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Microbio > UTIs > Flashcards

UTIs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three defense mechanisms of the UI tract?

A
  1. Low pH
  2. Urea content
  3. Flushing action
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2
Q

What are the symptoms of urethritis and cystitis? (4)

A

Dysuria
Hematuria
Frequency
Urgency

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

LBP

Fever/chills

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4
Q

Is there a positive urine culture in prostatitis?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Is there a positive urine culture in urethritis? Cystitis?

A

Yes, and yes

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6
Q

Is there a positive urine culture in pyelonephritis?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

Flank pain
Fever
Dysuria, frequency, urgency

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8
Q

What is the complication of pyelo in prego?

A

Premature birth

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9
Q

Is there discharge associated with UTIs?

A

Nope

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10
Q

Urine cloudiness is indicative of what?

A

UTIs

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11
Q

How do you diagnose UTIs?

A
  1. WBC in urine (pyuria)
  2. Leukocyte esterase in urine
  3. Nitrite test
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12
Q

The presence of at least (BLANK) bacteria per field is indicative of UTIs? What does this correlate to?

A

one

Correlates to 100,000 CFU/ml

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13
Q

How many more times do women get UTIs compared to men?

A

10x

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14
Q

Does sex increase the risk for UTIs?

A

Yep

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15
Q

What common hospital procedure increases the risk for the development of a UTI?

A

Catheterization

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16
Q

Why do elderly men get UTIs more commonly than women?

A

Prostatitis, infected stones, BPH

Catheterization

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17
Q

Which two bacteria are community acquired UTIs usually caused by?

A

E.coli

Staph Saprophyticus

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18
Q

Do enteric bacteria have LPS usually? Are they anaerobics?

A

Yes

Facultative anaerobes

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19
Q

What gram stain is enterobacteriaceae? Where are these usually found? Oxidase result?

A

Gram negative

Normal flora of the GI tract

Oxidase negative

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20
Q

What are the virulence factors for the enterobacteria?

A

endotoxin
capsule
Flagella

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21
Q

True or false: E.coli is part of the normal flora of the intestine

A

True

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22
Q

The difference in the degree of virulence of different strains of e.coli are correlated with what?

A

Plasmid acquisution

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23
Q

What are the adhering bits of e.coli?

A

Fimbrae or pili

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24
Q

What percent of UTIs are caused by E.coli?

A

80-95%

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25
Q

What is the reservoir of E.coli that cause UTIs?

A

Intestinal flora

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26
Q

What are the three virulence factors for E.coli?

A

Adhesins (pili)
Hemolysins
Endotoxins

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27
Q

What is the function of hemolysin that e.coli carry?

A

Lyses RBCs

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28
Q

Which type of pili do e.coli have? What do these bind to on epithelial cells?

A

Type 1

binds to mannose

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29
Q

What are the pili on subpopulations of E.coli that bind to sugar residues specifically on uroepithelial cells?

A

P-pili

30
Q

How do you differ strep and staph?

A

Catalase

31
Q

Is staph motile? Do they form spores?

A

no

32
Q

Which staph is coag positive? Which are not?

A 
Positive = Staph Aureus
Negative = S. Epiderm, S. Saprophyticus
33
Q

How does Staph Saprophyticus cause disease (virulence factor)?

A

hemagglutinin/adhesin

34
Q

What is the abx that S. Saprophyticus is resistant to?

A

Novobiocin

35
Q

What is the significance of the biofilm that staph. saprophyticus produces?

A

Better colonization of catheters

36
Q

What are the three major nosocomial UTI infection pathogens?

A

Klebsiella
Proteus
Pseudomonas

37
Q

What is the gram stain and morph of proteus mirabilis?

A

gram negative

38
Q

What are the virulence factors of proteus?

A

Urease

39
Q

How does proteus increase the pH in the urinary tract? What can this cause?

A

Urease produces ammonia

This may cause renal stones via Mg and Ca precipitation

40
Q

What is the significance of the biofilm that proteus produces?

A

better colonization of catheters

41
Q

What is the treatment for Proteus mirabilis infections?

A

TMP-SMX

42
Q

What is the morphology and gram stain of pseudomonas aeruginosa? Oxidase result?

A

gram negative aerobic rod

Oxidase positive

43
Q

Does pseudomonas ferment?

A

Nope

44
Q

Where can pseudomonas grow?

A

Wherever water is

45
Q

Is pseudomonas an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Yep

46
Q

Is pseudomonas motile?

A

Yes

47
Q

A blue-green culture is indicative of what bacteria?

A

Pseudomonas

48
Q

What is the treatment for pseudomonas caused UTIs?

A

Multiple abx courses

49
Q

What is the gram stain and catalase result for enterococcus? Morph?

A

Gram positive cocci

Catalase negative

50
Q

Can enterococcus grow in bile? What is the significance of this?

A

Yes, this can be utilized to differentiate between this and E.coli

51
Q

Is enterococcus sensitive to optochin?

A

No

52
Q

What about enterococcus makes it hard to treat?

A

Very abx resistant

53
Q

What are the risk factors for enterococcus?

A

treatment with broad spectrum abx and catheterization

54
Q

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria? Who is this usually found in? Would you treat this?

A

Significant bacteriuria without symptoms
Old people get this
No treatment required

55
Q

What three situations would you treat asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A
  1. Prego women
  2. Prior to urologic survey
  3. Renal transplant
56
Q

What is the treatment for uncomplicated cystitis?

A

Trimethoprim/sulfmethaoxazomle

57
Q

What is the treatment for pyelonephritis? (gram negative and gram positive are different)

A

Fluoroquinolones for gram negative

Amox for gram positive

58
Q

What are the drugs for asymptomatic bacteriuria?

A

Amox
Cephalexin
Nitrofurantoin

59
Q

What are the three major clinical diseases that enterococcus causes?

A
  1. UTIs
  2. Peritonitis
  3. Endocarditis
60
Q

In what part of the urine stream should urine samples be caught?

A

Midstream

61
Q

Why does DM increase the chances of a UTI?

A

More sugar in the urine

62
Q

What are the two major problems with treating enterobacteriaceae infections?

A
  1. Antigenic mutation of K and H antigens

2. Abx resistance

63
Q

What chemical do Enterobacteriaceae need to survive?

A

Fe

64
Q

How do you differentiate between shigella/salmonella and E.coli?

A

Lactose fementation

65
Q

Is Staph. Saprophyticus coagulase positive or negative?

A

Negative

66
Q

What is the test that differentiates Staph Saprophyticus from other staph species? What is the result of this test?

A

Novobiocin test, should be resistant

67
Q

True or false: Staph Saprophyticus can cause asymptomatic UTIs

A

True

68
Q

How do you differentiate between Enterococcus and strep?

A

Enterococcus grows in high salt/bile

69
Q

Nitrite in the urine is specific for which bacteria?

A

E.Coli

70
Q

Is pseudomonas oxidase positive or negative?

A

Oxidase positive

Microbio (50 decks)

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