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Microbio > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What are virons?

A

A complete virus particle

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2
Q

What are the four different types/forms of genetic material that viruses can have?

A

ssRNA
ssDNA
dsRNA
dsDNA

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3
Q

Which viral genetic material is more stable, RNA or DNA?

A

DNA

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4
Q

What is positive sense RNA?

A

When the RNA is in the same sense as the mRNA it produces

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5
Q

What must RNA viruses have in order to reproduce inside the host cell?

A

they must encode their own RNA pol

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6
Q

Do viruses have ribosomes?

A

No

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7
Q

What is the size range for viruses?

A

20-300 nm

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8
Q

What is a nucleocapsid?

A

When the capsid lies within the
lipid membrane of an enveloped virus, it is
referred to as the nucleocapsid

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9
Q

What are the three forms of capsids?

A

Helical
Icosahedral
Complex

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10
Q

What is the helical structure of a capsid composed of? (numbe of subunit types, shape, etc)

A

One type of subunit wrapped around the nucleic acid like a helix

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11
Q

What is the icosahedral capsid structure?

A

made up of regularly
repeating patterns of subunits. They are closed
structures consisting of 20 equilateral triangular
faces.

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12
Q

What are the minimal components of a virion? Maximal

A

Min :Capsid + nucleic acids

Max: above + matrix, envelope, attachment proteins

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13
Q

What is a viral envelope?

A

A lipid membrane that surrounds the viral particle, which is derived from the host cell

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14
Q

Why are enveloped viruses more delicate?

A

Need moist environment

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15
Q

What must negative sense RNA molecules do to become infectious?

A

Change to the positive sense

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16
Q

What are the three factors that are used to classify viruses?

A

Genome
Capsid structure
Mode of replication

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17
Q

The parvovirus has what type of genome?

A

ss DNA

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18
Q

The papovaviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

ds DNA

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19
Q

The adenovirus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsDNA

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20
Q

The Herpesviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsDNA

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21
Q

The poxviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsDNA

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22
Q

The hepadnaviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsDNA

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23
Q

What are the DNA viruses that infect humans? (HHAPPPy)

A 
Herpesviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Adenoviridae
Parvoviridae
Papovaviridae
Poxviridae
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24
Q

The reoviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

dsRNA

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25
Q

The orthomyxoviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

-ssRNA

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26
Q

The paramyxoviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

-ssRNA

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27
Q

The rhabdoviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

-ssRNA

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28
Q

The bunyaviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

-ssRNA

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29
Q

The arenviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

-ssRNA

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30
Q

The filviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

-ssRNA

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31
Q

The togaviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

+ssRNA

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32
Q

The flaviviardae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

+ssRNA

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33
Q

The corona viridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

+ssRNA

34
Q

The retroviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

+ssRNA

35
Q

The picronviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

+ssRNA

36
Q

The caliciviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

+ssRNA

37
Q

The hepeviridae virus has what type of genomic makeup?

A

+ssRNA

38
Q

Are naked capsule viruses stable to the environment?

A

Yes

39
Q

How are naked iral capsules released from the cell?

A

Through lysis

40
Q

What are the clinical consequences of naked capsid viruses?

A

They are able to dry out but retain their infectivity, as well as survive inhospitible conditions

41
Q

True or false: capsid virsuses are able to withstand detergents?

A

True

42
Q

What are the clinical consequences of enveloped viruses?

A

must stay wet, and are very labile.

43
Q

How are enveloped viruses released from the cell?

A

With a modified cell envelope

44
Q

Can enveloped viruses survive the GI tract? Can capsid viruses?

A

Capsids yes, enveloped no

45
Q

Do capsid viruses kill the cell when released? Enveloped?

A

Capsids kill

Enveloped don’t

46
Q

What are the six stages of replication for a virus?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry
  3. mRNA production
  4. Protein and gene synthesis
  5. Viron assembly
  6. Egress
47
Q

What is direct fusion?

A

How enveloped viral particles enter the cell through fusion of their membranes

48
Q

What is the consequence of leaving part of the fused membrane on the cell membrane?

A

The cell can then fuse with another cell to form multinucleated cells

49
Q

What is the other way that enveloped cells can enter a cell, besides direct fusion? What does the virus have then?

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis normally used for growth factor uptake, causing the whole enveloped particle to be surrounded by an additional envelope. fusion of the two envelopes releases the virus

50
Q

What is the way that non-enveloped viruses enter the cell?

A

Through receptor mediated pathway

51
Q

How do dsDNA viruses transcribe their geneome?

A

Use the cell RNA pol

52
Q

How do ssDNA viruses transcribe their genome?

A

Use cell DNA repair enzymes to produce dsDNA

53
Q

How do +ssRNA viruses transcribe their genome?

A

Use a reverse transccriptase to produce dsDNA, or use it just like a normal ssRNA

54
Q

How do -ssRNA viruses transcribe their genome?

A

use a viral RdRp (RNA dependent RNA pol) to produce mRNA

55
Q

How do dsRNA viruses transcribe their genome?

A

Use a viral RdRp to produce mRNA

56
Q

What are the two solutions to achieving viral DNA replication when the cell is not in S-phase? (for DNA viruses)

A
  1. Make cellular DNA replication machinery available

2. Encode viral proteins to synthesize genome

57
Q

Why does HPV cause CA?

A

Produce E6 and E7 to push cell cycle forward

58
Q

What is the solution for + sense RNA viruses to replicate their genome?

A

Encode RdRp

59
Q

What is the solution for - sense RNA viruses to replicate their genome?

A

Package RdRp within the viral particle

60
Q

What are the six viruses that are negative sense ssRNA, and need to bring an RdRp with them?

(Always Bring Pol Or Fail Replication)

A 
Arenaviridae
bunyaviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Orthomyoxoviridae
Filoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
61
Q

What are the 5 steps of viral assembly?

A
  1. Individual viral proteins form into capsid subunits
  2. Subunits combine to form complete capsids
  3. Viral genome/other viron components packaged
  4. virus exits cell (w/ or w/o envelope)
62
Q

How are helical capsids formed?

A

From a signal protein on the nucleic acid structure, which causes polymerization or proteins in both directions around it

63
Q

How are icosahedral capsid viruses formed?

A

Form the capsule, then thread in nucleic acids

64
Q

What is the process of budding?

A

When glycoproteins are attached to the outer layer of the plasma membrane, then attract matrix proteins and viral nucleic acids

65
Q

What are virulence genes?

A

Genes that aid in the disease causing process

66
Q

What is viremia?

A

Viruses in the blood (like bacteremia)

67
Q

What is tropism?

A

When a microbe preferentially infects a certain cell type or area of the body

68
Q

Why are point mutations more likely in some viruses?

A

The DNA pol or RNA pol carried/produce by viruses are more error prone than if they used a cell’s DNA pol

69
Q

What type of viruses have the highest point mutation rate? Why?

A

RNA viruses b/e their RNA pol do not have proofreading abilities

70
Q

What are quasispecies?

A

Species of viruses that are slightly dissimilar d/t point mutations

71
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

The selection of viruses like the flu which are able to evade the host immune system.

72
Q

What are the two major ways in which viral genetics change?

A
  1. Recombination (for DNA only)

2. Reassortment

73
Q

What is the recombination viral genetic change?

A

When two or more DNA viruses infect the same cell, and recombine their DNA utilizing enzyme within the cell

74
Q

How do RNA viruses recombine their genome, if host cells do not have the machinery to recombine RNA?

A

Copy choice (when pol will abruptly stop one RNA chain mid protein and attach to another)

Reassortment (when segmented/different RNA is packeaged into viral envelopes)

75
Q

What happens histologically to virus infected cells?

A

loss of cell-cell contact

76
Q

What is a plaque assay?

A

Growing virus infected cells and looking for plaques to see if the virus is infectious

77
Q

How is ELISA/wetern blot used to id viruses?

A

Western blot = size of protein

ELISA = search for antibodies

78
Q

How is genome sequencing used to id viruses?

A

Use a primer in a PCR or RT PCR to detect viral DNA/RNA

79
Q

What type of test would be used to detect viral antigens?

A

ELISA

80
Q

What does the electon microscope used for in id viruses?

A

Looking at new viruses

Microbio (50 decks)

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