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Veterinary anatomy in latin > Veterinary anatomy: central nervous system anatomy > Flashcards

Veterinary anatomy: central nervous system anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. sensory
  2. integration (interpretation/association of sensory signals)
  3. motor
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2
Q

How much of the total cardiac output does the CNS receive?

A

20% of the total cardiac output;

the metabolically active grey matter receives more than the white matter

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3
Q

PNS further division?

A

somatic nervous system &
autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

autonomic nervous system further division?

A

sympathetic &
parasympathetic

(+ enteric nervous system)

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5
Q

sympathetic nervous system known colloquially as

A

„flight-or-fight“;

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6
Q

parasympathetic nervous system known colloquially as

A

„rest-and-digest“;

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7
Q

what two main types of neural cells are in the nervous system

A

neurons
neuroglia (glial cells)

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8
Q

give some examples of various types of neuroglia

A

astrocytes, microglia, Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes etc.

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9
Q

what is the main principle for action potential propagation?

A

a change in membrane permeability for different ions
/
movement of a depolarizing current

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10
Q

neuronal cell body also known as a?

A

soma
pl. somata

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11
Q

define neurilemma

A

also known as sheath of Schwann, or Schwann’s sheath

is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron.

It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.

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12
Q

white matter

A

substantia alba

contains myelinated nerve fibers (axons)

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13
Q

gray matter

A

substantia grisea

mainly comprised of groups of
neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells and synapses

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14
Q

describe an anaxonic neuron

A

no anatomical clues to determine axons from dendrites, functions unknown

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15
Q

describe a multipolar neuron:

A

multiple dendrites and single axon,
is most common type;
found in CNS

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16
Q

describe a bipolar neuron:

A

two processes coming off cell body – one dendrite and one axon;

found in eye, ear, tongue
and olfactory epithelium in nose

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17
Q

describe a unipolar (and/or pseudounipolar) neuron:

A

single process coming off cell body, and cell body is located along the axon;

for transducting some type of physical stimulus (light, sound, temperature, etc.) into electrical activity;
found in a spinal ganglion

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18
Q

based on function - what ar ethe 3 types of neurons?

A
  1. sensory (afferent)
  2. interneuron
  3. motor (efferent)
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19
Q

what is a nervous system tract?

A

bundle of axons in the CNS,
mostly myelinated

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20
Q

what is a nervous system root?

A

A nerve that is adjacent to the CNS,
the first part of a nerve that extends directly from the central nervous system.

There are two different kinds of nerve roots: cranial and spinal.
They are enveloped by meninges.

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21
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

a collection of cell bodies with similar functions,
are found in the PNS

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22
Q

where are spinal ganglia found and what do they contain?

A

are located on dorsal roots of spinal nerves

contain only sensory cell bodies

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23
Q

what do autonomic ganglia contain?

A

autonomic ganglia contain postganglionic cell bodies that innervate viscera

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24
Q

name 3 basic types of sensory receptor

A

exteroreceptor
enteroreceptor
proprioreceptor

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25
Q

latin for central nervous system

A

systema nervosum centrale

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26
Q

latin for spinal and cerebral dura mater
+ alt. name

A

dura mater: spinalis et encephali

or pachymeninx

the outermost pain sensitive sac,
which forms a tough protective coating

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27
Q

cerebral falx

A

falx cerebri

sickle-shaped, separates the two hemispheres of the brain,
is located in the cerebral longitudinal fissure between the hemispheres

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28
Q

membranous tentorium cerebelli

A

tentorium cerebelli membranaceum

separates the cerebellum and brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
(made of meninges)

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29
Q

cerebellar falx

A

falx cerebelli

partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres,
absent in domestic animals

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30
Q

sellar diaphragm

A

diaphragma sellae

is the smallest circular dural infolding and covers the pituitary gland in hypophysial fossa

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31
Q

spinal and cerebral arachnoid

A

arachnoidea: spinalis et encephali

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32
Q

translate and describe function arachnoid granulations

A

granulationes arachnoideale

are endothelium-lined finger-like meningeal protrusions through dura mater into sinus durae matris and they have a valve-like function.

pressure increases, granulations develop

transfer cerebrospinal fluid back into the blood

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33
Q

describe the arachnoid (4)

A

arachnoidea encephali

middle delicate nonvascular layer

surrounds the brain and spinal cord

does not line the brain down into its sulci, as does the pia mater.

In some areas, projects into the sinus durae matris formed by the dura mater.

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34
Q

spinal and cerebral pia mater

A

pia mater: spinalis et encephali

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35
Q

describe the pia mater

A

thin fibrous tissue that is impermeable to fluid

tightly associated with the surface of the spinal cord and brain; runs down into the sulci and fissures of the cortex;

is richly innervated,
has generous blood supply,
is involved in the production of CSF

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36
Q

translate denticulate ligament
what is it?

A

lig. denticulatum

extends from the enveloping pia mater laterally between the dorsal and ventral roots and stabilizes the spinal cord within the dura mater

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37
Q

arachnoid and pia mater are sometimes considered as a single structure called?

A

the leptomeninx

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38
Q

translate epidural cavity and describe

A

cavum epidurale

between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae

is filled with adipose tissue, and
contains a network of blood vessels

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39
Q

translate subdural cavity and describe

A

cavum subdurale

a potential artificial cavity between the dura mater and arachnoid, containing a small volume of serous fluid

can be created by the separation of the arachnoid as the result of trauma or pathologic process

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40
Q

translate subarachnoid cavity and describe

A

cavum subarachnoideale

only true cavity is space between the arachnoid and the pia mater,

contains CSF and arachnoid trabeculae.

All blood vessels entering the brain, as well as cranial nerves pass through this space.

At certain parts of the base of the brain, the arachnoid is separated from the pia mater by wide intervals.

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41
Q

cerebellomedullary cistern

A

cisterna cerebellomedullaris

common site for obtaining CSF
(needle between the atlas and skull)

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42
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

liquor cerebrospinalis

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43
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

is produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles
and in leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia mater)

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44
Q

CSF function?

A

acts as a buffer for the brain’s cortex,
providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain,
and it serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow

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45
Q

Spinal cord

A

medulla spinalis

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46
Q

translate and define tapered medullary cone

A

conus medullaris

the spinal cord tapers into an elongated medullary cone caudally to the lumbar segments

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47
Q

what is a „horse tail“ in the context of nervous anatomy

A

all nerves, which originate in the medullary cone pass caudally and form a collection of nerve roots at caudal end of vertebral canal – a „horse tail“

or, cauda equina

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48
Q

translate and define the terminal filament

A

filum terminale

the spinal cord terminates in a thin strand of fibrous tissue which anchors the spinal cord

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49
Q

translate dorsal root

what is it made up of?

A

radix dorsalis

sensory axons enter the spinal cord dorsolaterally, forming the dorsal root

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50
Q

translate ventral root

what is it made up of?

A

radix ventralis

motor axons leave the spinal cord ventrolaterally, forming the ventral root

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51
Q

translate spinal ganglion

general location?
contains what?

A

ganglion spinale

within the dorsal root

contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

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52
Q

spinal cord gross divisions (5)

A

pars cervicalis, corresponds to cervical nerves
pars thoracica
pars lumbalis
pars sacralis
pars caudalis

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53
Q

how many of each spinal cord segment in car

A

Car:
8C,
13T,
7L,
3S
and 5 Caud = 36 total

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54
Q

how many of each spinal cord segment in bo

A

Bo:
8C,
13T,
6L,
5S and
5 Caud = 37

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55
Q

how many of each spinal cord segment in eq

A

Eq:
8C,
18T,
6L,
5S and
5 Caud = 42

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56
Q

how many of each spinal cord segment in su

A

Su:
8C,
14-15T,
6-7L,
4S and
5 Caud = 37-39

(Human: 8C, 12T, 5L, 5S and 1Caud = 31)

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57
Q

translate cervical enlargement or intumescence

location?

A

intumescentia cervicalis

located from C6 to T2 spinal segments
for most dogs the cervical intumescence is centered at the C6…7 intervertebral discs

is where sensory input comes in from and motor output goes to the forelimbs

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58
Q

translate the lumbar enlargement

location?
function?

A

intumescentia lumbalis

located within lumbar segments

handles sensory input and motor output coming from and going to the hindlimbs

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59
Q

the median groove

A

sulcus medianus

found on the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord

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60
Q

intermedial dorsal groove

A

sulcus intermedius dorsalis

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61
Q

dorsal lateral groove

A

sulcus lateralis dorsalis

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62
Q

deep median fissure

A

fissura mediana

ventral side of cord

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63
Q

translate the dorsal median septum and define

A

septum medianum dorsale

the dorsal median septum extends into the spinal cord from the median groove

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64
Q

Grey matter

A

substantia grisea

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65
Q

where is the grey matter within the spinal cord?
what is it made up of?

A

internal to the peripheral region is the gray matter, butterfly-shaped central region

made up of nerve cell bodies

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66
Q

central canal

A

canalis centralis

is an anatomic extension of the spaces in the brain and, contains CSF

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67
Q

translate and define gray commissure

A

commissura grisea

is a thin strip that surrounds the central canal and connects the two halves of the cord

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68
Q

translate dorsal horn

and it contains?

A

cornu dorsale

contains cell bodys of somatic and afferent visceral neurons

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69
Q

translate lateral horn
location?
it contains?

A

cornu laterale

in the thoracic region,
the lateral part of the dorsal horn projects laterally as a triangular field;

contains sympathetic neurons of the autonomic system

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70
Q

translate ventral horn

it contains?

A

cornu ventrale

contains cell bodies of motor neurons

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71
Q

translate and define gelatinous or Rolando´s substance

A

substantia gelatinosa

is a fine network of interneurons in the gray area;

extends the entire length of the spinal cord into the medulla oblongata

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72
Q

White matter

A

substantia alba

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73
Q

In each half of the spinal cord, white matter is divided into

A

three major nerve bundles, called funiculi

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74
Q

translate dorsal funiculus

location?
function?

A

funiculus dorsalis

is between the midline and dorsal root attachments

conducts ascending pathways and conveys information from spinal cord projection neurons to the brain

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75
Q

along what part of the dorsal funiculus do signals from the hindlimb and trunk travel?

A

along the gracile fascicle

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76
Q

along what part of the dorsal funiculus do signals from the forelimb and neck travel?

A

along the cuneate fascicle

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77
Q

translate lateral funiculus

location?
function?

A

funiculus lateralis

is between dorsal and ventral root attachments;

conducts ascending (spinothalamic, spinocerebellar tract)
and descending pathways

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78
Q

translate ventral funiculus

location?
function?

A

funiculus ventralis

is between the midline and ventral root attachments;

conducts descending motor pathways from brain neurons to the spinal cord and stimulates contraction of body’s muscles and glands (pyramidal tract)

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79
Q

translate and define proper fascicles

A

fasciculi proprii

some tract fibers arise and terminate entirely within the spinal cord and do not reach the brain and connect adjacent segments.

They are located deep, next to gray matter, and collectively called proper fascicles.

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80
Q

translate and define dorsolateral or Lissauer’s tract

A

tractus dorsolateralis or fasiculus dorsolateralis

a short axon tract between gelatinous substance and surface of the spinal cord.

Consists of unmyelinated and thinly myelinated primary and secondary sensory axons running rostrally or caudally for a few cord segments before entering the dorsal horn and synapsing.

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81
Q

white commissure

A

commissura alba

consists of connecting fibres passing between median fissure and grey matter

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82
Q

translate and define reticular formation

A

formatio reticularis

is a mixture of white and gray matter between dorsal and lateral horn and one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brainstem

(regulating the cardiovascular system, breathing, habituation, pain modulation, sleep-wake cycle etc.)

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83
Q

Brain

A

encephalon

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84
Q

cerebrum is?

A

the largest part of th CNS and is responsible for receiving and processing information

(telencephalon)

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85
Q

interbrain regulates?

A

also known as the diencephalon

regulates visceral activities by way of other brain regions and the autonomic nervous system

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86
Q

cerebellum is?

A

the second largest part of the brain that coordinates muscle activity

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87
Q

brainstem connects?

consists of what 3 parts

A

connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord and supports basic life functions

midbrain (mesencephalon)
pons
medulla oblongata

88
Q

Based on development, the brain is divided into

A

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
forebrain (prosencephalon)

89
Q

hindbrain also known as?

consists of?

A

rhombencephalon

consists of medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)
and metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

90
Q

medulla oblongata also known as

A

myelencephalon

91
Q

metencephalon also known as?

A

pons and cerebellum

92
Q

midbrain also known as?

A

mesencephalon

93
Q

forebrain also known?

consists of?

A

prosencephalon

consists of cerebrum (telencephalon)
and interbrain (diencephalon)

94
Q

cerebrum also known as?

A

telencephalon

95
Q

interbrain also known as?

A

diencephalon

96
Q

brain matter configuration within brain? (3 points)

A

white matter exterior to central gray matter

gray matter inturn surrounds hollow central cavity

two regions with additional gray matter called “cortex”

97
Q

What are the Cerebral ventricles? (5 points)

A

they form a set of 4 interconnected cavities in the brain

connect with each other, with subarachnoid cavity and continuous with the central canal of spinal cord

within each ventricle is a choroid plexus, a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF;

the ventricles protect the brain by cushioning it and support its weight;

are also necessary for chemical stability, and the provision of nutrients needed by the brain

98
Q

name the cerebral ventricles

A

ventriculus lateralis I et II
ventriculus tertius
ventriculus quartus

or

lateral ventricles I and II
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

99
Q

translate & describe the lateral cerebral ventricles I and II (3 points)

A

ventriculus lateralis I et II

form the cavity of hemispheres.

The anterior horns of the ventricles are located in the frontal lobes

and they extend posteriorly into the parietal lobes.

100
Q

translate and describe the third cerebral ventricle (3 points)

A

ventriculus tertius

is in the diencephalon, between the two thalamic bodies.

The intermedial mass passes through it and

the hypothalamus forms its floor and part of its lateral walls.

101
Q

translate and define interventricular foramen

A

for. interventriculare

the third ventricle connects with the lateral ventricles via the interventicular foramen

102
Q

translate mesencephalic aqueduct

A

aqueductus mesencephali

the third ventricle connects caudally to the mesencephalic aqueduct

103
Q

translate 4th ventricle

and location of the fourth ventricle

A

ventriculus quartus

is in the brainstem between the cerebellum and the pons

104
Q

alt. name for medulla oblongata and describe(5 points)

A

myelencephalon

caudal portion of brain stem, connects pons to spinal cord and is location of the pyramids;

is rostrally cylindrically-shaped and caudally dorsoventrally compressed

contains major ascending and descending sensory and motor tracts and

is the location where most of tracts cross from right to left (decussation)

contains gray matter nuclei involved in the regulation of autonomic functions

105
Q

medulla oblongata ventral surface is divided on the midline by

A

fissura mediana / the median fissure

106
Q

medulla oblongata lateral surface landmark

A

sulcus lateralis ventralis / ventral lateral groove

which is exit for cranial nerves VI and XII
so abducens & hypoglossal

107
Q

medulla oblongata dorsal surface landmark

A

sulcus lateralis dorsalis / dorsal lateral groove

which is exit for IX and X cranial nerves
so glossopharyngeal & vagus

108
Q

sulcus lateralis ventralis of the myencephalon is an exit for?

A

cranial nerves VI and XII

abducens and hypoglossal

109
Q

sulcus lateralis dorsalis of the myencephalon is an exit for?

A

cranial nerves IX and X

glossopharygeal and vagus

110
Q

translate and describe caudal cerebellar peduncles (2)

A

pedunculi cerebellares caudales

connect the medulla oblongata to cerebellum and

contain tracts of afferent and efferent fibres

111
Q

translate and describe pyramids in the context of the CNS (2-3 points)

A

pyramis

is a longitudinal paired prominence on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata

contains the largest descending white fiber motor tracts

(corticospinal tract that descends from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord)

112
Q

decussation definition

A

the action of crossing (as of nerve fibers) especially in the form of an X

113
Q

translate and describe trapezoid body (3)

A

corpus trapezoideum

is part of the auditory pathway.

It is a transverse bundle of fibers at the rostral end of the pyramid;

the VII and VIII cranial nerves exit from the trapezoid body

114
Q

translate and define olive in the context of the CNS (2-3 points)

A

oliva

are a pair of prominent oval structures lateral to the pyramid

contain the olivary nuclei (balance centre)

115
Q

translate and define lateral funicles

A

funiculi laterales

are continuations of the spinal cord

116
Q

gracile and cuneate fascicles

A

fasciculus: gracilis et cuneatus

117
Q

define pons (4-5)

A

The pons („bridge“) is a horseshoe-shaped part of the brainstem, and is cranial to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum.

it consists of gray matter nuclei, that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum

white matter includes tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla oblongata, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus

it also serves as a communications and coordination centre between the two hemispheres of the brain

118
Q

translate dorsal pontine part and 1 alt. eng name

A

pars dorsalis pontis

tegmentum of the pons
[tegmentum pontis]

is floor of the rostral half of fourth ventricle and adjacent structures

119
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei are present in the [tegmentum pontis] (4)

A

sensory and motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (V),

abducens nerve nucleus (VI),

facial nerve nucleus (VII) and

vestibulocochlear nuclei (VIII)

120
Q

tegmentum pontis function

A

relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum

(sleeping, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, posture)

121
Q

translate ventral pontine part

consists of?

A

pars ventralis pontis

consists mainly of ascending and descending nerve tracts

122
Q

translate middle and rostral cerebellar peduncles

define
and function?

A

pedunculus cerebellaris: medius et rostralis

caudal part of ventral pontine that consists of two pairs of thick stalks called the cerebellar peduncles

They connect the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain.

123
Q

translate reticular formation

define

A

formatio reticularis

is a diffuse interconnection of neurons receiving sensory and motor nerve tracts within the brainstem

124
Q

formatio reticularis location

A

extends from thalamus throughout the brainstem into the cervical part of the spinal cord

125
Q

function of the formatio reticularis (2)?

A

transition from sleep to consciousness

an essential role in motor control of descending pathways from the cerebrum

126
Q

location of the midbrain

A

the midbrain is the rostral and relatively short portion of the brainstem

located ventral to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and between the diencephalon and the pons

127
Q

define mesencephalic aqueduct

A

aqueductus mesencephali

the lumen of the midbrain

within of the midbrain lies the mesencephalic aqueduct which acts as a passage between the spinal cord and the third and fourth ventricles

128
Q

parts of the midbrain

A

from dorsal to ventral:
tectum,
tegmentum, and
cerebral peduncle (one peduncle forms one half of the midbain)

129
Q

cerebral peduncle

A

pedunculus cerebri

are visible on the ventral surface of the midbrain;

one peduncle form one half of the midbain

130
Q

paired cerebral crus

A

crus cerebri

forms ventral part of peduncles

carries pyramidal and pontine fibre tracts between the cerebrum and the brainstem

they are separated by interpeduncular fossa

131
Q

translate and define mesencephalic tegmentum

A

tegmentum mesencephali

is the dorsal part of the peduncles,
forms the core of the midbrain

132
Q

what does the mesencephalic tegmentum contain? (5)

A

contains the motor and parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (III),

the motor nucleus of the trochlear nerve (IV),

mesencephalic nuclei of the trigeminal nerves (V),

and the red nucleus (nucleus ruber)

main substance of tegmentum is made up of the reticular formation

133
Q

peduncles are separated from tegmentum by?

A

the substantia nigra

a prominent area of the midbrain and is identifiable on cross sections by its darker pigmentation;

this is due to the high levels of neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons

134
Q

translate and definemesencephalic tectum

A

tectum mesencephali

is the roof of the midbrain

lies dorsal to the aqueduct and it has four major rounded surface swellings (colliculi);
related to the visual (paired colliculus rostralis)
and auditory pathway (paired colliculus caudalis)

135
Q

name the colliculi

to which part fo the brain do they belong?

A

paired colliculus rostralis (visual pathway)
paired colliculus caudalis (auditory pathway)

belong to tectum mesencephali

136
Q

rostral cerebellar peduncle connects?

A

the mesencephalon to the cerebellum

137
Q

the cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum cranially by the

A

tentorium cerebelli membranaceum

(made of meninges)

138
Q

the cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three pairs of

A

cerebellar peduncles –

a rostral pair to the midbrain,
a middle to the pons and a
caudal pair to the medulla oblongata

139
Q

functions of the cerebellum (3)

A

maintenance of equilibrium

regulates postural reflexes by modifying muscle tone (spinocerebellum )

important role in motor control and coordination of skeletal muscles for skilled movements and for posture

140
Q

the cerebellar cortex

A

cortex cerebelli

which is made up of grey matter

141
Q

the medullar body

A

corpus medullare

the central white matter

142
Q

cerebellar cortex has what three layers

A

molecular,
Purkinje cell and
granule cell layer

143
Q

translate „tree of life“ in the context of the cerebellum

A

arbor vitae

the white matter branches through the lobules to form the tree of life

144
Q

translate smaller cerebellar fissures

A

fissurae cerebelli

145
Q

fissurae cerebelli subdivide the matter into gracile gyri, called?

A

cerebellar folia (folia cerebelli)

146
Q

within the cerebellar medullar body, grey matter forms several basal nuclei called? (3)

A

dentate,
interpositus,
fastigial

147
Q

dentate,
interpositus,
fastigial

are what?

A

are basal nuclei formed by grey matter within the meduallar body of the cerebellum

148
Q

cerebellar body

A

corpus cerebelli

149
Q

two major fissures running mediolaterally divide the corpus cerebelli into what three lobes?

eng + latin

A

lobus flocculonodularis
lobus rostralis
lobus caudalis

flocculonodular lobe
rostral lobe
caudal lobe

150
Q

where is lobus flocculonodularis located

A

lobe of the cerebellum

flocculonodular lobe is located caudoventrally

151
Q

functions of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum (2)

A

regulates eye movements

gets impulses from the semicircular ducts in internal ear and

helps in maintaining equilibrium during rapid changes in direction of motion

152
Q

describe th erostral lobe of the cerebellum (2-3)

A

is related to the spinal cord

regulates body and limb movements
and postural tone

153
Q

cerebellar hemisphere

A

hemispherum cerebelli

154
Q

what is the centrally located narrow ridge of the cerebellum called?

A

vermis

155
Q

which lobes of the cerebellum can be divided sagittally into paired hemispherum cerebelli

A

lobus rostralis & lobus caudalis

156
Q

where is the diencephalon found (3-4)

A

Interbrain is situated between the cerebrum and the brainstem and connects the cortex and the brainstem

is visible on the ventral surface of the brain, where parts of it are between the cerebral peduncles

157
Q

what does the interbain contain tissue-wise?

A

contains a variety of ascending and descending white fiber tracts

as well as gray matter organized into nuclei

158
Q

function of the diencephalon? (4-5)

A

connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system;

works in conjunction with limbic system structures to generate and manage emotions and memories;

motor function control;

homeostasis control

159
Q

diencephalon consists of? (5)

A

the epithalamus,
thalamus,
metathalamus,
hypothalamus and
subthalamus

160
Q

what and/or where is the Epithalamus

A

is the most dorsal mass of nervous tissue
(gray and white matter)
of diencephalon, forming the roof of the third ventricle

consists of unpaired pineal gland,
habenula and
also the stria medullaris

161
Q

2 alt. names for pineal gland

A

(glandula pinealis; epiphysis

162
Q

what hormone does the epiphysis produce?
where is it located?

A

the pineal gland produces melatonin
(circadian rhythms and the seasonality of breeding)

it is located between the two hemispheres,
tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join

163
Q

what is the „rein“ of the epithalamus?

A

habenula is latin for „rein“

originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland or pedunculus pinealis

is a white matter stalk anchoring the pineal gland to thalamus

164
Q

function of the habenula (3+)

A

eceives input from the cerebrum, hypothalamus etc.

and outputs to many midbrain areas involved in releasing neurotransmitters;

habenular nuclei are involved in pain processing,
reproductive behavior, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses

165
Q

most of the diencephalon is occupied by

A

the thalamus (thalamus; „inner room“)

166
Q

thalamus is situated between

A

the cerebral cortex and the midbrain

167
Q

the medial surface of the thalamus constitutes part of

A

the lateral wall of the third ventricle

168
Q

translate and define interthalamic adhesion

A

adhesio interthalamica

thalamus of right and left sides make contact at the midline, forming a grey band, a interthalamic adhesion, which obliterates the centre space of the third ventricle

The interthalamic adhesion is surrounded by third ventricle.

169
Q

what and/or where is the metathalamus

A

lies under cover of the thalamus and consists of two oval-shaped geniculate bodies (medial and lateral geniculate bodies)

part of the diencephalon

170
Q

translate and define medial geniculate body

A

corpus geniculatum mediale

part of the metathalamus,
is part of the auditory pathway,
sends fibres to the acoustic areas of the cerebral cortex;
is located craniolaterally

171
Q

translate and define lateral geniculate body

A

corpus geniculatum laterale

part fo the metathalamus,
is part of optic tract,
sends axons to the optic areas of the occipital part of the cortex;
it is of a dark color and consists of cellular layers

172
Q

what and/or where is the hypothalamus

A

is on the ventral surface of the diencephalon and forms the floor and the wall of the third ventricle

is main visceral control centre and
a functional link between the nervous and endocrine systems
(controls the endocrine system through pituitary gland by secretion of neurohormones)

mainly consists of mamillary body, optic tract and chiasm, grey tuber, hypophysis

173
Q

translate and define mamillary body

A

corpus mamillare

of the hypothalamus

is a round whitish elevation between the two cerebral crura.
It is subdivided into symmetric halves,
relays impulses to the thalamus and is part of the limbic system.

174
Q

translate and define optic chiasm

A

chiasma opticum

is the crossing of medial fibres of the optic nerve

located inferior to the hypothalamus

175
Q

translate and define optic tract

A

tractus opticus

a continuation of optic chiasm in the caudal direction;
a paired flat band of fibres,
connects to the hypothalamus

176
Q

the hypophysis is attached to the hypothalmaus via

A

a hollow stalk, the infundibulum

177
Q

translate and define the grey tuber

A

tuber cinereum

a uniform grey eminence to which the hypophysis is attached

is rostral to the mammillary body on the ventral surface of the hypothalamus

178
Q

where is the subthalamus located more specifically?

A

beneath the thalamus and
dorsolateral to the hypothalamus,
which continues caudally with the midbrain

179
Q

two alt. names for the forebrain

A

telencephalon, cerebrum

180
Q

2 alt. names for pituitary gland

A

hypophysis; gl. pituitaria

181
Q

The pituitary gland location

A

in the sella turcica of the basisphenoid

182
Q

The hypophysis has what two parts

A

the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis

183
Q

hemisphere

A

hemispherum

184
Q

cerebral longitudinal fissure

A

fissura longitudinalis cerebri

185
Q

cerebral transveres fissure

A

fissura transversa cerebri or

fissura tranversa encephali

186
Q

Forebrain hemispheres separated by?

A

separated by the deeper longitudinal cerebral fissure
(fissura longitudinalis cerebri) and

the transverse cerebral fissure
(fissura transversa cerebri)

187
Q

blood arrives at the cerebral arterial circle from?(4)

A

the internal carotid artery,
basilar,
maxillary and
vertebral arteries

188
Q

each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into? (5)

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
poorly developed temporal lobe
insula: a sunken portion of the cerebral cortex

189
Q

translate and describe the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (4-5)

A

cortex cerebri

composed of grey matter known as the cerebral cortex
or pallium
(diameter 1,5…3 mm)
is folded to increase the surface area
the underlying regions are of white matter;
cerebral cortex is found only in mammals

190
Q

translate and define striate body/nucleus (2-3)

A

corpus striatum

is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons)
in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.

it is an important extrapyramidal centre

191
Q

corpus striatum consists of? (3)

A

nucleus caudatus
nucleus lentiformis
capsula interna

caudate nucleus
lentiform nucleus
internal capsule

192
Q

what is the internal capsule of the striate body?

A

capsula interna

is a wall of white matter lateral to caudate nucleus,
carries the most important connecting afferent and efferent fibres

193
Q

the white matter of the cerebrum contains what types of fibers?

A

association fibres
projection fibres
commisural fibres

194
Q

What are association fibers in the context of the cerebrum?

A

are axons that connect neighboring or distant gyri within the same hemisphere

195
Q

What are projection fibers in the context of the cerebrum?

A

also known as projection tracts of the brain - are a type of white matter tract that connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS, e.g. deep nuclei, brainstem, cerebellum or spine

196
Q

What are commisural fibers in the context of the cerebrum?

give 2 examples

A

Commissural fibers connect an area in one hemisphere with an area in the opposite hemisphere.

The corpus callosum is the largest set of commissural fibers in the brain – transverse fibres that connect right and left neocortex.

Fornix is also commisural fibres arising from the hippocampus, anterior commissure etc.

197
Q

lateral ventricles of the cerebrum connect with what via what?

A

lateral venticles connect with the third ventricle via an interventricular foramen

198
Q

name the surfaces of a cerebral hemisphere

A

facies dorsolateralis
facies medialis
facies basilaris

199
Q

cerebral gyruses

A

gyri cerebri

200
Q

cerebral sulci

A

sulci cerebri

201
Q

the cerebral cortex is divided phylogenetically into?

A

archicortex
paleocortex
neocortex

/

archipallium
paleopallium
neopallium

202
Q

alt. name for Olfactory brain

describe (3-4)

A

rhinencephalon

phylogenetically oldest portion
is ventrally located
deals with olfaction
and in humans it mediates complex emotional behaviour

203
Q

olfactory bulb

A

bulbus olfactorius

receives olfactory nerves

204
Q

olfactory tracts

A

striae

205
Q

lateral, medial and intermediate olfactory tract

A

tractus olfactorius: lateralis, medialis et intermedius

206
Q

piriform lobe

describe (3)

A

lobus piriformis

receives olfactory nerves,
is the primary cortical olfactory area,
located laterally to the hypothalamus

207
Q

olfactory peduncle

define

A

pedunculus olfactorius

The stalk of tissue connecting the olfactory bulb with the ventral forebrain is termed the olfactory peduncle.

208
Q

septal part of olfactory brain

location?

A

pars septalis rhinencephali

is on medial aspect of the hemisphere
olfactory induced emotion

209
Q

translate limbic part of olfactory brain

consists of?
location?
function?

A

pars limbica rhinencephali

consists of cortical and subcortical structures

located in the telencephalon and diencephalon.

emotions, motivations, and
basic survival and sociosexual behavioral patterns

210
Q

describe the hippocampus

location
function

A

mammals have two hippocampi,
one in each side of the brain.

deep to the piriform lobe, curves dorsorostrally, and forms the deep boundary of the lateral ventricle.

Fibers from the hippocampus emerge laterally as a fimbria and then continue on each side of the brain as the fornix.

The hippocampus is part of the limbic system,
major role in learning and memory.

211
Q

describe the fornix

location
function

A

is a C-shaped white matter bundle of fibers

located in the mesial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres.

is part of the limbic system

carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary body in both directions

212
Q

translate subcallosal gyrus

location?

A

gyrus supracallosus

is a narrow lamina on the medial surface of the hemisphere
immediately ventrally to corpus callosum

213
Q

cingulate gyrus

location?

A

gyrus cinguli

is an arch-shaped convolution situated just above the corpus callosum
lies on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere

214
Q

translate and describe amygdaloid body (3)

A

corpus amygdaloideum

almond-shaped,
located rostrally to the lateral ventricle;

a critical center for coordinating behavioral,
autonomic and endocrine responses

215
Q

what does the dura mater form? (4-5)

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli membranaceum
falx cerebelli
diaphragma sellae

alt. name for dura mater = pachymeninx

216
Q

what do tegmentum and tectum mean?

A

The tegmentum is the ventral part of the midbrain and
the tectum is the dorsal part of the midbrain (mesencephalon)

217
Q

difference between met- and mesencephalons?

A

metencephalon is the embryonic portion of the hindbrain is the embryonic portion of the hindbrain

mesencephalon is the midbrain

Veterinary anatomy in latin (29 decks)

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