Veterinary urinary system Flashcards
Urinary system
organa urinaria
urinary system comprised of?
paired kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
name 5 functions of the kidneys
water and electrolyte balance pH regulation blood pressure regulation endocrine functions waste excretion
Name min. 3 hormones produced by the kidneys.
angiotensin
calcitriol
erythropoietin
erythropoietin function
stimulates formation of erythrocytes in bone marrow
calcitriol function
promotes Ca absorption
What is the urachus?
is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord.
the urachus is contained in the median ligament of the bladder.
angiotensin hormone function
stimulates vasoconstriction and thus raises blood pressure
renin function
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin.
renin is an enzyme, secreted by the kidneys
how does gluconeogenesis relate to the kidneys
primarily occurs in the liver but also occurs, to a lesser extent, in the proximal tubular portion of the the renal cortex
How do serum phosphate levels relate to the kidneys
Normal working kidneys remove extra phosphorus from blood.
in CKD, the kidneys cant remove phosphates adequately.
What constitutes the lower urinary tract?
bladder and urethra
in males, the penis too qualifies as part of the lower urin. tract
term for process of urine production
uropoiesis
normal urine pH range
pH 6.5 – 8.5
herbivore urine ph?
generally higher = alkaline
name 4 normal urine constituents.
water (95%),
urea,
salts (mostly NaCl) and
bile pigments/urobilin
Name 4 species that normally have cloudy urine.
eq, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters
The kidneys receive what percentage of cardiac output?
25% of cardiac output
latin and greek for kidney
ren; nephros
Kidney situation in body?
retroperitoneally against the dorsal abdominal wall on each side of the aorta and vena cava,
just ventral to the last thoracic and first few lumbar vertebrae
right kidney sits more cranial than the left
In which species are the kidneys at the same level?
sus scrofa dom.
What covers the renal capsula adiposa?
renal fascia / fascia renalis
kidney is surrounded by a fat tissue known as?
fat capsule / capsula adiposa
the innermost renal organ capsule is?
fibrous capsule / capsula fibrosa
Name the renal capsules/coverings from innermost to outermost.
capsula fibrosa
capsula adiposa
fascia renalis
The fibrous renal capsule consists of?
two layers:
an outer connective tissue layer and
a looser inner layer with smooth muscle cells
kidney ventral and dorsal surfaces
facies: ventralis et dorsalis
convex lateral and concave medial border
margo: lateralis et medialis
cranial and caudal renal extremities
extremitas: cranialis et caudalis
what is located on the medial renal surface?
the renal hilus / hilus renalis
what structures enter/exit at the hilus
renal artery enters,
the renal vein and ureter exit
What is the renal sinus?
fat- and connective tissue filled cavity surrounding the renal pelvis and/or calyces, and hilar vessels
What is difference between renal sinus and renal pelvis?
The renal pelvis is located within the renal sinus which is in central region of the kidney.
renal sinus
sinus renalis
gross division of renal parenchyma?
lighter outer cortex and darker inner medulla
The kidney is divided into?
renal lobes / lobi renales
The renal lobes are grossly divided into?
renal pyramid and its cortical cap
renal cortex
cortex renis
What parts of the cortex extend toward the renal sinus?
the renal columns / columnae renales
What do the renal columns do?
they provide a route for the blood vessels to run between renal pyramids
What does the renal cortex consist of?
cortical lobules / lobuli corticales
What are the lobuli corticales divided into?
straight medullary rays in the surrounding radiate parts
and
the inner convoluted parts
convoluted part
pars convoluta
radiate part
pars radiata
What is pars convoluta of the renal cortex made up of?
convoluted tubules and renal corpuscles
Where are the nephrons located?
in the cortex
Name the parts of a nephron.
renal corpuscles with capillary network
glomerulus
glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule
long renal tubules
Which parts of the nephron are cortical?
corpuscula renis with capillary network,
glomerula,
capsula glomeruli
Which parts of a nephron are medullary?
the long renal tubules
renal corpuscles
corpuscula renis
glomerulus in latin
glomerula
glomerular capsule in latin
capsula glomeruli
another english name for glomerular capsule
Bowman’s capsule
What are capsula glomeruli for?
produce glomerular filtrate in the cortex, meaning primary urine
What are tubuli renales for?
reabsorption of primary urine, so essentially the second round of filtering - this produces so called “secondary” urine after which secretion takes place
Corpuscle diameter?
0.1…0.3 mm
How can nephrons be classified?
2 general classes according to the location of their glomeruli/renal corpuscle
What are the 2-3 types of nephrons?
corticomedullary (or just plain cortical) nephrons
midcortical nephrons too, according to some sources
juxtamedullary nephrons
Where are corticomedullary nephrons?
corpuscle near the capsule, so more superficial
Where are midcortical nephrons?
corpuscle midway into the cortex, located between the superficial and juxtamedullary glomeruli
Where are juxtamedullary nephrons?
corpuscle deeper, situated close to the medulla
Which nephrons are best for Na absorption?
midcortical
Which nephrons are best for H2O absorption?
juxtamedullary
All feline nephrons are of what type?
in fe 100% of nephrons are juxtamedullary
What function do juxtaglomerular cells have in addition to filtration?
juxtaglomerular cells produce hormones
collecting tubules
tubuli colligentes
Where do the tubuli colligentes run?
one will run from many nephrons, through the medulla, to a papillary duct which will open, species dependently, into either a calyce or renal pelvis
What forms the renal corpuscle and what occurs here?
the glomerular capsule forms the renal corpuscle along with the glomerulus.
Rapid filtration of the blood occurs here
Where does blood enter a nephron?
blood enters through an arteriole branch of the renal artery
How much of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
70%
What part of the nephron features a concentration gradient?
the loop of Henle
so the descending and ascending loop and vasa recta
Where does secretion of ammonium ions occur?
in the distal convoluted tubule
What mammalian feature do reptiles lack in their nephrons?
loop of Henle and thus they are unable to concentrate their urine
renal medulla
medulla renis
name the caudal recesses of the abdominal cavity in order from dorsal to ventral
Excavatio rectogenitalis
Excavatio vesicogenitalis
Excavatio pubovesicalis
renal pyramids
pyramides renales
The thickness of the medulla can infer what?
is directly proportional to the ability to concentrate urine
renal papillae
papillae renales
renal papillae are fused to form what in which species?
a renal crest (crista renalis)
in Car, ov, cap, eq
each calyx meets its own what? and in which species are calyces found?
each calyx meets its own renal papilla
found in su, bo
terminal papillary ducts
ductus papillares
cribriform area in latin
area cribrosa
what forms the cribriform area?
terminal papillary ducts that open on the papillae or on the crest and form the cribriform area
where do terminal papillary ducts open?
on the papillae or on the renal crest
minor renal calyxes
calices renales minores
Where do papillary ducts drain urine into?
minor renal calyxes
Where do minor calyxes converge into?
major renal calyxes
major renal calyxes
calices renales majores
What is the renal pelvis?
pelvis renalis is the basin-like dilatation at the beginning of the ureter in the renal sinus and varies between species
absent in bo
What 3 layers does the renal pelvis consist of?
an external fibrous adventitia,
an intermediate smooth muscle layer,
an innermost layer of transitional epithelium
translate pelvic recesse
recessus pelvis
What are pelvic recesses?
the renal pelvis has several expansions, the interlobar vessels run in grooves between these recesses
terminal recesses
recessus terminalis
extend as tubular diverticula into the ends of the kidney
shape of eq renal pelvis
funnel-shaped
renal pelvic glands
gll. pelvis renalis
Which species has mucosal renal pelvic glands and terminal recesses?
equine
Function of renal pelvis mucosal glands in eq?
changes viscosity of urine and occurance of proteins; mucus can help prevent small calcium carbonate crystals from forming into uroliths
In which domestic mammal does renal lobation persist into adulthood?
bovine
How are kidney types distinguished?
based on degree of lobulation and fusion of kidney lobes
Name the 4 types of kidney.
an aggregation of renules-type
unilobar unipapillar kidney
unilobar multipapillar kidney
multilobar multipapillar kidney
Describe the type of kidney made up of an aggregation of renules and give species examples.
this type of kidney is composed of numerous small renules that the tubes unite, almost like a bunch of grapes
bear, otter, whale
Describe a unilobar unipapillar kidney and give species examples.
smooth surface and a single renal crest
Car, eq, small Ru, rabbit
Describe a unilobar multipapillar kidney and give species examples.
smooth surface and multiple renal papillae
su; human
Describe a multilobar multipapillar kidney and give species examples.
lobated surface and multiple renal papillae
bo
Describe carnivore kidneys.
unilobar unipapillar bean-shaped and mobile, relatively short and with a smooth outer surface.
The renal pelvis is large and irregular with recesses.
Where are kidneys usually roughly located?
ventral to last few ribs and/or beneath first few lumbar vertebrae
What non renal structures can be found medially to the right kidney?
the caudal vena cava and the right adrenal gland
Why are fe kidneys distinctive?
because the capsular veins (venae capsulares) which run from renal artery towards the hilus, are visible
Describe the gross morphology of bo kidneys simply.
bo kidneys are red-brown and do not lose their fetal lobulation, the surface of each kidney is divided into approximately 12…15 lobules
What shape are bo kidneys?
right kidney is flattened and ellipsoidal
left kidney is thicker at the caudal extremity than the cranial
What structure does the bo kidney lack?
bo kidney has no pelvis renalis
why are ru kidneys surrounded by very thick masses of fat?
reduces the impact of the rumen on them
Where and how is the ru left kidney positioned?
its found caudoventrally to the right one, between 2nd and 5th lumbar vertebrae.
it undergoes a 90° rotation on its long axis, its hilus is dorsal rather than medial
Which bo kidney is rectally palpable?
the left kidney
Describe small Ru kidneys.
relatively short and thick and they are bean-shaped with a smooth outer surface.
The renal pelvis is large and irregular with pelvic recesses.
Define “floating kidney”.
“floating kidney” describes the left kidney of Ru whose location can vary depending on the fullness of the rumen.
When rumen is full, the kidney can be displaced caudomedially, sometimes to the right of midline.
Which species have renal pseudopapillae?
Car
eq
small Ru
Describe equine kidneys.
are smooth, the right kidney is heart-shaped, both are dorsoventrally flattened.
Each kidney weighs approximately 700g.
Describe distinctive features of the interior of the eq kidney.
has a renal crest
its renal pelvis is large and irregular with two recesses (6…7 cm long)
renal columns are poorly developed
Describe the gross morphology of su kidneys simply.
are smooth, elongated,
dorsoventrally flattened
embedded in lots of fat.
In which species does the right kidney not touch the liver?
sus scrofa
Describe distinctive features of the interior of the su kidney.
the renal pelvis opens into quite a large space of two major calyces
from which bud about 10 minor calyces.
These attach to one renal papillae each.
From what structure do the ureters begin?
In most domestic species with renal pelvis
in bo begin with conjoined calyces
What layers do the ureters consist of?
3 layers:
an external adventitial (in peritoneal cavity serosal)
smooth muscular layer
and inner mucosal layer
Where is ostium ureteris located on the bladder?
dorsally at the neck(cervix) of the bladder
ureter is divided into what parts?
abdominal part (pars abdominalis) pelvic part (pars pelvina)
Why does the ureter move medially in the pelvic cavity?
to enter the genital fold in males
and the broad ligament of the uterus in females
ureter opening
ostium ureteris
In which species are gll. uretericae present and where?
in eq, proximal ureter
mucous ureteral glands
gll. uretericae
What is unique about the left bovine ureter?
it moves across the dorsal surface of its kidney to return to the midline and follow a course as if the kidney was located on the left
this is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones
Urinary bladder
vesica urinaria
Subdivisions of the urinary bladder?
subdivisions are:
Apex
Corpus
Cervix
Translate and describe apex [vertex] of the bladder.
apex [vertex] vesicae
is the cranial rounded blind end
Translate and describe body of the bladder.
corpus vesicae
is the midportion, which has dorsal and ventral surfaces (facies: dorsalis et ventralis)
Translate and describe neck of the bladder.
cervix vesicae
the caudal narrow portion which joins the urethra
outer surfaces of the bladder consist of?
outer surface is mainly covered tunica serosa
more caudally is tunica adventitia
Name the 3 ligaments of the bladder.
lig. vesicae laterale
lig. teres vesicae
lig. vesicae medianum
translate paired lateral ligament of the bladder and describe its site of attachment.
lig. vesicae laterale
attaches to the dorsolateral pelvic wall in the male
to the broad ligament of the uterus in the female
translate paired round ligament of the bladder and describe its site of attachment.
lig. teres vesicae
conveyed within the lateral bladder ligaments
a vestige of the umbilical arteries, which rupture at birth
translate median ligament of the bladder and describe its site of attachment.
lig. vesicae medianum
attaches the bladder to the pelvic symphysis and the linea alba.
Define urachus.
is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord.
Which ligament contains the urachus?
lig. vesicae medianum
in its free border,
in adults the urachus survives as a scar on the bladder vertex
What layers does the bladder wall consist of from outside in?
tunica mucosa
tela submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica adventitia or serosa dependent on location
Translate muscular layer and describe it.
tunica muscularis is smooth involuntary muscle and arranged in three sheets (called the detrusor muscle)
Translate submucosa and describe it.
tela submucosa is made up of loose vascular elastic fibrous membrane
Translate mucosal layer and describe it.
tunica mucosa is made up of transitional epithelium
When lumen small, has many folds
When bladder full, surface is smooth
What contracts to expel urine from the bladder?
the detrusor muscle
musculus detrusor urinae or muscularis propria
What smooth sensitive area can be found at the cervix of the internal surface of the bladder?
the trigone (triangle) of the bladder (trigonum vesicae)
triangle of the bladder
trigonum vesicae
What forms the trigonum vesicae?
its formed from the paired openings of the ureters and the internal urethral orifice
the internal urethral orifice
ostium urethrae internum
ureteral column
columna ureterica
the trigone of the bladder is laterally bound by an elevation of the mucosa, what is this called in latin?
columna ureterica
what two physical processes are required in conjunction for successful micturition?
prolonged detrusor contraction and urethral sphincter inhibition
spinal injuries to what area can cause urine incontinence?
cranial to the sacrum
