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Skinny bacteria III Flashcards

1
Q

Drum stick appearing rods =?

A

Clostridium

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2
Q

What is the gram stain and morph of clostridium? Aerobic? Spores?

A

Gram positive, spore forming rods

Anaerobic

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3
Q

Where is clostridium found?

A

Soil, water, sewage

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4
Q

What are the three species and toxins of clostridium that cause disease?

A

C. perfringens (hemolysin)
C. difficile (enterotoxins)
C tetani (Neural toxins)

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5
Q

Growth of C perfringens produces a lot of what?

A

CO2 and H gas

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6
Q

What skin infection does C perfringens cause?

A

Gas Gangrene

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7
Q

What is the most important toxin associated with C perfringens? What is its function?

A

Alpha toxin

Phospholipase destroys cell membrane

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8
Q

Why will you not see leukocytes in the area surrounding C perfringins?

A

Alpha toxin kills them

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9
Q

What are the four skin diseases that C perfringens usually causes?

A
  1. Cellulitis
  2. Fasciitis
  3. Suppurative myositis
  4. Myonecrosis
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10
Q

What are the reservoirs of Clostridium?

A

Soil, or GI tract

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11
Q

Why is it called GAS (not group A strep) gangrene?

A

C. perfringens produces CO2, so there are crepitations of the wound

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of gas gangrene?

A

Cellulitis initially, later supprative myositis

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13
Q

Gas on x-ray = ?

A

Gas gangrene

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14
Q

How do you diagnose gas gangrene?

A

Microsopic deteaction of rods WITHOUT leukocytes

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15
Q

What is the treatment for gas gangrene?

A

Surgical debridment and high dose PCN

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16
Q

What is the MOA of C. tetani infection from a rusty nail?

A

Small local infection allow for anaerobic growth of C tetani, producing exotoxin

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17
Q

What is the MOA of tetanospasmin?

A

Inhibition of interneurons

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18
Q

Is tetanospasmin heat liable?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of tetanus?

A

Spastic paralysis

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20
Q

True or false: Tetanospasmin is readily degraded by the GI tract?

A

yes

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21
Q

What is the most common site of infection for tetanus?

A

Umbilical stump of noenates

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22
Q

What is the risus sardonicus?

A

Tetanus infection smile

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23
Q

Why is it hard to culture tetanus?

A

Anaerobic bacteria

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24
Q

How do you diagnose tetanus?

A

Clinical presentation

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25
Q

What population is usually infected with tetanus in the U.S.?

A

Old people

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26
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus?

A

Debride the wound
Human IgG/antitoxin
Metronidazole

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27
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of mycobacterium? Anaerobic? Spores?

A

Weakly gram positive
Acid fast
Aerobic
No spores

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28
Q

What is the lipid found in mycobacterium that allows them to be stained with the acid fast stain?

A

Mycolic acid

Lipoarabinomanan

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29
Q

True or false: mycobacterium are resistant to lots of stuffs

A

True

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30
Q

How fast do mycobacterium grow?

A

Super slow

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31
Q

What are the two major mycobacteria that cause disease?

A

Myobacterium TB

M. Leprae

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32
Q

Are there endotoxins or exotoxins with mycobacterium?

A

No

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33
Q

What is the agar needed to grow mycobacteria? (board question)

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

34
Q

What is the primary infection associated with mycobacterium?

A

Pulmonary disease (mycobacterium TB)

35
Q

What is Potts disease?

A

Skeletal TB (osteomyelitis) in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae

36
Q

What is the gibbus deformity?

A

Strange, painful lump in the back d/t Potts disease

37
Q

How do you diagnose pott’s disease?

A

PPD test

See in biopsy in macrophages

38
Q

What cells do mycobacteria live in?

A

Macrophages

39
Q

What is the host response to infection with mycobacteria? How?

A

Granulomas

(T cells differentiate into Th1 and produce IFNgamma)

40
Q

What is the treatment for mycobacteria?

A

Isoniazid and rifampin for a long time

41
Q

What cells does Mycobacterium Leprae target?

A

Macrophages and Schwann cells

42
Q

What is the causative agent of Leprosy? How fast do symptoms present?

A

Mycobacterium leprae

Slow presentation

43
Q

What are the antigens of Mycobacterium Leprae? (2)

A

Cell wall’s phenolic glycolipid and phenolase

44
Q

What are the two distinct stages of M. Leprae?

A

Tuberculoid

Lepromatous

45
Q

What are the two different immune responses to M. Leprae?

A 
Th1 = tuberculoid (cell mediated)
Th2 = lepromatous (immunoglobin mediated (not choose wisely)
46
Q

What is Hansen’s disease?

A

Lepromatous leprae

47
Q

How do you diagnose leprosy? Can you culture?

A

Lepromin skin test (should be negative since no cell mediated rxn)

No culture

48
Q

Does mycobacterium leprae have exo or endo toxin?

49
Q

How is leprosy transmitted?

A

Nasal secretions

50
Q

What are the symptoms of lepromatous leprosy?

A

Raised granulomas all over the skin

51
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculoid leprosy?

A

Single area infection that is flat

52
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of Nocardia? Aerobic? Acid fast? Aerobic?

A

Aerobic gram positive rod that forms

filamentous rods

Weakly acid fast

53
Q

What are aerial hyphae?

A

Bacterial “hyphae” produced by Nocardia

54
Q

What is mycetoma? Cause? Pain?

A

Chronic infections of the skin and underlying tissues caused by Nocardia

No pain

55
Q

What is the most common site of mycetoma? How is it transmitted?

A

Foot, from walking around in the environment (gardening)

56
Q

What are the two major infections associated with Nocardia?

A
  1. Lymphocutaneous disease

2. Cellulits and cutaneous abscess

57
Q

How do you diagnose Nocardia? Treat?

A

Culture

TMP=SMX

58
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of actinomyces israelii? Aerobic?

A

Filamentous rod that looks like fungi

Anaerobe

59
Q

True or false: Actinomyces israelii is an opportunistic pathogen

60
Q

What is Actinomyces israelii infxs associated with?

A

Abscesses from Dental work

61
Q

What does Actinomyces israelii look like microscopically?

A

Sulfur granules

62
Q

Sulfur granules = ?

A

Actinomyces israelii

63
Q

How do you diagnose Actinomyces? What is the treatment for Actinomyces israelii?

A

Acid fast culture

PCN

64
Q

What is the cause of cervicofacial actinomycosis?

A

Actinomyces israelii

65
Q

How do you differentiate Actinomyces israelii from Norcardia?

A

Lack of staining with modified acid fast stains for Actinomyces israelii

66
Q

What are the bacteria that causes acne vulgaris? Is it normal flora?

A

Propionibacterium acnes, which is normal flora

67
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of propionibacterium acnes?

A

Small, anaerobic gram positive rof

68
Q

What is the treatment for propionibacterium acnes?

A

Topical benzoyl peroxide

oral Abx

69
Q

What is peridontitis?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease which includes the gingiva along with loss of CT and bone support to the teeth

70
Q

What is the cause of Gingivitis and periodontitis?

A

Bacteria in dental plaques (polymicrobial)

71
Q

What is dental plaque?

A

bacterial biofilm

72
Q

What is the dominant organism associated with dental caries?

A

Strep mutans

73
Q

What is the the underlying cause of dental caries?

A

Acid products of Strep mutans in biofilm

74
Q

Culture without any lymphocytes = ?

A

C. perfringens

75
Q

What are the skin lesions present with tuberculoid leprosy? Lepromatous leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy= few plaques

Lepromatous leprosy= many red macules with nerve involvement

76
Q

What is the histopathology with tuberculoid leprosy? Lepromatous leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy= few to no acid fast rods observed

Lepromatous leprosy= numerous acid fast rods in skin lesions

77
Q

What is the infectivity of tuberculoid leprosy? Lepromatous leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy= Low

Lepromatous leprosy= High

78
Q

What is the immune response to Tuberculoid leprosy? Lepromatous leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy= DTH rxn to lepromin

Lepromatous leprosy= no reactivity to lepromin

79
Q

What is the clinical pattern seen with Actinomycosis? Nocardiosis?

A 
Actinomycosis = lump with draining siinus
Nocardiosis = cellulitis
80
Q

What is the site associated with Actinomycosis? Nocardiosis?

A 
Actinomycosis = Face/neck
Nocardiosis = Extremities
81
Q

What is the source of Actinomycosis? Nocardiosis?

A 
Actinomycosis = endogenous flora
Nocardiosis = Environment

Microbio (50 decks)

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