Veterinary respiratory system I Flashcards
1
Q
latin for respiratory system
A
apparatus respiratorius
2
Q
protective functions of the airways?
A
heat
moisten
filter
3
Q
normal blood pH?
A
7.4
4
Q
what parts does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
A
the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
though note that some materials say the larynx belongs to the lower-
5
Q
what parts does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
A
the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
6
Q
name the parts of the “conducting system” in order?
A
nostrils, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and extra- and intrapulmonary bronchi
7
Q
define surfactant
A
chemical substance to keep the pulmonary alveoli open
(an amphiphilic lipoprotein complex that greatly reduces the surface tension in the alveoli of the lung keeping them open)
8
Q
conducting system histologically lined by?
A
ciliated columnar cells, and a variable proportion of secretory goblet and serous cells
9
Q
difference between cartilage process and tubercle?
A
processes are “naked” cartilage, tubercles have soft tissue or other on
10
Q
adam’s apple in latin
A
prominentia laryngea
11
Q
what landmark is found in only some species just rostrally to the main pulmonary bifurcation?
A
bronchus trachealis in su and ru (and leads to cranial lobe of right lung)
12
Q
name two parts of os ethmoidale
A
lamina cribrosa (cribriform palate that separates the ethmoid bone from the cranial cavity)
labyrinthus ethmoidalis
(cellulae ethmoidales in the pig and ruminants)
13
Q
porous plane relating to olfactory system and the complicated mass behind it (rostrally)
A
lamina cribrosa
labyrinthus ethmoidalis
14
Q
In addition to delivering oxygen via air inspiration, the resp. system also participates in what 4 functions?
A
olfactory system
phonation
body temperature regulation (panting)
blood pH regulation
15
Q
ciliary beat frequency?
A
ca 1000 strokes/minute
16
Q
in eq mucus moves longitudinally at a rate of up to?
A
20 mm/ minute
17
Q
what serves as a transitional system?
A
microscopic bronchioles serve as a transition zone between the conducting (ciliated) system and the gas exchange (alveolar) system
18
Q
distal bronchioles no longer have
A
ciliated cells nor goblet cells (but instead have other types of secretory cells)
19
Q
thoracic part of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs are considered to be?
A
essentially sterile
20
Q
External nose
A
nasus externus
21
Q
two words for the nose
A
nasus; rhin
22
Q
the root of the nose
A
radix nasi
23
Q
the dorsal surface of the nose
A
dorsum nasi
24
Q
the wings of the nose
A
alae nasi
25
the tip of the nose
apex nasi
26
the nostrils
nares
27
the modified skin around the nose is called what in latin?
rhinarium
28
in Car, ov, cap the shiny skin of the nose is called the ?
nasal plate (planum nasale)
29
in su the skin of the snout is called?
the rostral plate (planum rostrale)
30
in bo the skin that extends to the upper lip from the nose and contains glandular tissue is called?
the nasolabial plate (planum nasolabiale)
31
do equine have rhinarium?
eq have normal skin around the nostrils
32
rhinarium is innervated by?
a branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)
33
the external nose's main cartilages in latin
cartilago nasi lateralis: dorsalis et ventralis
cartilago nasalis accessoria lateralis
cartilago nasalis accessoria medialis in ov, bo, eq
34
in su, additional medial support of the nose is given by?
the rostral bone (os rostrale)
which is set against the rostral end of the nasal septum, and gives attachment to the nasal cartilages
35
median groove of the outer nose
philtrum
36
translate the equine alar cartilage and describe it
sg. cartilago alaris/ pl. cartilagines alares
gives dorsal, medial and ventral support. The cartilage has a “comma” shape and is attached to the rostral end of the nasal septum
37
the dorsal part of the nostril in eq leads to?
a blind nasal diverticulum (diverticulum nasi)
38
translate lateral accessory nasal cartilage and which species does not have it?
cartilago nasalis accessoria lateralis
lacking in eq
39
translate medial accessory nasal cartilage and which species have it?
cartilago nasalis accessoria medialis
in ov, bo, eq
40
Nasal cavity
cavum nasi
41
the nasal cavities are divided by?
the nasal septum (septum nasi)
42
nasal cavities extend caudally to?
the choanae and os ethmoidale
43
cartilage of the nasal septum
cartilago septi nasi
44
the cartilage of the nasal septum is composed of?
hyaline cartilage, but ossified in its most caudal part
| and is partially membranous too
45
translate membranous part and is where?
pars membranacea is medially and rostrally (ca) located in the nasal septum
46
translate osseous part and is where?
pars ossea is caudally, composed of perpendicular ethmoid lamina, vomer, and in su and bo of rostral bone
47
rostral part of the nasal cavity called?
vestibulum nasi
48
nasal vestibule is lined by?
stratified squamous epithelium and skin containing hair, hair follicles and sebaceous glands
49
orifice of the nasolacrimal duct
ostium nasolacrimale
50
name the nasal conchae
dorsal nasal concha (concha nasalis dorsalis)
middle nasal concha (concha nasalis media)
ventral nasal concha (concha nasalis ventralis)
ethmoidal conchae (conchae ethmoidales)
51
describe the dorsal nasal concha
is attached to the ethmoid and nasal bones; is the longest in all species
52
describe the middle nasal concha
much smaller than the dorsal, is more caudally
53
describe the ventral nasal concha
is attached to the maxilla; shorter and wider than the dorsal concha
54
describe the ethmoidal conchae
occupy the caudal part of the nasal cavity
55
concha nasalis ventralis composed of?
2 parts: pars dorsalis et ventralis
56
name the meatuses found between conchae, in order
dorsal nasal meatus (meatus nasi dorsalis)
middle nasal meatus (meatus nasi medius)
ventral nasal meatus (meatus nasi ventralis)
common nasal meatus (meatus nasi communis)
57
passages between the ethmoidal conchae are called?
passages between the ethmoidal conchae are called the ethmoidal meatuses (meatus ethmoidales)
58
which meatus leads to the olfactory mucosa?
meatus nasi dorsalis
59
which meatus leads air to the paranasal sinuses?
meatus nasi medius
60
which meatus leads air to the pharynx?
meatus nasi ventralis
61
the nasal cavity mucosa is divided into what two regions?
respiratory and olfactory regions
62
respiratory region
regio respiratoria
63
describe the mucosa of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
is more vascular than the olfactory, and is covered by respiratory epithelium, which contains ciliated and secretory cells
64
olfactory region
regio olfactoria
65
describe the mucosa of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
it is lined by olfactory epithelium, consisting of neurosensory cells and olfactory glands
66
where is the mucosa of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
comprises the caudodorsal portion of the nasal cavity, some of the surfaces of the ethmoid conchae, dorsal nasal meatus, and nasal septum
67
Vomeronasal organ
organum vomeronasale
68
What is the vomeronasal organ?
is an accessory olfactory system, which is mainly used to detect pheromones
69
what do you call the characteristic "grimace" of an animal using its vomeronasal organ?
flehmen response
70
Describe the vomeronasal organ.
a blind-ended bilateral tubular organ
in large animals it is about 20 cm,
in small animals 2…7 cm in length
71
Describe the location of the vomeronasal organ.
on the floor of the nasal cavity in the mucosa next to the nasal septum, extends caudally from the rostral end of the palatine fissura to the 3rd incisor or to the 4th premolar
72
translate olfactory bulb and location?
bulbus olfactorius, forebrain
73
Paranasal sinuses
sinus paranasales
74
Paranasal sinuses lined by?
respiratory mucosa
75
maxillary sinus
sinus maxillaris
76
What structures or parts could you say that sinus maxillaris associates with?
hard palate, sphenoid bones, orbit and ventral conchae
77
What is unique about ruminant maxillary sinus?
it communicates with the palatine sinus in ru
78
What is unique about equine maxillary sinus?
in eq has cranial and caudal maxillary sinuses
79
Where does the frontal sinus open into?
sinus frontalis opens into the ethmoidal meatuses (except in eq)
80
What is unique about the sinus frontalis?
extends caudally into the parietal, interparietal, occipital, and temporal bones
81
Which sinus is absent in car?
sinus palatinus absent in Car
82
Sphenoidal sinus found in what 4 common domestic species?
sinus sphenoidalis found in – fe, eq, bo, su
83
What is unique about the feline sinus sphenoidale?
in fe projects into nasal cavity
84
What is unique about the equine sinus sphenoidale?
in eq communicates with palatine sinus
85
In which species is the lacrimal sinus found?
sinus lacrimalis – su, Ru
86
translate dorsal conchal sinus and describe /(location)
sinus conchae dorsalis
The caudal compartment of the dorsal concha forms the dorsal conchal sinus.
87
translate ventral conchal sinus and describe /(location)
sinus conchae ventralis
The caudal compartment of the ventral concha in the pig, ruminants and the horse.
88
translate ethmoidal cells in which species, and what are they?
cellulae ethmoidales – su, Ru
ethmoidal cells (sinuses) enclsoed by the ethmoidal conchae
89
Name the parts of the epiglottis.
apex et basis
90
What is the base of the epiglottis connected to?
the thyroid cartilage and is joined with the root of the tongue
91
thyroid cartilage
cartilago thyroidea
92
describe the thyroid cartilage
is unpaired and the largest.
It consists of two lamina which join ventrally to form the cartilage.
93
Name the thyroid cartilage lamina in latin.
lamina: dextra et sinistra
94
Name the horns of the thyroid cartilage.
cornu rostrale
| cornu caudale
95
What does the rostral horn articulate with and which cartilage does it belong to?
articulates with the thyrohyoid part of os hyoideum
96
What does the caudal horn articulate with and which cartilage does it belong to?
articulates with the cricoid cartilage
97
Name the main cartilages of the larynx.
cartilago epiglottica, -arytenoidea, -cricidea and -thyroidea
98
translate cricoid cartilage and describe
cartilago cricoidea is an unpaired ring-shaped cartilage, attached to the top of trachea
99
What ligament attaches the cricoid to the trachea?
the cricotracheal ligament (lig. cricotracheale)
100
arch of the cricoid cartilage
arcus cartilaginis cricoidea
101
lamina of the cricoid cartilage
lamina cartilaginis cricoidea
102
translate arytenoid cartilage and describe
sg. cartilago arytenoidea/ pl. cartilagines arytenoideae
is paired pyramidal-shaped, located medially in the larynx and opens and closes the glottis
103
translate corniculate process and what cartilage does it belong to? what is it called when covered by mucosal tissue?
processus corniculatus of the arytenoid cartilage
tuberculum corniculatum
104
In which species is the corniculate process absent in?
absent in fe
105
Name 4 processes of the arytenoid cartilage.
pro. corniculatus
pro. vocalis
pro. muscularis
pro. medialis
106
To which process do the vocal cords attach?
proc. vocalis
107
The arytenoid's laterally extending processes are called?
proc. muscularis
108
Canines have what extra arytenoid process and where?
cuneiform process = proc. cuneiformis, which is attached to the apex of the arytenoid cartilage
(not to be confused with the equine epiglottal cartilages's proc. cuneiformis)
109
Which extrinsic skeletal muscles move the larynx during swallowing?
m. sternothyroideus,
m. sternohyoideus,
m. mylohyoideus etc.
110
Which intrinsic muscles move individual laryngeal cartilages during respiration and phonation?
m. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis et lateralis etc.
111
cartilagines alares is divided into?
sg. cartilago alaris
lamina and cornu
(plate and horn)
112
sinus conchae dorsalis et ventralis found in which species
su, ru, eq
113
name the 8 sinuses found in domestic animals - english
```
dorsal and ventral concha
ethmoidal cells
frontal
lacrimal
maxillary
palatine
sphenoidal
```
114
maxillary sinus divided into what parts by what?
divided by a bony septum into smaller rostral compartment and larger caudal one
115
translate nasomaxillary aperture and what is this?
apertura nasomaxillaris
slit-like opening towards the middle nasal meatus from the caudal and rostral maxillary sinuses in the adult horse
116
term for lung collapse
atelectasis
117
alar groove and what is it
sulcus alaris at the caudolateral angle of the nostril between the nasal wing and lateroventral border of the nasal cartilages in car and ru
118
ridge of cricoid
crista mediana
119
ventral thyroid cartilage has what feature that varies a great deal in size between species
caudal notch
incisura thyroidea caudalis
deep in eq, small in bo
120
Name 5 mucosal folds you can find in the nasal cavity of different species.
plica alaris, -basalis, -recta, -obliqua, -parallelae
the last 2 mentioned are only found in car
121
Which species has a rostral thyroid notch in addition to caudal
ruminants
122
What line is found on the thyroid cartilage
linea obliqua
123
What is the area between the rostral horn and thyroid lamina called
fissura thyroidea
124
thyrohyoid joint and where
articulatio thyrohyoidea at the rostral horn
125
cricothyroid joint and where
articulatio cricothyroidea and at the caudal horn
126
what attaches cricoid to thyroid cartilages
lig. cricothyroideum
127
stem of the epiglottis
petiolus epiglotticus
128
name the two surfaces of the epiglottis
facies lingualis and facies laryngea
129
which arytenoid process is on the lateral side
processus muscularis
130
which arytenoid process is on the medial side
processus vocalis
