Veterinary anatomy: central nervous system anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 major functions of the nervous system?
A
- sensory
- integration (interpretation/association of sensory signals)
- motor
2
Q
How much of the total cardiac output does the CNS receive?
A
20% of the total cardiac output;
the metabolically active grey matter receives more than the white matter
3
Q
PNS further division?
A
somatic nervous system &
autonomic nervous system
4
Q
autonomic nervous system further division?
A
sympathetic &
parasympathetic
(+ enteric nervous system)
5
Q
sympathetic nervous system known colloquially as
A
„flight-or-fight“;
6
Q
parasympathetic nervous system known colloquially as
A
„rest-and-digest“;
7
Q
what two main types of neural cells are in the nervous system
A
neurons
neuroglia (glial cells)
8
Q
give some examples of various types of neuroglia
A
astrocytes, microglia, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes etc.
9
Q
what is the main principle for action potential propagation?
A
a change in membrane permeability for different ions
/
movement of a depolarizing current
10
Q
neuronal cell body also known as a?
A
soma
pl. somata
11
Q
define neurilemma
A
also known as sheath of Schwann, or Schwann’s sheath
is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron.
It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.
12
Q
white matter
A
substantia alba
contains myelinated nerve fibers (axons)
13
Q
gray matter
A
substantia grisea
mainly comprised of groups of
neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells and synapses
14
Q
describe an anaxonic neuron
A
no anatomical clues to determine axons from dendrites, functions unknown
15
Q
describe a multipolar neuron:
A
multiple dendrites and single axon,
is most common type;
found in CNS
16
Q
describe a bipolar neuron:
A
two processes coming off cell body – one dendrite and one axon;
found in eye, ear, tongue
and olfactory epithelium in nose
17
Q
describe a unipolar (and/or pseudounipolar) neuron:
A
single process coming off cell body, and cell body is located along the axon;
for transducting some type of physical stimulus (light, sound, temperature, etc.) into electrical activity;
found in a spinal ganglion
18
Q
based on function - what ar ethe 3 types of neurons?
A
- sensory (afferent)
- interneuron
- motor (efferent)
19
Q
what is a nervous system tract?
A
bundle of axons in the CNS,
mostly myelinated
20
Q
what is a nervous system root?
A
A nerve that is adjacent to the CNS,
the first part of a nerve that extends directly from the central nervous system.
There are two different kinds of nerve roots: cranial and spinal.
They are enveloped by meninges.
21
Q
What is a ganglion?
A
a collection of cell bodies with similar functions,
are found in the PNS
22
Q
where are spinal ganglia found and what do they contain?
A
are located on dorsal roots of spinal nerves
contain only sensory cell bodies
23
Q
what do autonomic ganglia contain?
A
autonomic ganglia contain postganglionic cell bodies that innervate viscera
24
Q
name 3 basic types of sensory receptor
A
exteroreceptor
enteroreceptor
proprioreceptor
25
latin for central nervous system
systema nervosum centrale
26
latin for spinal and cerebral dura mater
+ alt. name
dura mater: spinalis et encephali
or pachymeninx
the outermost pain sensitive sac,
which forms a tough protective coating
27
cerebral falx
falx cerebri
sickle-shaped, separates the two hemispheres of the brain,
is located in the cerebral longitudinal fissure between the hemispheres
28
membranous tentorium cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli membranaceum
separates the cerebellum and brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
(made of meninges)
29
cerebellar falx
falx cerebelli
partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres,
absent in domestic animals
30
sellar diaphragm
diaphragma sellae
is the smallest circular dural infolding and covers the pituitary gland in hypophysial fossa
31
spinal and cerebral arachnoid
arachnoidea: spinalis et encephali
32
translate and describe function arachnoid granulations
granulationes arachnoideale
are endothelium-lined finger-like meningeal protrusions through dura mater into sinus durae matris and they have a valve-like function.
pressure increases, granulations develop
transfer cerebrospinal fluid back into the blood
33
describe the arachnoid (4)
arachnoidea encephali
middle delicate nonvascular layer
surrounds the brain and spinal cord
does not line the brain down into its sulci, as does the pia mater.
In some areas, projects into the sinus durae matris formed by the dura mater.
34
spinal and cerebral pia mater
pia mater: spinalis et encephali
35
describe the pia mater
thin fibrous tissue that is impermeable to fluid
tightly associated with the surface of the spinal cord and brain; runs down into the sulci and fissures of the cortex;
is richly innervated,
has generous blood supply,
is involved in the production of CSF
36
translate denticulate ligament
what is it?
lig. denticulatum
extends from the enveloping pia mater laterally between the dorsal and ventral roots and stabilizes the spinal cord within the dura mater
37
arachnoid and pia mater are sometimes considered as a single structure called?
the leptomeninx
38
translate epidural cavity and describe
cavum epidurale
between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae
is filled with adipose tissue, and
contains a network of blood vessels
39
translate subdural cavity and describe
cavum subdurale
a potential artificial cavity between the dura mater and arachnoid, containing a small volume of serous fluid
can be created by the separation of the arachnoid as the result of trauma or pathologic process
40
translate subarachnoid cavity and describe
cavum subarachnoideale
only true cavity is space between the arachnoid and the pia mater,
contains CSF and arachnoid trabeculae.
All blood vessels entering the brain, as well as cranial nerves pass through this space.
At certain parts of the base of the brain, the arachnoid is separated from the pia mater by wide intervals.
41
cerebellomedullary cistern
cisterna cerebellomedullaris
common site for obtaining CSF
(needle between the atlas and skull)
42
Cerebrospinal fluid
liquor cerebrospinalis
43
Where is CSF produced?
is produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles
and in leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia mater)
44
CSF function?
acts as a buffer for the brain's cortex,
providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain,
and it serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow
45
Spinal cord
medulla spinalis
46
translate and define tapered medullary cone
conus medullaris
the spinal cord tapers into an elongated medullary cone caudally to the lumbar segments
47
what is a „horse tail“ in the context of nervous anatomy
all nerves, which originate in the medullary cone pass caudally and form a collection of nerve roots at caudal end of vertebral canal – a „horse tail“
or, cauda equina
48
translate and define the terminal filament
filum terminale
the spinal cord terminates in a thin strand of fibrous tissue which anchors the spinal cord
49
translate dorsal root
what is it made up of?
radix dorsalis
sensory axons enter the spinal cord dorsolaterally, forming the dorsal root
50
translate ventral root
what is it made up of?
radix ventralis
motor axons leave the spinal cord ventrolaterally, forming the ventral root
51
translate spinal ganglion
general location?
contains what?
ganglion spinale
within the dorsal root
contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons
52
spinal cord gross divisions (5)
pars cervicalis, corresponds to cervical nerves
pars thoracica
pars lumbalis
pars sacralis
pars caudalis
53
how many of each spinal cord segment in car
Car:
8C,
13T,
7L,
3S
and 5 Caud = 36 total
54
how many of each spinal cord segment in bo
Bo:
8C,
13T,
6L,
5S and
5 Caud = 37
55
how many of each spinal cord segment in eq
Eq:
8C,
18T,
6L,
5S and
5 Caud = 42
56
how many of each spinal cord segment in su
Su:
8C,
14-15T,
6-7L,
4S and
5 Caud = 37-39
(Human: 8C, 12T, 5L, 5S and 1Caud = 31)
57
translate cervical enlargement or intumescence
location?
intumescentia cervicalis
located from C6 to T2 spinal segments
for most dogs the cervical intumescence is centered at the C6…7 intervertebral discs
is where sensory input comes in from and motor output goes to the forelimbs
58
translate the lumbar enlargement
location?
function?
intumescentia lumbalis
located within lumbar segments
handles sensory input and motor output coming from and going to the hindlimbs
59
the median groove
sulcus medianus
found on the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord
60
intermedial dorsal groove
sulcus intermedius dorsalis
61
dorsal lateral groove
sulcus lateralis dorsalis
62
deep median fissure
fissura mediana
ventral side of cord
63
translate the dorsal median septum and define
septum medianum dorsale
the dorsal median septum extends into the spinal cord from the median groove
64
Grey matter
substantia grisea
65
where is the grey matter within the spinal cord?
what is it made up of?
internal to the peripheral region is the gray matter, butterfly-shaped central region
made up of nerve cell bodies
66
central canal
canalis centralis
is an anatomic extension of the spaces in the brain and, contains CSF
67
translate and define gray commissure
commissura grisea
is a thin strip that surrounds the central canal and connects the two halves of the cord
68
translate dorsal horn
and it contains?
cornu dorsale
contains cell bodys of somatic and afferent visceral neurons
69
translate lateral horn
location?
it contains?
cornu laterale
in the thoracic region,
the lateral part of the dorsal horn projects laterally as a triangular field;
contains sympathetic neurons of the autonomic system
70
translate ventral horn
it contains?
cornu ventrale
contains cell bodies of motor neurons
71
translate and define gelatinous or Rolando´s substance
substantia gelatinosa
is a fine network of interneurons in the gray area;
extends the entire length of the spinal cord into the medulla oblongata
72
White matter
substantia alba
73
In each half of the spinal cord, white matter is divided into
three major nerve bundles, called funiculi
74
translate dorsal funiculus
location?
function?
funiculus dorsalis
is between the midline and dorsal root attachments
conducts ascending pathways and conveys information from spinal cord projection neurons to the brain
75
along what part of the dorsal funiculus do signals from the hindlimb and trunk travel?
along the gracile fascicle
76
along what part of the dorsal funiculus do signals from the forelimb and neck travel?
along the cuneate fascicle
77
translate lateral funiculus
location?
function?
funiculus lateralis
is between dorsal and ventral root attachments;
conducts ascending (spinothalamic, spinocerebellar tract)
and descending pathways
78
translate ventral funiculus
location?
function?
funiculus ventralis
is between the midline and ventral root attachments;
conducts descending motor pathways from brain neurons to the spinal cord and stimulates contraction of body’s muscles and glands (pyramidal tract)
79
translate and define proper fascicles
fasciculi proprii
some tract fibers arise and terminate entirely within the spinal cord and do not reach the brain and connect adjacent segments.
They are located deep, next to gray matter, and collectively called proper fascicles.
80
translate and define dorsolateral or Lissauer's tract
tractus dorsolateralis or fasiculus dorsolateralis
a short axon tract between gelatinous substance and surface of the spinal cord.
Consists of unmyelinated and thinly myelinated primary and secondary sensory axons running rostrally or caudally for a few cord segments before entering the dorsal horn and synapsing.
81
white commissure
commissura alba
consists of connecting fibres passing between median fissure and grey matter
82
translate and define reticular formation
formatio reticularis
is a mixture of white and gray matter between dorsal and lateral horn and one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brainstem
(regulating the cardiovascular system, breathing, habituation, pain modulation, sleep-wake cycle etc.)
83
Brain
encephalon
84
cerebrum is?
the largest part of th CNS and is responsible for receiving and processing information
(telencephalon)
85
interbrain regulates?
also known as the diencephalon
regulates visceral activities by way of other brain regions and the autonomic nervous system
86
cerebellum is?
the second largest part of the brain that coordinates muscle activity
87
brainstem connects?
consists of what 3 parts
connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord and supports basic life functions
midbrain (mesencephalon)
pons
medulla oblongata
88
Based on development, the brain is divided into
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
forebrain (prosencephalon)
89
hindbrain also known as?
consists of?
rhombencephalon
consists of medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
and metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
90
medulla oblongata also known as
myelencephalon
91
metencephalon also known as?
pons and cerebellum
92
midbrain also known as?
mesencephalon
93
forebrain also known?
consists of?
prosencephalon
consists of cerebrum (telencephalon)
and interbrain (diencephalon)
94
cerebrum also known as?
telencephalon
95
interbrain also known as?
diencephalon
96
brain matter configuration within brain? (3 points)
white matter exterior to central gray matter
gray matter inturn surrounds hollow central cavity
two regions with additional gray matter called “cortex”
97
What are the Cerebral ventricles? (5 points)
they form a set of 4 interconnected cavities in the brain
connect with each other, with subarachnoid cavity and continuous with the central canal of spinal cord
within each ventricle is a choroid plexus, a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF;
the ventricles protect the brain by cushioning it and support its weight;
are also necessary for chemical stability, and the provision of nutrients needed by the brain
98
name the cerebral ventricles
ventriculus lateralis I et II
ventriculus tertius
ventriculus quartus
or
lateral ventricles I and II
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
99
translate & describe the lateral cerebral ventricles I and II (3 points)
ventriculus lateralis I et II
form the cavity of hemispheres.
The anterior horns of the ventricles are located in the frontal lobes
and they extend posteriorly into the parietal lobes.
100
translate and describe the third cerebral ventricle (3 points)
ventriculus tertius
is in the diencephalon, between the two thalamic bodies.
The intermedial mass passes through it and
the hypothalamus forms its floor and part of its lateral walls.
101
translate and define interventricular foramen
for. interventriculare
the third ventricle connects with the lateral ventricles via the interventicular foramen
102
translate mesencephalic aqueduct
aqueductus mesencephali
the third ventricle connects caudally to the mesencephalic aqueduct
103
translate 4th ventricle
and location of the fourth ventricle
ventriculus quartus
is in the brainstem between the cerebellum and the pons
104
alt. name for medulla oblongata and describe(5 points)
myelencephalon
caudal portion of brain stem, connects pons to spinal cord and is location of the pyramids;
is rostrally cylindrically-shaped and caudally dorsoventrally compressed
contains major ascending and descending sensory and motor tracts and
is the location where most of tracts cross from right to left (decussation)
contains gray matter nuclei involved in the regulation of autonomic functions
105
medulla oblongata ventral surface is divided on the midline by
fissura mediana / the median fissure
106
medulla oblongata lateral surface landmark
sulcus lateralis ventralis / ventral lateral groove
which is exit for cranial nerves VI and XII
so abducens & hypoglossal
107
medulla oblongata dorsal surface landmark
sulcus lateralis dorsalis / dorsal lateral groove
which is exit for IX and X cranial nerves
so glossopharyngeal & vagus
108
sulcus lateralis ventralis of the myencephalon is an exit for?
cranial nerves VI and XII
abducens and hypoglossal
109
sulcus lateralis dorsalis of the myencephalon is an exit for?
cranial nerves IX and X
glossopharygeal and vagus
110
translate and describe caudal cerebellar peduncles (2)
pedunculi cerebellares caudales
connect the medulla oblongata to cerebellum and
contain tracts of afferent and efferent fibres
111
translate and describe pyramids in the context of the CNS (2-3 points)
pyramis
is a longitudinal paired prominence on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata
contains the largest descending white fiber motor tracts
(corticospinal tract that descends from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord)
112
decussation definition
the action of crossing (as of nerve fibers) especially in the form of an X
113
translate and describe trapezoid body (3)
corpus trapezoideum
is part of the auditory pathway.
It is a transverse bundle of fibers at the rostral end of the pyramid;
the VII and VIII cranial nerves exit from the trapezoid body
114
translate and define olive in the context of the CNS (2-3 points)
oliva
are a pair of prominent oval structures lateral to the pyramid
contain the olivary nuclei (balance centre)
115
translate and define lateral funicles
funiculi laterales
are continuations of the spinal cord
116
gracile and cuneate fascicles
fasciculus: gracilis et cuneatus
117
define pons (4-5)
The pons („bridge“) is a horseshoe-shaped part of the brainstem, and is cranial to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum.
it consists of gray matter nuclei, that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum
white matter includes tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla oblongata, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus
it also serves as a communications and coordination centre between the two hemispheres of the brain
118
translate dorsal pontine part and 1 alt. eng name
pars dorsalis pontis
tegmentum of the pons
[tegmentum pontis]
is floor of the rostral half of fourth ventricle and adjacent structures
119
what cranial nerve nuclei are present in the [tegmentum pontis] (4)
sensory and motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (V),
abducens nerve nucleus (VI),
facial nerve nucleus (VII) and
vestibulocochlear nuclei (VIII)
120
tegmentum pontis function
relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum
(sleeping, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, posture)
121
translate ventral pontine part
consists of?
pars ventralis pontis
consists mainly of ascending and descending nerve tracts
122
translate middle and rostral cerebellar peduncles
define
and function?
pedunculus cerebellaris: medius et rostralis
caudal part of ventral pontine that consists of two pairs of thick stalks called the cerebellar peduncles
They connect the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain.
123
translate reticular formation
define
formatio reticularis
is a diffuse interconnection of neurons receiving sensory and motor nerve tracts within the brainstem
124
formatio reticularis location
extends from thalamus throughout the brainstem into the cervical part of the spinal cord
125
function of the formatio reticularis (2)?
transition from sleep to consciousness
an essential role in motor control of descending pathways from the cerebrum
126
location of the midbrain
the midbrain is the rostral and relatively short portion of the brainstem
located ventral to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and between the diencephalon and the pons
127
define mesencephalic aqueduct
aqueductus mesencephali
the lumen of the midbrain
within of the midbrain lies the mesencephalic aqueduct which acts as a passage between the spinal cord and the third and fourth ventricles
128
parts of the midbrain
from dorsal to ventral:
tectum,
tegmentum, and
cerebral peduncle (one peduncle forms one half of the midbain)
129
cerebral peduncle
pedunculus cerebri
are visible on the ventral surface of the midbrain;
one peduncle form one half of the midbain
130
paired cerebral crus
crus cerebri
forms ventral part of peduncles
carries pyramidal and pontine fibre tracts between the cerebrum and the brainstem
they are separated by interpeduncular fossa
131
translate and define mesencephalic tegmentum
tegmentum mesencephali
is the dorsal part of the peduncles,
forms the core of the midbrain
132
what does the mesencephalic tegmentum contain? (5)
contains the motor and parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (III),
the motor nucleus of the trochlear nerve (IV),
mesencephalic nuclei of the trigeminal nerves (V),
and the red nucleus (nucleus ruber)
main substance of tegmentum is made up of the reticular formation
133
peduncles are separated from tegmentum by?
the substantia nigra
a prominent area of the midbrain and is identifiable on cross sections by its darker pigmentation;
this is due to the high levels of neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons
134
translate and definemesencephalic tectum
tectum mesencephali
is the roof of the midbrain
lies dorsal to the aqueduct and it has four major rounded surface swellings (colliculi);
related to the visual (paired colliculus rostralis)
and auditory pathway (paired colliculus caudalis)
135
name the colliculi
to which part fo the brain do they belong?
paired colliculus rostralis (visual pathway)
paired colliculus caudalis (auditory pathway)
belong to tectum mesencephali
136
rostral cerebellar peduncle connects?
the mesencephalon to the cerebellum
137
the cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum cranially by the
tentorium cerebelli membranaceum
(made of meninges)
138
the cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three pairs of
cerebellar peduncles –
a rostral pair to the midbrain,
a middle to the pons and a
caudal pair to the medulla oblongata
139
functions of the cerebellum (3)
maintenance of equilibrium
regulates postural reflexes by modifying muscle tone (spinocerebellum )
important role in motor control and coordination of skeletal muscles for skilled movements and for posture
140
the cerebellar cortex
cortex cerebelli
which is made up of grey matter
141
the medullar body
corpus medullare
the central white matter
142
cerebellar cortex has what three layers
molecular,
Purkinje cell and
granule cell layer
143
translate „tree of life“ in the context of the cerebellum
arbor vitae
the white matter branches through the lobules to form the tree of life
144
translate smaller cerebellar fissures
fissurae cerebelli
145
fissurae cerebelli subdivide the matter into gracile gyri, called?
cerebellar folia (folia cerebelli)
146
within the cerebellar medullar body, grey matter forms several basal nuclei called? (3)
dentate,
interpositus,
fastigial
147
dentate,
interpositus,
fastigial
are what?
are basal nuclei formed by grey matter within the meduallar body of the cerebellum
148
cerebellar body
corpus cerebelli
149
two major fissures running mediolaterally divide the corpus cerebelli into what three lobes?
eng + latin
lobus flocculonodularis
lobus rostralis
lobus caudalis
flocculonodular lobe
rostral lobe
caudal lobe
150
where is lobus flocculonodularis located
lobe of the cerebellum
flocculonodular lobe is located caudoventrally
151
functions of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum (2)
regulates eye movements
gets impulses from the semicircular ducts in internal ear and
helps in maintaining equilibrium during rapid changes in direction of motion
152
describe th erostral lobe of the cerebellum (2-3)
is related to the spinal cord
regulates body and limb movements
and postural tone
153
cerebellar hemisphere
hemispherum cerebelli
154
what is the centrally located narrow ridge of the cerebellum called?
vermis
155
which lobes of the cerebellum can be divided sagittally into paired hemispherum cerebelli
lobus rostralis & lobus caudalis
156
where is the diencephalon found (3-4)
Interbrain is situated between the cerebrum and the brainstem and connects the cortex and the brainstem
is visible on the ventral surface of the brain, where parts of it are between the cerebral peduncles
157
what does the interbain contain tissue-wise?
contains a variety of ascending and descending white fiber tracts
as well as gray matter organized into nuclei
158
function of the diencephalon? (4-5)
connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system;
works in conjunction with limbic system structures to generate and manage emotions and memories;
motor function control;
homeostasis control
159
diencephalon consists of? (5)
the epithalamus,
thalamus,
metathalamus,
hypothalamus and
subthalamus
160
what and/or where is the Epithalamus
is the most dorsal mass of nervous tissue
(gray and white matter)
of diencephalon, forming the roof of the third ventricle
consists of unpaired pineal gland,
habenula and
also the stria medullaris
161
2 alt. names for pineal gland
(glandula pinealis; epiphysis
162
what hormone does the epiphysis produce?
where is it located?
the pineal gland produces melatonin
(circadian rhythms and the seasonality of breeding)
it is located between the two hemispheres,
tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join
163
what is the „rein“ of the epithalamus?
habenula is latin for „rein“
originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland or pedunculus pinealis
is a white matter stalk anchoring the pineal gland to thalamus
164
function of the habenula (3+)
eceives input from the cerebrum, hypothalamus etc.
and outputs to many midbrain areas involved in releasing neurotransmitters;
habenular nuclei are involved in pain processing,
reproductive behavior, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses
165
most of the diencephalon is occupied by
the thalamus (thalamus; „inner room“)
166
thalamus is situated between
the cerebral cortex and the midbrain
167
the medial surface of the thalamus constitutes part of
the lateral wall of the third ventricle
168
translate and define interthalamic adhesion
adhesio interthalamica
thalamus of right and left sides make contact at the midline, forming a grey band, a interthalamic adhesion, which obliterates the centre space of the third ventricle
The interthalamic adhesion is surrounded by third ventricle.
169
what and/or where is the metathalamus
lies under cover of the thalamus and consists of two oval-shaped geniculate bodies (medial and lateral geniculate bodies)
part of the diencephalon
170
translate and define medial geniculate body
corpus geniculatum mediale
part of the metathalamus,
is part of the auditory pathway,
sends fibres to the acoustic areas of the cerebral cortex;
is located craniolaterally
171
translate and define lateral geniculate body
corpus geniculatum laterale
part fo the metathalamus,
is part of optic tract,
sends axons to the optic areas of the occipital part of the cortex;
it is of a dark color and consists of cellular layers
172
what and/or where is the hypothalamus
is on the ventral surface of the diencephalon and forms the floor and the wall of the third ventricle
is main visceral control centre and
a functional link between the nervous and endocrine systems
(controls the endocrine system through pituitary gland by secretion of neurohormones)
mainly consists of mamillary body, optic tract and chiasm, grey tuber, hypophysis
173
translate and define mamillary body
corpus mamillare
of the hypothalamus
is a round whitish elevation between the two cerebral crura.
It is subdivided into symmetric halves,
relays impulses to the thalamus and is part of the limbic system.
174
translate and define optic chiasm
chiasma opticum
is the crossing of medial fibres of the optic nerve
located inferior to the hypothalamus
175
translate and define optic tract
tractus opticus
a continuation of optic chiasm in the caudal direction;
a paired flat band of fibres,
connects to the hypothalamus
176
the hypophysis is attached to the hypothalmaus via
a hollow stalk, the infundibulum
177
translate and define the grey tuber
tuber cinereum
a uniform grey eminence to which the hypophysis is attached
is rostral to the mammillary body on the ventral surface of the hypothalamus
178
where is the subthalamus located more specifically?
beneath the thalamus and
dorsolateral to the hypothalamus,
which continues caudally with the midbrain
179
two alt. names for the forebrain
telencephalon, cerebrum
180
2 alt. names for pituitary gland
hypophysis; gl. pituitaria
181
The pituitary gland location
in the sella turcica of the basisphenoid
182
The hypophysis has what two parts
the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis
183
hemisphere
hemispherum
184
cerebral longitudinal fissure
fissura longitudinalis cerebri
185
cerebral transveres fissure
fissura transversa cerebri or
fissura tranversa encephali
186
Forebrain hemispheres separated by?
separated by the deeper longitudinal cerebral fissure
(fissura longitudinalis cerebri) and
the transverse cerebral fissure
(fissura transversa cerebri)
187
blood arrives at the cerebral arterial circle from?(4)
the internal carotid artery,
basilar,
maxillary and
vertebral arteries
188
each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into? (5)
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
poorly developed temporal lobe
insula: a sunken portion of the cerebral cortex
189
translate and describe the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (4-5)
cortex cerebri
composed of grey matter known as the cerebral cortex
or pallium
(diameter 1,5…3 mm)
is folded to increase the surface area
the underlying regions are of white matter;
cerebral cortex is found only in mammals
190
translate and define striate body/nucleus (2-3)
corpus striatum
is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons)
in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.
it is an important extrapyramidal centre
191
corpus striatum consists of? (3)
nucleus caudatus
nucleus lentiformis
capsula interna
caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus
internal capsule
192
what is the internal capsule of the striate body?
capsula interna
is a wall of white matter lateral to caudate nucleus,
carries the most important connecting afferent and efferent fibres
193
the white matter of the cerebrum contains what types of fibers?
association fibres
projection fibres
commisural fibres
194
What are association fibers in the context of the cerebrum?
are axons that connect neighboring or distant gyri within the same hemisphere
195
What are projection fibers in the context of the cerebrum?
also known as projection tracts of the brain - are a type of white matter tract that connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS, e.g. deep nuclei, brainstem, cerebellum or spine
196
What are commisural fibers in the context of the cerebrum?
give 2 examples
Commissural fibers connect an area in one hemisphere with an area in the opposite hemisphere.
The corpus callosum is the largest set of commissural fibers in the brain – transverse fibres that connect right and left neocortex.
Fornix is also commisural fibres arising from the hippocampus, anterior commissure etc.
197
lateral ventricles of the cerebrum connect with what via what?
lateral venticles connect with the third ventricle via an interventricular foramen
198
name the surfaces of a cerebral hemisphere
facies dorsolateralis
facies medialis
facies basilaris
199
cerebral gyruses
gyri cerebri
200
cerebral sulci
sulci cerebri
201
the cerebral cortex is divided phylogenetically into?
archicortex
paleocortex
neocortex
/
archipallium
paleopallium
neopallium
202
alt. name for Olfactory brain
describe (3-4)
rhinencephalon
phylogenetically oldest portion
is ventrally located
deals with olfaction
and in humans it mediates complex emotional behaviour
203
olfactory bulb
bulbus olfactorius
receives olfactory nerves
204
olfactory tracts
striae
205
lateral, medial and intermediate olfactory tract
tractus olfactorius: lateralis, medialis et intermedius
206
piriform lobe
describe (3)
lobus piriformis
receives olfactory nerves,
is the primary cortical olfactory area,
located laterally to the hypothalamus
207
olfactory peduncle
define
pedunculus olfactorius
The stalk of tissue connecting the olfactory bulb with the ventral forebrain is termed the olfactory peduncle.
208
septal part of olfactory brain
location?
pars septalis rhinencephali
is on medial aspect of the hemisphere
olfactory induced emotion
209
translate limbic part of olfactory brain
consists of?
location?
function?
pars limbica rhinencephali
consists of cortical and subcortical structures
located in the telencephalon and diencephalon.
emotions, motivations, and
basic survival and sociosexual behavioral patterns
210
describe the hippocampus
location
function
mammals have two hippocampi,
one in each side of the brain.
deep to the piriform lobe, curves dorsorostrally, and forms the deep boundary of the lateral ventricle.
Fibers from the hippocampus emerge laterally as a fimbria and then continue on each side of the brain as the fornix.
The hippocampus is part of the limbic system,
major role in learning and memory.
211
describe the fornix
location
function
is a C-shaped white matter bundle of fibers
located in the mesial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres.
is part of the limbic system
carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary body in both directions
212
translate subcallosal gyrus
location?
gyrus supracallosus
is a narrow lamina on the medial surface of the hemisphere
immediately ventrally to corpus callosum
213
cingulate gyrus
location?
gyrus cinguli
is an arch-shaped convolution situated just above the corpus callosum
lies on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere
214
translate and describe amygdaloid body (3)
corpus amygdaloideum
almond-shaped,
located rostrally to the lateral ventricle;
a critical center for coordinating behavioral,
autonomic and endocrine responses
215
what does the dura mater form? (4-5)
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli membranaceum
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae
alt. name for dura mater = pachymeninx
216
what do tegmentum and tectum mean?
The tegmentum is the ventral part of the midbrain and
the tectum is the dorsal part of the midbrain (mesencephalon)
217
difference between met- and mesencephalons?
metencephalon is the embryonic portion of the hindbrain is the embryonic portion of the hindbrain
mesencephalon is the midbrain
