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Microbio > Viral GI II > Flashcards

Viral GI II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the family of poliovirus? What is the genome type?

A

Picornavirus

+ssRNA

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2
Q

Is polio stable at high or low pHs? What is the consequence of this?

A

Low, survives stomach

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3
Q

What is the mode of transmission for polio?

A

Fecal-oral route

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4
Q

What are the three serotypes for polio?

A

P1-3

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5
Q

What is the incubation period for polio?

A

6 to 20 days

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6
Q

What percent of polio are asymptomatic?

A

95%

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7
Q

How is the polio virus shed?

A

In stool for weeks

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8
Q

What three countries is polio still endemic to?

A

Afghanistan
Nigeria
Pakistan

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9
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of “abortive” polio? Does this lead to paralysis?

A

Sore throat
Fever
GI symptoms

does not lead to paralysis

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10
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of nonparalytic aseptic meningitis from polio? How long does it last?

A

Non-specific prodromal symptoms

Stiffness in back, neck or legs (usually unilateral)

Last 2-10 days

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11
Q

What percent of polio cases result in flaccid paralysis?

A

<1%

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12
Q

What percent of people infected with polio will have nonparalytic aseptic meningitis?

A

1-2%

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13
Q

How do you diagnose polio?

A

Isolate from stool/CSF and sequence

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14
Q

What was the first vaccine for polio?

A

Inactivated vaccine by Saulk

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15
Q

What is the current polio vaccine?

A

Sabin, attenuated virus

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16
Q

Does the vaccine strain in the Sabin vaccine replicate? How many strains does it provide protection?

A

Yes

Three strains

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17
Q

What is VAPP? How often does it occur with the Sabin vaccine?

A

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis

1 in every 2x10^6

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18
Q

What is the standard polio vaccine today?

A

Inactivated vaccine

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19
Q

How is the inactivated vaccine for polio made? Is there a risk for VAPP?

A

Grown in tissue cultures, and inactivated through formaldehyde

No risk for VAPP

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis?

A

N/v/d

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

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21
Q

What are the four virus families that cause viral gastroenteritis? Which ones are enveloped?

A

Rotavirus
Norovirus
Adenovirus
Astroviruses

None are enveloped

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22
Q

What is the mode of transmission for viral gastroenteritis?

A

Fecal oral

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23
Q

What is the incubation period for viral gastroenteritis vs bacterial? Why does the viral strain usually take longer to develop?

A

hour to 7 days for bacteria

1-3 days for virus (d/t need to replicated)

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24
Q

Which cause of gastroenteritis causes vomiting more prominently, bacterial or viral?

A

Viral, usually

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25
Q

What type of diarrhea do viral causes of gastroenteritis?

A

Watery–never bloody

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26
Q

How do you diagnose viral gastroenteritis?

A

One of exclusion–if stool culture is negative for bacterial causes

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27
Q

What is the major concern with viral gastroenteritis?

A

Dehydration

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28
Q

What is the treatment for dehydration caused by gastroenteritis?

A

IV or oral rehydration

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29
Q

What are the signs of severe dehydration?

A 
Rapid pulse
Tears absent
Skin tenting
Sunken eyes
Lack of urination
30
Q

What is skin tenting?

A

Pinching skin to see if dehydrated

31
Q

What is the setting for viral vs bacterial gastroenteritis?

A

Bacterial = poor sanitation places

Viral = similar in both developed and developing countries

32
Q

What percent of children have had an infection with rotovirus by age 5?

A

95%

33
Q

When is the most severe disease of rotavirus occur?

A

3-24 months of age

34
Q

What percent of gastroenteritis is caused by rotavirus?

A

5-10%

35
Q

What is the family of rotavirus? Genome?

A

Reovirus

dsRNA

36
Q

What happens when the rotavirus enters a host cell?

A

Changes shape from sphere to star-like thingy with pores

37
Q

What is the incubation period of rotavirus? How long do symptoms last?

A

1-3 days followed by 4-7 days of symptoms

38
Q

Is fever seen with rotavirus infection?

A

Yes, 1/3 of pts have >102 F

39
Q

Is rotavirus an opportunistic pathogen with HIV infections?

A

No

40
Q

When is the rotavirus season?

A

Varies for different regions of the US, but spring time here

41
Q

What is the most prevalent type of rotavirus?

A

G1

42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rotavirus?

A

Infecting epithelial layer, and causing damage and malabsorption (vili blunting)

43
Q

How many viral particles of rotavirus are needed for infection? How many are shed in the stool

A

10^9 release in stool

44
Q

What is the toxin that rotavirus produces? What does it do?

A

NSP4, causes Ca release

45
Q

What is viliblunting?

A

Destruction of microvili caused by rotavirus

46
Q

How do you diagnose rotavirus?

A

EIA (enzyme immunoassay) from stool

EM or RT-PCR iff needed

47
Q

What is the treatment for viral gastroenteritis?

A

Rehydration

48
Q

What is the prevention technique for rotavirus?

A

Handwashing/Sanitize fomites

Vaccine

49
Q

Which type of immunoglobin do babies receive from their mothers through breast milk that protects them from rotavirus?

A

IgA

50
Q

What are the two vaccines against rotavirus? Which strains are these protective against? What type of vaccine is it?

A

Rotateq or rotarix
G1-4, G9

Live attenuated human for rotratrix

Reassortment from bovine for rotateq

51
Q

When do children get vaccinated against rotavirus?

A

before 12 weeks of age

52
Q

What is intussusception? Is there a concern for this with rotavirus?

A

a medical condition in which a part of the intestine invaginates (folds into) into another section of intestine.

This is no longer a concern with current vaccines

53
Q

How is the rotavirus vaccine administered?

A

Oral inhalation

54
Q

Which population does norovirus usually infect?

A

All ages

55
Q

What is the incubation period for norovirus?

A

24-48 hours

56
Q

What are the symptoms of norovirus infection?

A

n/v/d

Low grade fever

57
Q

What is the pathology of norovirus?

A

Similar to rotavirus, micovilli blunting

58
Q

What family does norovirus belong to? Genome type?

A

Caliciviridae family

+ssRNA

59
Q

Who is particularly susceptible to norovirus infection [hint: not age or immune status]? Why is this the case?

A

Specific blood types more than other people

May be d/t infecting immune cells

60
Q

What is the mode of transmission for norovirus? Can it be spread from person-person?

A

Fecal oral route (vomit aerosolization, food handling)

Can be transmitted from person-person

61
Q

How does norovirus usually spread? Where does this usually occur?

A

Foodborne

Long-term care facilities

62
Q

What is the genome type of the adenovirus? Is there an envelope? Which serotypes cause GI disease?

A

dsDNA
Naked capsid
40 and 41 serotypes

63
Q

What is the incubation period for adenovirus? How long do symptoms last?

A

8-10 days

7-8 days of symptoms

64
Q

What are the symptoms of infection with GI adenovirus?

A

n/v/ watery diarrhea

65
Q

Is there seasonal variation of adenovirus?

A

nope

66
Q

Which part of the population are usually infected with adenovirus?

A

Children

67
Q

How do you diagnose adenovirus?

A

Antibody detection in stool sample

68
Q

What is the family of the sapovirus?

A

Caliciviridae family

69
Q

What is the genome type of astroviruses?

A

+ssRNA

70
Q

How long does immunity last for norovirus?

A

Short

71
Q

What are the usual places where the weakness caused by polio is observed? How long does it have to continue before it is deemed permanent?

A

Usually, unilateral lower limbs

12 months

72
Q

How does polio cause paralysis?

A

Infection and replication within neurons

Microbio (50 decks)

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