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Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What are virons?

A

A complete virus particle

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2
Q

What are the four different types/forms of genetic material that viruses can have?

A

ssRNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
dsDNA

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3
Q

Which viral genetic material is more stable, RNA or DNA?

A

DNA

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4
Q

What is positive sense RNA?

A

When the RNA is in the same sense as the mRNA it produces

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5
Q

What must RNA viruses have in order to reproduce inside the host cell?

A

they must encode their own RNA pol

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6
Q

Do viruses have ribosomes?

A

No

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7
Q

What is the size range for viruses?

A

20-300 nm

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8
Q

What is a nucleocapsid?

A

When the capsid lies within the
lipid membrane of an enveloped virus, it is
referred to as the nucleocapsid

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9
Q

What are the three forms of capsids?

A

Helical
Icosahedral
Complex

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10
Q

What is the helical structure of a capsid composed of? (numbe of subunit types, shape, etc)

A

One type of subunit wrapped around the nucleic acid like a helix

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11
Q

What is the icosahedral capsid structure?

A

made up of regularly
repeating patterns of subunits. They are closed
structures consisting of 20 equilateral triangular
faces.

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12
Q

What are the minimal components of a virion? Maximal

A

Min :Capsid + nucleic acids

Max: above + matrix, envelope, attachment proteins

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13
Q

What is a viral envelope?

A

A lipid membrane that surrounds the viral particle, which is derived from the host cell

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14
Q

Why are enveloped viruses more delicate?

A

Need moist environment

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15
Q

What must negative sense RNA molecules do to become infectious?

A

Change to the positive sense

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16
Q

What are the three factors that are used to classify viruses?

A

Genome
Capsid structure
Mode of replication

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17
Q

The parvovirus has what type of genome?

A

ss DNA

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18
Q

The papovaviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

ds DNA

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19
Q

The adenovirus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsDNA

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20
Q

The Herpesviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsDNA

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21
Q

The poxviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsDNA

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22
Q

The hepadnaviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsDNA

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23
Q

What are the DNA viruses that infect humans? (HHAPPPy)

A 
Herpesviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Adenoviridae
Parvoviridae
Papovaviridae
Poxviridae
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24
Q

The reoviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsRNA

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25
The orthomyxoviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
-ssRNA
26
The paramyxoviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
-ssRNA
27
The rhabdoviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
-ssRNA
28
The bunyaviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
-ssRNA
29
The arenviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
-ssRNA
30
The filviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
-ssRNA
31
The togaviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
+ssRNA
32
The flaviviardae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
+ssRNA
33
The corona viridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
+ssRNA
34
The retroviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
+ssRNA
35
The picronviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
+ssRNA
36
The caliciviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
+ssRNA
37
The hepeviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?
+ssRNA
38
Are naked capsule viruses stable to the environment?
Yes
39
How are naked iral capsules released from the cell?
Through lysis
40
What are the clinical consequences of naked capsid viruses?
They are able to dry out but retain their infectivity, as well as survive inhospitible conditions
41
True or false: capsid virsuses are able to withstand detergents?
True
42
What are the clinical consequences of enveloped viruses?
must stay wet, and are very labile.
43
How are enveloped viruses released from the cell?
With a modified cell envelope
44
Can enveloped viruses survive the GI tract? Can capsid viruses?
Capsids yes, enveloped no
45
Do capsid viruses kill the cell when released? Enveloped?
Capsids kill | Enveloped don't
46
What are the six stages of replication for a virus?
1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. mRNA production 4. Protein and gene synthesis 5. Viron assembly 6. Egress
47
What is direct fusion?
How enveloped viral particles enter the cell through fusion of their membranes
48
What is the consequence of leaving part of the fused membrane on the cell membrane?
The cell can then fuse with another cell to form multinucleated cells
49
What is the other way that enveloped cells can enter a cell, besides direct fusion? What does the virus have then?
Receptor mediated endocytosis normally used for growth factor uptake, causing the whole enveloped particle to be surrounded by an additional envelope. fusion of the two envelopes releases the virus
50
What is the way that non-enveloped viruses enter the cell?
Through receptor mediated pathway
51
How do dsDNA viruses transcribe their geneome?
Use the cell RNA pol
52
How do ssDNA viruses transcribe their genome?
Use cell DNA repair enzymes to produce dsDNA
53
How do +ssRNA viruses transcribe their genome?
Use a reverse transccriptase to produce dsDNA, or use it just like a normal ssRNA
54
How do -ssRNA viruses transcribe their genome?
use a viral RdRp (RNA dependent RNA pol) to produce mRNA
55
How do dsRNA viruses transcribe their genome?
Use a viral RdRp to produce mRNA
56
What are the two solutions to achieving viral DNA replication when the cell is not in S-phase? (for DNA viruses)
1. Make cellular DNA replication machinery available | 2. Encode viral proteins to synthesize genome
57
Why does HPV cause CA?
Produce E6 and E7 to push cell cycle forward
58
What is the solution for + sense RNA viruses to replicate their genome?
Encode RdRp
59
What is the solution for - sense RNA viruses to replicate their genome?
Package RdRp within the viral particle
60
What are the six viruses that are negative sense ssRNA, and need to bring an RdRp with them? (Always Bring Pol Or Fail Replication)
``` Arenaviridae bunyaviridae Paramyxoviridae Orthomyoxoviridae Filoviridae Rhabdoviridae ```
61
What are the 5 steps of viral assembly?
1. Individual viral proteins form into capsid subunits 2. Subunits combine to form complete capsids 3. Viral genome/other viron components packaged 4. virus exits cell (w/ or w/o envelope)
62
How are helical capsids formed?
From a signal protein on the nucleic acid structure, which causes polymerization or proteins in both directions around it
63
How are icosahedral capsid viruses formed?
Form the capsule, then thread in nucleic acids
64
What is the process of budding?
When glycoproteins are attached to the outer layer of the plasma membrane, then attract matrix proteins and viral nucleic acids
65
What are virulence genes?
Genes that aid in the disease causing process
66
What is viremia?
Viruses in the blood (like bacteremia)
67
What is tropism?
When a microbe preferentially infects a certain cell type or area of the body
68
Why are point mutations more likely in some viruses?
The DNA pol or RNA pol carried/produce by viruses are more error prone than if they used a cell's DNA pol
69
What type of viruses have the highest point mutation rate? Why?
RNA viruses b/e their RNA pol do not have proofreading abilities
70
What are quasispecies?
Species of viruses that are slightly dissimilar d/t point mutations
71
What is antigenic drift?
The selection of viruses like the flu which are able to evade the host immune system.
72
What are the two major ways in which viral genetics change?
1. Recombination (for DNA only) | 2. Reassortment
73
What is the recombination viral genetic change?
When two or more DNA viruses infect the same cell, and recombine their DNA utilizing enzyme within the cell
74
How do RNA viruses recombine their genome, if host cells do not have the machinery to recombine RNA?
Copy choice (when pol will abruptly stop one RNA chain mid protein and attach to another) Reassortment (when segmented/different RNA is packeaged into viral envelopes)
75
What happens histologically to virus infected cells?
loss of cell-cell contact
76
What is a plaque assay?
Growing virus infected cells and looking for plaques to see if the virus is infectious
77
How is ELISA/wetern blot used to id viruses?
Western blot = size of protein ELISA = search for antibodies
78
How is genome sequencing used to id viruses?
Use a primer in a PCR or RT PCR to detect viral DNA/RNA
79
What type of test would be used to detect viral antigens?
ELISA
80
What does the electon microscope used for in id viruses?
Looking at new viruses

Microbio (50 decks)

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