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Parasites in the Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the insect vector for african Trypanosomiasis?

A

Tsetse flies

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2
Q

What is the insect vector for Chagas’ disease?

A

Reduvid bugs

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3
Q

What is the insect vector for Lesihmaniosis?

A

Sandflies

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4
Q

What is the insect vector for Malaria?

A

Mosquitoes

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5
Q

What is the insect vector for Babesiosis?

A

Ticks

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6
Q

What is the only disease discussed that is not an intracellular parasite?

A

African trypanosomiasis

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7
Q

What is the causative agent of sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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8
Q

Where is Trypanosoma Brucei found in the world?

A

Africa

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9
Q

What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei?

A

Tsetse fly picks up protozoa from host, bites another

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10
Q

What are the early signs/symptoms of Trypanosoma brucei infection? (3)

A

Painless indurated area where the fly bit

Cervical lymphadenopathy

Wasting appearance

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11
Q

What is the transmission for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense? (west african)

A

Human to human spread

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12
Q

What is the transmission for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense? (east african)

A

Human to human or animal to muman

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13
Q

What are the late stage symptoms of sleeping sickness?

A

HA, Szs, tremors, encephalitis, sleeplessness, lethargy

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14
Q

How do you diagnose sleeping sickness?

A

Detection of parasites in blood or CSF

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15
Q

What is the pattern of infection for sleeping sickness? What causes this?

A

Variable numbers of protozoa, d/t antibody destruction, then antigenic variation

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16
Q

How does Trypanosoma brucei avoid immune destruction, and remain in the body for months/years?

A

Rapid antigenic variation

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17
Q

What is the treatment for Trypanosoma brucei? (2) Side effects?

A

Melarsoprol or DFMO

Encephalitis/death

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18
Q

What is the causative agent of Chagas Disease?

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi

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19
Q

What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

Reduviid bug to intracellular parasite

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20
Q

What are the initial symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi infections (Chagas disease)?

A

Chagoma
Fever/nonspecific
Local swelling
Periorbital edema

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21
Q

What are the later symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi (chagas disease)?

A

Dysrhythmias
Cardiomyopathy
Megacolon
Megaesophagus

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22
Q

Where are the parasites that come out of the Reduviid bugs for Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

In the poop (NOT in the suckers)

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23
Q

Where are infections with Trypanosoma Cruzi (Chagas disease) found in the world usually?

A

South America

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24
Q

How long do late symptoms of Chagas disease take to present?

A

Decades

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25
Q

Do we screen blood for Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What is the chagoma sign? What disease is it seen in?

A

Indurated, erythematous area on the skin where the Reduviid bug bite

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma Cruzi infx)

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27
Q

Asymptomatic individuals infected with Trypanosoma Cruzi (chagas disease) harbor parasites where?

A

Autonomic ganglia

Heart tissue

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28
Q

How do you diagnose Trypanosoma Cruzi (Chagas disease)?

A

Serology

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29
Q

What are the important history facts about Chagas disease or sleeping sickness?

A

Recent travel

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30
Q

What is the causative agent of Leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania

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31
Q

What is the lift cycle for Leishmania?

A

Sandflies transfer the parasite

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32
Q

What happens when Leishmania gets injected into tissues?

A

Ingested into macrophages, but this is nice for it.

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33
Q

Where do Leishmania parasites hide?

A

Macrophages

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34
Q

Who is particularly susceptible to Leishmaniasis?

35
Q

How is Leishmania transmitted?

A

Sand flies or canines

36
Q

What are the three clinical presentations of Leishmaniasis?

A

Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
Visceral

37
Q

What are the early symptoms of visceral Leishmaniasis?

38
Q

What are the late symptoms of visceral Leishmaniasis?

A

Fever
Weight loss
Hepatosplenomegaly
Immune suppression

39
Q

What is the treatment for Leishmaniasis?

A

Metal compounds that are horrible

40
Q

Why aren’t antibodies effective for destroying Leishmania? What is the only defense the body has that is effective?

A

Leishmania live in macrophages so protected.

T-cells needed or activation of macrophages

41
Q

What is the most important of all tropical and parasitic diseases?

42
Q

Where in the world is Malaria found?

A

Everywhere

43
Q

Who gets diagnosed with Malaria in the US?

A

Travelers, military personnel

44
Q

What is the causative agent of Malaria (4)?

A

Plasmodium Falciparum (lesser = vivax, malariae, ovale)

45
Q

What is the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum (Malaria)?

A

Mosquitoes hold plasmodium, where they have sex. Parasites injected, rapidly cleared by liver

46
Q

What happens to the plasmodium when they are infected into the body?

A

Infect hepatocyte for a while, then infect RBCs

47
Q

What are the two species of plasmodium that cause Malaria can live in hepatocytes for years/decades?

A

P. Vivax

P. Ovale

48
Q

Why is anemia associated with Malaria?

A

Bursting out of parasites from RBCs

49
Q

What is Malarial paroxysm?

A

Severe flu-like symptoms that occur when a bunch of plasmodium leave hepatocytes/RBCs

50
Q

What are the timing of symptoms (fever) of each of the Plasmodium species? (vivax/ovale, malariae, falciparum)

A

P Vivax/ovale = 48 hours
P. Malariae = 72 hours
P. Falciparum ~48 hours

51
Q

What are the three mechanisms of pathogenesis of Malaria?

A
  1. RBC lysis
  2. Supression of erythropoiesis
  3. Destruction of RBCs by spleen
52
Q

What is the effect of TNF-alpha and IL-1 (released when Plasmodium infects) on erythropoiesis?

A

Supression

53
Q

Why are RBCs destroyed by the spleen in Malaria?

A

Coating of antigen

54
Q

Which type of RBCs do P. Falciparum infect?

55
Q

Which type of RBCs do P. vivax and ovale infect?

A

Reticulocytes

56
Q

Which type of RBCs do P. malariae infect?

A

older erythrocytes

57
Q

What are the later symptoms of Malaria? (3)

A

Splenomegaly
Hypoglycemia
Lactic acidosis

58
Q

Why is hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis seen in malaria?

A

Glucose utilization by Plasmodium

59
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria?

A

Sticky knobs on infected RBCs form clots and make it harder to perfuse organs (like the brain)

60
Q

How do you diagnose malaria? (3, two clinical + one test)

A

Travel history
Spiking fevers
Blood smear/antigen tests

61
Q

Why is a blood smear the gold standard for malaria diagnosis?

A

Get parasite levels too

62
Q

What do the gametocytes of plasmodium falcifera look like histologically?

A

Purple bananas

63
Q

How do you prevent malarial disease?

A

Prophylaxis before travel

64
Q

What is the causative agent of Babesiosis?

65
Q

What is the life cycle of Babesia?

A

tick bites and rodents

66
Q

What are the initial symptoms of Babesiosis

A

Fever, chills, myalgias

Hemolytic

67
Q

Who are particularly susceptible to Babesiosis?

A

Asplenic individuals

68
Q

What is a maltese cross?

69
Q

What is the treatment for Babesiosis?

A

Azithromycin

70
Q

What is the causative agent of filariasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

71
Q

What are the symptoms of filariasis?

A

Severe lymphadenopathy d/t clogging

72
Q

What is the life cycle of filariasis?

A

Mosquito bites, migrate to lymph nodes

73
Q

How long does filariasis take to develop? Why?

A

A year for helminth to travel to the lymph nodes and lay eggs

74
Q

What are the initial symptoms of filariasis?

A

Non-specific, lymphadenitis

75
Q

What is the treatment for filariasis?

A

Steroids/ surgery

76
Q

What is the cause of schistosomiasis?

A

Schistosoma

77
Q

How are Schistosoma transmitted?

A

Feces, Snails, penetrate skin to GI

78
Q

What are the three species of Schistosoma? Where are they found in the body?

A

S. Mansoni - large intestines

S. Japonicum - small intestines

S. Haematobium - bladder

79
Q

What are the consequences of Schistosomasis?

A

Chronic infections for lodging of eggs in tissue

80
Q

How do you diagnose Schistosomiasis?

A

eggs in stool

81
Q

What are the symptoms of S. Japonci

A

Chronic intestinal and hepatic dysfunction

82
Q

What are the species of Leishmania that cause visceral disease?

A

L. Donovani
L. Infantum
L. Chagasi

83
Q

How do you diagnose Filariasis?

A

Observe microfilariae in the blood

Microbio (50 decks)

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