do endospores contain? (3) What are the layers of an endospore?

A
  1. a complete copy of the chromosome,
  2. the bare minimum concentrations of essential proteins and ribosomes,
  3. a high concentration of calcium bound to dipicolinic acid.

The spore has an inner membrane, two peptidoglycan layers and an outer keratin-like protein coat.

66
Q

What is in the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

67
Q

What is teichoic acid?

A

Lipid found in gram positive bacteria peptidoglycan layer.

This promotes the attachment of the bacteria to others

68
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

A

Maintain structure, is a permeability barrier

69
Q

What are the proteins embedded in the outer membrane of the gram negative bacteria that allos diffusion of hydrophilic molecules?

A

Porins

70
Q

What are the main components of the inner layer of gram negative cell membrane? Outer?

A 
Inner = phospholipids
Outer = LPS
71
Q

What does LPS bind to that causes shock?

A

CD 14 and TLR4 on phagocytes.

72
Q

What is the function of the mycolic acid in the outer membrane of bacteria?

A

Impeded entry of chemicals/lysosomal enzymes

73
Q

What are the two components of the acid fast structure, besides mycolic acid?

A

Lipoarabinomannan (like LPS)

Arabinoalactans (brached poly saccharide)

74
Q

What are pili made of?

A

Protein subunits called pilin

75
Q

Endospoes are made only by which bacteria type: gram positive or negative?

A

Only gram positive

Microbio (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions