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Parasites in the Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the insect vector for african Trypanosomiasis?

A

Tsetse flies

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2
Q

What is the insect vector for Chagas’ disease?

A

Reduvid bugs

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3
Q

What is the insect vector for Lesihmaniosis?

A

Sandflies

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4
Q

What is the insect vector for Malaria?

A

Mosquitoes

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5
Q

What is the insect vector for Babesiosis?

A

Ticks

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6
Q

What is the only disease discussed that is not an intracellular parasite?

A

African trypanosomiasis

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7
Q

What is the causative agent of sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei

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8
Q

Where is Trypanosoma Brucei found in the world?

A

Africa

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9
Q

What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei?

A

Tsetse fly picks up protozoa from host, bites another

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10
Q

What are the early signs/symptoms of Trypanosoma brucei infection? (3)

A

Painless indurated area where the fly bit

Cervical lymphadenopathy

Wasting appearance

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11
Q

What is the transmission for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense? (west african)

A

Human to human spread

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12
Q

What is the transmission for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense? (east african)

A

Human to human or animal to muman

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13
Q

What are the late stage symptoms of sleeping sickness?

A

HA, Szs, tremors, encephalitis, sleeplessness, lethargy

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14
Q

How do you diagnose sleeping sickness?

A

Detection of parasites in blood or CSF

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15
Q

What is the pattern of infection for sleeping sickness? What causes this?

A

Variable numbers of protozoa, d/t antibody destruction, then antigenic variation

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16
Q

How does Trypanosoma brucei avoid immune destruction, and remain in the body for months/years?

A

Rapid antigenic variation

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17
Q

What is the treatment for Trypanosoma brucei? (2) Side effects?

A

Melarsoprol or DFMO

Encephalitis/death

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18
Q

What is the causative agent of Chagas Disease?

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi

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19
Q

What is the life cycle of Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

Reduviid bug to intracellular parasite

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20
Q

What are the initial symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi infections (Chagas disease)?

A

Chagoma
Fever/nonspecific
Local swelling
Periorbital edema

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21
Q

What are the later symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi (chagas disease)?

A

Dysrhythmias
Cardiomyopathy
Megacolon
Megaesophagus

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22
Q

Where are the parasites that come out of the Reduviid bugs for Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

In the poop (NOT in the suckers)

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23
Q

Where are infections with Trypanosoma Cruzi (Chagas disease) found in the world usually?

A

South America

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24
Q

How long do late symptoms of Chagas disease take to present?

A

Decades

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25
Do we screen blood for Trypanosoma Cruzi?
Yes
26
What is the chagoma sign? What disease is it seen in?
Indurated, erythematous area on the skin where the Reduviid bug bite Chagas disease (Trypanosoma Cruzi infx)
27
Asymptomatic individuals infected with Trypanosoma Cruzi (chagas disease) harbor parasites where?
Autonomic ganglia | Heart tissue
28
How do you diagnose Trypanosoma Cruzi (Chagas disease)?
Serology
29
What are the important history facts about Chagas disease or sleeping sickness?
Recent travel
30
What is the causative agent of Leishmaniasis?
Leishmania
31
What is the lift cycle for Leishmania?
Sandflies transfer the parasite
32
What happens when Leishmania gets injected into tissues?
Ingested into macrophages, but this is nice for it.
33
Where do Leishmania parasites hide?
Macrophages
34
Who is particularly susceptible to Leishmaniasis?
HIV pts
35
How is Leishmania transmitted?
Sand flies or canines
36
What are the three clinical presentations of Leishmaniasis?
Cutaneous Mucocutaneous Visceral
37
What are the early symptoms of visceral Leishmaniasis?
Fevers
38
What are the late symptoms of visceral Leishmaniasis?
Fever Weight loss Hepatosplenomegaly Immune suppression
39
What is the treatment for Leishmaniasis?
Metal compounds that are horrible
40
Why aren't antibodies effective for destroying Leishmania? What is the only defense the body has that is effective?
Leishmania live in macrophages so protected. T-cells needed or activation of macrophages
41
What is the most important of all tropical and parasitic diseases?
Malaria
42
Where in the world is Malaria found?
Everywhere
43
Who gets diagnosed with Malaria in the US?
Travelers, military personnel
44
What is the causative agent of Malaria (4)?
Plasmodium Falciparum (lesser = vivax, malariae, ovale)
45
What is the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum (Malaria)?
Mosquitoes hold plasmodium, where they have sex. Parasites injected, rapidly cleared by liver
46
What happens to the plasmodium when they are infected into the body?
Infect hepatocyte for a while, then infect RBCs
47
What are the two species of plasmodium that cause Malaria can live in hepatocytes for years/decades?
P. Vivax | P. Ovale
48
Why is anemia associated with Malaria?
Bursting out of parasites from RBCs
49
What is Malarial paroxysm?
Severe flu-like symptoms that occur when a bunch of plasmodium leave hepatocytes/RBCs
50
What are the timing of symptoms (fever) of each of the Plasmodium species? (vivax/ovale, malariae, falciparum)
P Vivax/ovale = 48 hours P. Malariae = 72 hours P. Falciparum ~48 hours
51
What are the three mechanisms of pathogenesis of Malaria?
1. RBC lysis 2. Supression of erythropoiesis 3. Destruction of RBCs by spleen
52
What is the effect of TNF-alpha and IL-1 (released when Plasmodium infects) on erythropoiesis?
Supression
53
Why are RBCs destroyed by the spleen in Malaria?
Coating of antigen
54
Which type of RBCs do P. Falciparum infect?
Any
55
Which type of RBCs do P. vivax and ovale infect?
Reticulocytes
56
Which type of RBCs do P. malariae infect?
older erythrocytes
57
What are the later symptoms of Malaria? (3)
Splenomegaly Hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis
58
Why is hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis seen in malaria?
Glucose utilization by Plasmodium
59
What is the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria?
Sticky knobs on infected RBCs form clots and make it harder to perfuse organs (like the brain)
60
How do you diagnose malaria? (3, two clinical + one test)
Travel history Spiking fevers Blood smear/antigen tests
61
Why is a blood smear the gold standard for malaria diagnosis?
Get parasite levels too
62
What do the gametocytes of plasmodium falcifera look like histologically?
Purple bananas
63
How do you prevent malarial disease?
Prophylaxis before travel
64
What is the causative agent of Babesiosis?
Babesia
65
What is the life cycle of Babesia?
tick bites and rodents
66
What are the initial symptoms of Babesiosis
Fever, chills, myalgias Hemolytic
67
Who are particularly susceptible to Babesiosis?
Asplenic individuals
68
What is a maltese cross?
Babesia
69
What is the treatment for Babesiosis?
Azithromycin
70
What is the causative agent of filariasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi
71
What are the symptoms of filariasis?
Severe lymphadenopathy d/t clogging
72
What is the life cycle of filariasis?
Mosquito bites, migrate to lymph nodes
73
How long does filariasis take to develop? Why?
A year for helminth to travel to the lymph nodes and lay eggs
74
What are the initial symptoms of filariasis?
Non-specific, lymphadenitis
75
What is the treatment for filariasis?
Steroids/ surgery
76
What is the cause of schistosomiasis?
Schistosoma
77
How are Schistosoma transmitted?
Feces, Snails, penetrate skin to GI
78
What are the three species of Schistosoma? Where are they found in the body?
S. Mansoni - large intestines S. Japonicum - small intestines S. Haematobium - bladder
79
What are the consequences of Schistosomasis?
Chronic infections for lodging of eggs in tissue
80
How do you diagnose Schistosomiasis?
eggs in stool
81
What are the symptoms of S. Japonci
Chronic intestinal and hepatic dysfunction
82
What are the species of Leishmania that cause visceral disease?
L. Donovani L. Infantum L. Chagasi
83
How do you diagnose Filariasis?
Observe microfilariae in the blood

Microbio (50 decks)

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