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Veterinary anatomy in latin > Veterinary urinary system > Flashcards

Veterinary urinary system Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

Urinary system

A

organa urinaria

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2
Q

urinary system comprised of?

A

paired kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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3
Q

name 5 functions of the kidneys

A 
water and electrolyte balance
pH regulation
blood pressure regulation
endocrine functions
waste excretion
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4
Q

Name min. 3 hormones produced by the kidneys.

A

angiotensin
calcitriol
erythropoietin

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5
Q

erythropoietin function

A

stimulates formation of erythrocytes in bone marrow

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6
Q

calcitriol function

A

promotes Ca absorption

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7
Q

What is the urachus?

A

is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord.

the urachus is contained in the median ligament of the bladder.

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8
Q

angiotensin hormone function

A

stimulates vasoconstriction and thus raises blood pressure

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9
Q

renin function

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin.

renin is an enzyme, secreted by the kidneys

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10
Q

how does gluconeogenesis relate to the kidneys

A

primarily occurs in the liver but also occurs, to a lesser extent, in the proximal tubular portion of the the renal cortex

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11
Q

How do serum phosphate levels relate to the kidneys

A

Normal working kidneys remove extra phosphorus from blood.

in CKD, the kidneys cant remove phosphates adequately.

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12
Q

What constitutes the lower urinary tract?

A

bladder and urethra

in males, the penis too qualifies as part of the lower urin. tract

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13
Q

term for process of urine production

A

uropoiesis

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14
Q

normal urine pH range

A

pH 6.5 – 8.5

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15
Q

herbivore urine ph?

A

generally higher = alkaline

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16
Q

name 4 normal urine constituents.

A

water (95%),
urea,
salts (mostly NaCl) and
bile pigments/urobilin

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17
Q

Name 4 species that normally have cloudy urine.

A

eq, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters

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18
Q

The kidneys receive what percentage of cardiac output?

A

25% of cardiac output

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19
Q

latin and greek for kidney

A

ren; nephros

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20
Q

Kidney situation in body?

A

retroperitoneally against the dorsal abdominal wall on each side of the aorta and vena cava,
just ventral to the last thoracic and first few lumbar vertebrae

right kidney sits more cranial than the left

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21
Q

In which species are the kidneys at the same level?

A

sus scrofa dom.

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22
Q

What covers the renal capsula adiposa?

A

renal fascia / fascia renalis

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23
Q

kidney is surrounded by a fat tissue known as?

A

fat capsule / capsula adiposa

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24
Q

the innermost renal organ capsule is?

A

fibrous capsule / capsula fibrosa

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25
Q

Name the renal capsules/coverings from innermost to outermost.

A

capsula fibrosa
capsula adiposa
fascia renalis

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26
Q

The fibrous renal capsule consists of?

A

two layers:
an outer connective tissue layer and
a looser inner layer with smooth muscle cells

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27
Q

kidney ventral and dorsal surfaces

A

facies: ventralis et dorsalis

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28
Q

convex lateral and concave medial border

A

margo: lateralis et medialis

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29
Q

cranial and caudal renal extremities

A

extremitas: cranialis et caudalis

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30
Q

what is located on the medial renal surface?

A

the renal hilus / hilus renalis

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31
Q

what structures enter/exit at the hilus

A

renal artery enters,

the renal vein and ureter exit

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32
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

fat- and connective tissue filled cavity surrounding the renal pelvis and/or calyces, and hilar vessels

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33
Q

What is difference between renal sinus and renal pelvis?

A

The renal pelvis is located within the renal sinus which is in central region of the kidney.

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34
Q

renal sinus

A

sinus renalis

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35
Q

gross division of renal parenchyma?

A

lighter outer cortex and darker inner medulla

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36
Q

The kidney is divided into?

A

renal lobes / lobi renales

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37
Q

The renal lobes are grossly divided into?

A

renal pyramid and its cortical cap

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38
Q

renal cortex

A

cortex renis

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39
Q

What parts of the cortex extend toward the renal sinus?

A

the renal columns / columnae renales

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40
Q

What do the renal columns do?

A

they provide a route for the blood vessels to run between renal pyramids

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41
Q

What does the renal cortex consist of?

A

cortical lobules / lobuli corticales

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42
Q

What are the lobuli corticales divided into?

A

straight medullary rays in the surrounding radiate parts
and
the inner convoluted parts

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43
Q

convoluted part

A

pars convoluta

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44
Q

radiate part

A

pars radiata

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45
Q

What is pars convoluta of the renal cortex made up of?

A

convoluted tubules and renal corpuscles

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46
Q

Where are the nephrons located?

A

in the cortex

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47
Q

Name the parts of a nephron.

A

renal corpuscles with capillary network
glomerulus
glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule
long renal tubules

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48
Q

Which parts of the nephron are cortical?

A

corpuscula renis with capillary network,
glomerula,
capsula glomeruli

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49
Q

Which parts of a nephron are medullary?

A

the long renal tubules

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50
Q

renal corpuscles

A

corpuscula renis

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51
Q

glomerulus in latin

A

glomerula

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52
Q

glomerular capsule in latin

A

capsula glomeruli

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53
Q

another english name for glomerular capsule

A

Bowman’s capsule

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54
Q

What are capsula glomeruli for?

A

produce glomerular filtrate in the cortex, meaning primary urine

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55
Q

What are tubuli renales for?

A

reabsorption of primary urine, so essentially the second round of filtering - this produces so called “secondary” urine after which secretion takes place

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56
Q

Corpuscle diameter?

A

0.1…0.3 mm

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57
Q

How can nephrons be classified?

A

2 general classes according to the location of their glomeruli/renal corpuscle

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58
Q

What are the 2-3 types of nephrons?

A

corticomedullary (or just plain cortical) nephrons
midcortical nephrons too, according to some sources
juxtamedullary nephrons

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59
Q

Where are corticomedullary nephrons?

A

corpuscle near the capsule, so more superficial

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60
Q

Where are midcortical nephrons?

A

corpuscle midway into the cortex, located between the superficial and juxtamedullary glomeruli

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61
Q

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

corpuscle deeper, situated close to the medulla

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62
Q

Which nephrons are best for Na absorption?

A

midcortical

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63
Q

Which nephrons are best for H2O absorption?

A

juxtamedullary

64
Q

All feline nephrons are of what type?

A

in fe 100% of nephrons are juxtamedullary

65
Q

What function do juxtaglomerular cells have in addition to filtration?

A

juxtaglomerular cells produce hormones

66
Q

collecting tubules

A

tubuli colligentes

67
Q

Where do the tubuli colligentes run?

A

one will run from many nephrons, through the medulla, to a papillary duct which will open, species dependently, into either a calyce or renal pelvis

68
Q

What forms the renal corpuscle and what occurs here?

A

the glomerular capsule forms the renal corpuscle along with the glomerulus.

Rapid filtration of the blood occurs here

69
Q

Where does blood enter a nephron?

A

blood enters through an arteriole branch of the renal artery

70
Q

How much of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

70%

71
Q

What part of the nephron features a concentration gradient?

A

the loop of Henle

so the descending and ascending loop and vasa recta

72
Q

Where does secretion of ammonium ions occur?

A

in the distal convoluted tubule

73
Q

What mammalian feature do reptiles lack in their nephrons?

A

loop of Henle and thus they are unable to concentrate their urine

74
Q

renal medulla

A

medulla renis

75
Q

name the caudal recesses of the abdominal cavity in order from dorsal to ventral

A

Excavatio rectogenitalis
Excavatio vesicogenitalis
Excavatio pubovesicalis

76
Q

renal pyramids

A

pyramides renales

77
Q

The thickness of the medulla can infer what?

A

is directly proportional to the ability to concentrate urine

78
Q

renal papillae

A

papillae renales

79
Q

renal papillae are fused to form what in which species?

A

a renal crest (crista renalis)

in Car, ov, cap, eq

80
Q

each calyx meets its own what? and in which species are calyces found?

A

each calyx meets its own renal papilla

found in su, bo

81
Q

terminal papillary ducts

A

ductus papillares

82
Q

cribriform area in latin

A

area cribrosa

83
Q

what forms the cribriform area?

A

terminal papillary ducts that open on the papillae or on the crest and form the cribriform area

84
Q

where do terminal papillary ducts open?

A

on the papillae or on the renal crest

85
Q

minor renal calyxes

A

calices renales minores

86
Q

Where do papillary ducts drain urine into?

A

minor renal calyxes

87
Q

Where do minor calyxes converge into?

A

major renal calyxes

88
Q

major renal calyxes

A

calices renales majores

89
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

pelvis renalis is the basin-like dilatation at the beginning of the ureter in the renal sinus and varies between species

absent in bo

90
Q

What 3 layers does the renal pelvis consist of?

A

an external fibrous adventitia,
an intermediate smooth muscle layer,
an innermost layer of transitional epithelium

91
Q

translate pelvic recesse

A

recessus pelvis

92
Q

What are pelvic recesses?

A

the renal pelvis has several expansions, the interlobar vessels run in grooves between these recesses

93
Q

terminal recesses

A

recessus terminalis

extend as tubular diverticula into the ends of the kidney

94
Q

shape of eq renal pelvis

A

funnel-shaped

95
Q

renal pelvic glands

A

gll. pelvis renalis

96
Q

Which species has mucosal renal pelvic glands and terminal recesses?

A

equine

97
Q

Function of renal pelvis mucosal glands in eq?

A

changes viscosity of urine and occurance of proteins; mucus can help prevent small calcium carbonate crystals from forming into uroliths

98
Q

In which domestic mammal does renal lobation persist into adulthood?

A

bovine

99
Q

How are kidney types distinguished?

A

based on degree of lobulation and fusion of kidney lobes

100
Q

Name the 4 types of kidney.

A

an aggregation of renules-type
unilobar unipapillar kidney
unilobar multipapillar kidney
multilobar multipapillar kidney

101
Q

Describe the type of kidney made up of an aggregation of renules and give species examples.

A

this type of kidney is composed of numerous small renules that the tubes unite, almost like a bunch of grapes

bear, otter, whale

102
Q

Describe a unilobar unipapillar kidney and give species examples.

A

smooth surface and a single renal crest

Car, eq, small Ru, rabbit

103
Q

Describe a unilobar multipapillar kidney and give species examples.

A

smooth surface and multiple renal papillae

su; human

104
Q

Describe a multilobar multipapillar kidney and give species examples.

A

lobated surface and multiple renal papillae

bo

105
Q

Describe carnivore kidneys.

A

unilobar unipapillar bean-shaped and mobile, relatively short and with a smooth outer surface.

The renal pelvis is large and irregular with recesses.

106
Q

Where are kidneys usually roughly located?

A

ventral to last few ribs and/or beneath first few lumbar vertebrae

107
Q

What non renal structures can be found medially to the right kidney?

A

the caudal vena cava and the right adrenal gland

108
Q

Why are fe kidneys distinctive?

A

because the capsular veins (venae capsulares) which run from renal artery towards the hilus, are visible

109
Q

Describe the gross morphology of bo kidneys simply.

A

bo kidneys are red-brown and do not lose their fetal lobulation, the surface of each kidney is divided into approximately 12…15 lobules

110
Q

What shape are bo kidneys?

A

right kidney is flattened and ellipsoidal

left kidney is thicker at the caudal extremity than the cranial

111
Q

What structure does the bo kidney lack?

A

bo kidney has no pelvis renalis

112
Q

why are ru kidneys surrounded by very thick masses of fat?

A

reduces the impact of the rumen on them

113
Q

Where and how is the ru left kidney positioned?

A

its found caudoventrally to the right one, between 2nd and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

it undergoes a 90° rotation on its long axis, its hilus is dorsal rather than medial

114
Q

Which bo kidney is rectally palpable?

A

the left kidney

115
Q

Describe small Ru kidneys.

A

relatively short and thick and they are bean-shaped with a smooth outer surface.

The renal pelvis is large and irregular with pelvic recesses.

116
Q

Define “floating kidney”.

A

“floating kidney” describes the left kidney of Ru whose location can vary depending on the fullness of the rumen.

When rumen is full, the kidney can be displaced caudomedially, sometimes to the right of midline.

117
Q

Which species have renal pseudopapillae?

A

Car
eq
small Ru

118
Q

Describe equine kidneys.

A

are smooth, the right kidney is heart-shaped, both are dorsoventrally flattened.

Each kidney weighs approximately 700g.

119
Q

Describe distinctive features of the interior of the eq kidney.

A

has a renal crest
its renal pelvis is large and irregular with two recesses (6…7 cm long)
renal columns are poorly developed

120
Q

Describe the gross morphology of su kidneys simply.

A

are smooth, elongated,
dorsoventrally flattened
embedded in lots of fat.

121
Q

In which species does the right kidney not touch the liver?

A

sus scrofa

122
Q

Describe distinctive features of the interior of the su kidney.

A

the renal pelvis opens into quite a large space of two major calyces
from which bud about 10 minor calyces.

These attach to one renal papillae each.

123
Q

From what structure do the ureters begin?

A

In most domestic species with renal pelvis

in bo begin with conjoined calyces

124
Q

What layers do the ureters consist of?

A

3 layers:
an external adventitial (in peritoneal cavity serosal)
smooth muscular layer
and inner mucosal layer

125
Q

Where is ostium ureteris located on the bladder?

A

dorsally at the neck(cervix) of the bladder

126
Q

ureter is divided into what parts?

A 
abdominal part (pars abdominalis)
pelvic part (pars pelvina)
127
Q

Why does the ureter move medially in the pelvic cavity?

A

to enter the genital fold in males

and the broad ligament of the uterus in females

128
Q

ureter opening

A

ostium ureteris

129
Q

In which species are gll. uretericae present and where?

A

in eq, proximal ureter

130
Q

mucous ureteral glands

A

gll. uretericae

131
Q

What is unique about the left bovine ureter?

A

it moves across the dorsal surface of its kidney to return to the midline and follow a course as if the kidney was located on the left

this is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones

132
Q

Urinary bladder

A

vesica urinaria

133
Q

Subdivisions of the urinary bladder?

A

subdivisions are:
Apex
Corpus
Cervix

134
Q

Translate and describe apex [vertex] of the bladder.

A

apex [vertex] vesicae

is the cranial rounded blind end

135
Q

Translate and describe body of the bladder.

A

corpus vesicae

is the midportion, which has dorsal and ventral surfaces (facies: dorsalis et ventralis)

136
Q

Translate and describe neck of the bladder.

A

cervix vesicae

the caudal narrow portion which joins the urethra

137
Q

outer surfaces of the bladder consist of?

A

outer surface is mainly covered tunica serosa

more caudally is tunica adventitia

138
Q

Name the 3 ligaments of the bladder.

A

lig. vesicae laterale
lig. teres vesicae
lig. vesicae medianum

139
Q

translate paired lateral ligament of the bladder and describe its site of attachment.

A

lig. vesicae laterale

attaches to the dorsolateral pelvic wall in the male
to the broad ligament of the uterus in the female

140
Q

translate paired round ligament of the bladder and describe its site of attachment.

A

lig. teres vesicae

conveyed within the lateral bladder ligaments
a vestige of the umbilical arteries, which rupture at birth

141
Q

translate median ligament of the bladder and describe its site of attachment.

A

lig. vesicae medianum

attaches the bladder to the pelvic symphysis and the linea alba.

142
Q

Define urachus.

A

is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord.

143
Q

Which ligament contains the urachus?

A

lig. vesicae medianum

in its free border,
in adults the urachus survives as a scar on the bladder vertex

144
Q

What layers does the bladder wall consist of from outside in?

A

tunica mucosa
tela submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica adventitia or serosa dependent on location

145
Q

Translate muscular layer and describe it.

A

tunica muscularis is smooth involuntary muscle and arranged in three sheets (called the detrusor muscle)

146
Q

Translate submucosa and describe it.

A

tela submucosa is made up of loose vascular elastic fibrous membrane

147
Q

Translate mucosal layer and describe it.

A

tunica mucosa is made up of transitional epithelium

When lumen small, has many folds
When bladder full, surface is smooth

148
Q

What contracts to expel urine from the bladder?

A

the detrusor muscle

musculus detrusor urinae or muscularis propria

149
Q

What smooth sensitive area can be found at the cervix of the internal surface of the bladder?

A

the trigone (triangle) of the bladder (trigonum vesicae)

150
Q

triangle of the bladder

A

trigonum vesicae

151
Q

What forms the trigonum vesicae?

A

its formed from the paired openings of the ureters and the internal urethral orifice

152
Q

the internal urethral orifice

A

ostium urethrae internum

153
Q

ureteral column

A

columna ureterica

154
Q

the trigone of the bladder is laterally bound by an elevation of the mucosa, what is this called in latin?

A

columna ureterica

155
Q

what two physical processes are required in conjunction for successful micturition?

A

prolonged detrusor contraction and urethral sphincter inhibition

156
Q

spinal injuries to what area can cause urine incontinence?

A

cranial to the sacrum

Veterinary anatomy in latin (29 decks)

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