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Skinny bacteria III Flashcards

1
Q

Drum stick appearing rods =?

A

Clostridium

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2
Q

What is the gram stain and morph of clostridium? Aerobic? Spores?

A

Gram positive, spore forming rods

Anaerobic

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3
Q

Where is clostridium found?

A

Soil, water, sewage

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4
Q

What are the three species and toxins of clostridium that cause disease?

A

C. perfringens (hemolysin)
C. difficile (enterotoxins)
C tetani (Neural toxins)

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5
Q

Growth of C perfringens produces a lot of what?

A

CO2 and H gas

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6
Q

What skin infection does C perfringens cause?

A

Gas Gangrene

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7
Q

What is the most important toxin associated with C perfringens? What is its function?

A

Alpha toxin

Phospholipase destroys cell membrane

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8
Q

Why will you not see leukocytes in the area surrounding C perfringins?

A

Alpha toxin kills them

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9
Q

What are the four skin diseases that C perfringens usually causes?

A
  1. Cellulitis
  2. Fasciitis
  3. Suppurative myositis
  4. Myonecrosis
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10
Q

What are the reservoirs of Clostridium?

A

Soil, or GI tract

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11
Q

Why is it called GAS (not group A strep) gangrene?

A

C. perfringens produces CO2, so there are crepitations of the wound

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of gas gangrene?

A

Cellulitis initially, later supprative myositis

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13
Q

Gas on x-ray = ?

A

Gas gangrene

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14
Q

How do you diagnose gas gangrene?

A

Microsopic deteaction of rods WITHOUT leukocytes

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15
Q

What is the treatment for gas gangrene?

A

Surgical debridment and high dose PCN

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16
Q

What is the MOA of C. tetani infection from a rusty nail?

A

Small local infection allow for anaerobic growth of C tetani, producing exotoxin

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17
Q

What is the MOA of tetanospasmin?

A

Inhibition of interneurons

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18
Q

Is tetanospasmin heat liable?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of tetanus?

A

Spastic paralysis

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20
Q

True or false: Tetanospasmin is readily degraded by the GI tract?

A

yes

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21
Q

What is the most common site of infection for tetanus?

A

Umbilical stump of noenates

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22
Q

What is the risus sardonicus?

A

Tetanus infection smile

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23
Q

Why is it hard to culture tetanus?

A

Anaerobic bacteria

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24
Q

How do you diagnose tetanus?

A

Clinical presentation

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25
What population is usually infected with tetanus in the U.S.?
Old people
26
What is the treatment for tetanus?
Debride the wound Human IgG/antitoxin Metronidazole
27
What is the gram stain and morphology of mycobacterium? Anaerobic? Spores?
Weakly gram positive Acid fast Aerobic No spores
28
What is the lipid found in mycobacterium that allows them to be stained with the acid fast stain?
Mycolic acid | Lipoarabinomanan
29
True or false: mycobacterium are resistant to lots of stuffs
True
30
How fast do mycobacterium grow?
Super slow
31
What are the two major mycobacteria that cause disease?
Myobacterium TB | M. Leprae
32
Are there endotoxins or exotoxins with mycobacterium?
No
33
What is the agar needed to grow mycobacteria? (board question)
Lowenstein-Jensen
34
What is the primary infection associated with mycobacterium?
Pulmonary disease (mycobacterium TB)
35
What is Potts disease?
Skeletal TB (osteomyelitis) in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
36
What is the gibbus deformity?
Strange, painful lump in the back d/t Potts disease
37
How do you diagnose pott's disease?
PPD test | See in biopsy in macrophages
38
What cells do mycobacteria live in?
Macrophages
39
What is the host response to infection with mycobacteria? How?
Granulomas **(T cells differentiate into Th1 and produce IFNgamma)**
40
What is the treatment for mycobacteria?
Isoniazid and rifampin for a **long time**
41
What cells does Mycobacterium Leprae target?
Macrophages and Schwann cells
42
What is the causative agent of Leprosy? How fast do symptoms present?
Mycobacterium leprae Slow presentation
43
What are the antigens of Mycobacterium Leprae? (2)
Cell wall's phenolic glycolipid and phenolase
44
What are the two distinct stages of M. Leprae?
Tuberculoid | Lepromatous
45
What are the two different immune responses to M. Leprae?
``` Th1 = tuberculoid (cell mediated) Th2 = lepromatous (immunoglobin mediated (not choose wisely) ```
46
What is Hansen's disease?
Lepromatous leprae
47
How do you diagnose leprosy? Can you culture?
Lepromin skin test (should be negative since no cell mediated rxn) No culture
48
Does mycobacterium leprae have exo or endo toxin?
Neither
49
How is leprosy transmitted?
Nasal secretions
50
What are the symptoms of lepromatous leprosy?
Raised granulomas all over the skin
51
What are the symptoms of tuberculoid leprosy?
Single area infection that is flat
52
What is the gram stain and morphology of Nocardia? Aerobic? Acid fast? Aerobic?
Aerobic gram positive rod that forms filamentous rods Weakly acid fast
53
What are aerial hyphae?
Bacterial "hyphae" produced by Nocardia
54
What is mycetoma? Cause? Pain?
Chronic infections of the skin and underlying tissues caused by Nocardia No pain
55
What is the most common site of mycetoma? How is it transmitted?
Foot, from walking around in the environment (gardening)
56
What are the two major infections associated with Nocardia?
1. Lymphocutaneous disease | 2. Cellulits and cutaneous abscess
57
How do you diagnose Nocardia? Treat?
Culture | TMP=SMX
58
What is the gram stain and morphology of actinomyces israelii? Aerobic?
Filamentous rod that looks like fungi Anaerobe
59
True or false: Actinomyces israelii is an opportunistic pathogen
True
60
What is Actinomyces israelii infxs associated with?
Abscesses from Dental work
61
What does Actinomyces israelii look like microscopically?
Sulfur granules
62
Sulfur granules = ?
Actinomyces israelii
63
How do you diagnose Actinomyces? What is the treatment for Actinomyces israelii?
Acid fast culture | PCN
64
What is the cause of cervicofacial actinomycosis?
Actinomyces israelii
65
How do you differentiate Actinomyces israelii from Norcardia?
Lack of staining with modified acid fast stains for Actinomyces israelii
66
What are the bacteria that causes acne vulgaris? Is it normal flora?
Propionibacterium acnes, which is normal flora
67
What is the gram stain and morphology of propionibacterium acnes?
Small, anaerobic gram positive rof
68
What is the treatment for propionibacterium acnes?
Topical benzoyl peroxide | oral Abx
69
What is peridontitis?
Chronic inflammatory disease which includes the gingiva along with loss of CT and bone support to the teeth
70
What is the cause of Gingivitis and periodontitis?
Bacteria in dental plaques (polymicrobial)
71
What is dental plaque?
bacterial biofilm
72
What is the dominant organism associated with dental caries?
Strep mutans
73
What is the the underlying cause of dental caries?
Acid products of Strep mutans in biofilm
74
Culture without any lymphocytes = ?
C. perfringens
75
What are the skin lesions present with tuberculoid leprosy? Lepromatous leprosy?
Tuberculoid leprosy= few plaques | Lepromatous leprosy= many red macules with nerve involvement
76
What is the histopathology with tuberculoid leprosy? Lepromatous leprosy?
Tuberculoid leprosy= few to no acid fast rods observed | Lepromatous leprosy= numerous acid fast rods in skin lesions
77
What is the infectivity of tuberculoid leprosy? Lepromatous leprosy?
Tuberculoid leprosy= Low | Lepromatous leprosy= High
78
What is the immune response to Tuberculoid leprosy? Lepromatous leprosy?
Tuberculoid leprosy= DTH rxn to lepromin | Lepromatous leprosy= no reactivity to lepromin
79
What is the clinical pattern seen with Actinomycosis? Nocardiosis?
``` Actinomycosis = lump with draining siinus Nocardiosis = cellulitis ```
80
What is the site associated with Actinomycosis? Nocardiosis?
``` Actinomycosis = Face/neck Nocardiosis = Extremities ```
81
What is the source of Actinomycosis? Nocardiosis?
``` Actinomycosis = endogenous flora Nocardiosis = Environment ```

Microbio (50 decks)

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