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Veterinary anatomy in latin > Veterinary respiratory system II > Flashcards

Veterinary respiratory system II Flashcards

1
Q

Cavity of the larynx

A

cavum laryngis

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2
Q

translate vestibule of the larynx and describe location

A

vestibulum laryngis is between the entrance and the vocal folds

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3
Q

Difference between cavum laryngis and vestibulum laryngis?

A

The cavity of the larynx extends from the laryngeal entrance to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage.

The laryngeal vestibule is the part of the laryngeal cavity lying between the laryngeal inlet and vocal folds.

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4
Q

translate laryngeal inlet and describe boundaries

A

aditus laryngis is bound by the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and corniculate tubercles

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5
Q

What can be found caudal to the epiglottis in su and eq?

A

median laryngeal recess (recessus laryngis medianus)

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6
Q

What symmetrical structures extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages in car and eq?

A

paired vestibular folds
sg. plica vestibularis

(not in su)

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7
Q

purpose of the vestibular folds?

A

protect vocal folds from damage through strain and swallowing

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8
Q

What can be found between vestibular and vocal folds and in which species are they absent?

A

sg. ventriculus laryngis
laryngeal ventricles

found in eq and canines; in su two parts of the vocal fold
absent in Ru, fe

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9
Q

translate vocal apparatus and what structures does it consist of?

A

vocal apparatus = glottis

and consists of vocal folds, arytenoid cartilages and cleft of the glottis

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10
Q

translate cleft of the glottis

A

rima glottidis

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11
Q

translate (paired) vocal fold

A

plica vocalis

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12
Q

Where do the plica vocalis run?

A

from thyroid cartilages parallel to the vestibular fold caudodorsally to the arytenoid cartilages, covers the vocal ligaments

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13
Q

What is unique to the pig vocal folds?

A

splits into two portions (vertically)

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14
Q

What do the vocal folds/plica vocalis contain?

A

each fold contains a vocal ligament, vocal muscle and fat tissue

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15
Q

vocal ligament

A

ligamentum vocale

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16
Q

vocal muscle

A

musculus vocalis

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17
Q

How’re the contents of the vocal folds positioned?

A

the ligament positioned medially and the vocal muscle laterally

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18
Q

infraglottic cavity

A

cavum infraglotticum

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19
Q

Where is the infraglottic cavity?

A

its caudal to the glottis and leads smoothly to the trachea

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20
Q

What does the laryngeal mucous membrane contain?

A

mucous glands and lymphoid aggregations

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21
Q

translate laryngeal prominence and which cartilage does it belong to?

A

prominentia laryngea of the thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

What type of cartilage make up the tracheal rings?

A

hyaline

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23
Q

What structures is the trachea attached to at its ends?

A

The cricoid cartilage rostrally and the primary pulmonary bronchi caudally.

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24
Q

Where is the location of the tracheal bifurcation?

A

at the level of the 4th- 6th intercostal space

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25
Name the two regionally descriptive parts of the trachea.
pars cervicalis et thoracica
26
How does the thoracic part of the trachea deviate from its median position?
pars thoracica is deflected slightly to the right where it crosses the aortic arch
27
tracheal cartilages
cartilagines tracheales
28
tracheal cartilages are connected to each other by?
annular ligaments / ligg. anularia
29
dorsal free ends of the tracheal cartilages are bridged by?
the membranous wall lymphoid tissue the smooth trachealis muscle
30
Where does the tracheal muscle attach?
dorsally to the tracheal rings and attaches internally or externally (e.g. in Ca)
31
the membranous wall
paries membranaceus
32
trachealis muscle
m. trachealis
33
What is the wall of the trachea composed of (not the cart. type)?
``` inner ciliated respiratory mucosa submucosa with glands, a fibrocartilaginous middle layer an adventitial (in the neck) or serosal (in the thorax) outer layer ```
34
Shape of equine tracheal rings?
transversely flattened oval tracheal rings overlap dorsally from right to left in cervical region incomplete dorsally in thoracic region
35
Shape of ruminant tracheal rings?
ends of the vertically oval tracheal rings form a dorsal ridge in the thoracic region. In the cervical, they are incomplete dorsally
36
Shape of goat tracheal rings?
U-shaped
37
Shape of sheep tracheal rings?
round
38
Shape of porcine tracheal rings?
are round and overlap dorsally both in the thorax and neck
39
Shape of canine tracheal rings?
are slender and C-shaped. The ends of the rings do not meet dorsally so that the trachea has a membranous dorsal wall.
40
Shape of feline tracheal rings?
elliptical shape; the free ends at same level
41
tracheal bifurcation
bifurcatio tracheae
42
What are bronchi?
bronchi are branches of the trachea and their subdivisions
43
translate bronchial tree
arbor bronchalis
44
What are the cartilaginous rings replaced by on the smaller bronchi?
irregular plaques
45
What are the extrapulmonar primary bronchi called in latin?
bronchus principalis: dexter et sinister
46
tracheal bronchus
bronchus trachealis
47
In what species is the tracheal bronchus found?
in Ru and su
48
Where does the tracheal bronchus arise and what does it connect to?
arises proximal to the tracheal bifurcation and aerates the cranial lobe of the right lung
49
translate lobar bronchi and what's another english word for them
bronchi lobares and also called secondary bronchi
50
translate segmental bronchi and what's another english word for then
bronchi segmentales and also called tertiary bronchi
51
bronchioles sg. and pl. in latin?
sg. bronchiolus | pl. bronchuli
52
respiratory bronchioles
bronchuli respiratorii
53
Name the conducting parts of lower respiratory system in order from largest diameter to smallest in english.
``` trachea tracheal bronchus (in ru and su) primary bronchi, left and right lobar bronchi segmental bronchi smaller bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles ```
54
tubular alveolar ducts
ductuli alveolares
55
the tubular alveolar ducts terminate how?
into clusters of many alveoli called alveolar sacs | sacculi alveolares
56
alveolar sacs
sacculi alveolares
57
the basic units for gas exchange are the?
pulmonary alveoli, the smallest respiratory chambers
58
pulmonary alveoli
alveoli pulmonis
59
surfactant is released from where?
from alveolar cells
60
Define atelectasis
the collapse of part or all of a lung
61
What is the functional unit of the gas exchange area called?
pulmonary acinus
62
What does a pulmonary acinus consist of?
the acinus includes branching respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
63
the place in which the heart is situated is called?
the middle mediastinum (mediastinum medium)
64
the parts cranially and caudally to the middle mediastinum are termed?
mediastinum: craniale et caudale
65
latin and greek for lung
pulmo; pneumon
66
right and left lungs
pulmo: dexter et sinister
67
What covers the lungs?
pulmonal pleura (pleura pulmonalis)
68
What lines the thoracic cavity?
``` parietal pleura (pleura parietalis) and endothoracic fascia ```
69
What envelopes the lungs and forms vacuum chambers around them?
pleural sacs
70
apexes of the lungs situated where?
cupula pleurae
71
Name the 4 expiratory muscles in latin.
mm. intercostales interni m. retractor costae m. transversus thoracis m. serratus dorsalis caudalis
72
Name the 5 inspiratory muscles in latin.
diaphragma mm. intercostales externi mm. levatores costarum m. rectus thoracis m. serratus dorsalis cranialis
73
Name the surfaces of the lungs.
facies costalis facies medialis facies diaphragmatica
74
Which surface of the lungs is adjacent to the costal pleura
the costal surface (facies costalis)
75
Which surface of the lungs is towards the mediastinum
medial surface (facies medialis)
76
Which surface of the lungs is adjacent to the diaphragm
diaphragmatic surface (facies diaphragmatica)
77
thick, rounded dorsal border
margo dorsalis seu obtusus | seu = latin for or
78
ventral, thin border
margo acutus
79
How many left lung lobes are there?
2 (and 1 of these has 2 parts)
80
How many right lung lobes are there?
4 | in bovine one of these has 2 parts
81
which part of the lung extends cranially ?
the apex of the lung (apex pulmonis)
82
which part of the lung is in contact with the diaphragm?
and base of the lung (basis pulmonis)
83
What structure is the aggregation of the pulmonary and bronchial vessels and nerves passing from mediastinum to the lung?
root of the lung (radix pulmonis)
84
what is the area of lung by which the root is passing to the lung?
hilus pulmonis/ the hilus of the lung
85
The percentage of the lung that is parenchyma?
ca 85%
86
pulmonary or primary lobules
lobuli pulmonis
87
what are acini separated by?
connective tissue septa
88
Which species have highly lobulated lungs with complete septa?
bo, ov and su
89
Which species have incomplete septa and are poorly lobulated?
eq
90
Which species do not have interlobular septa?
car
91
What is the layer of loose connective tissue deep to the intercostal spaces and ribs, separating these structures from the underlying pleura?
endothoracic fascia
92
pulmonary ligament
lig. pulmonale
93
What is lig. pulmonale formed by?
the mediastinal and pulmonal pleura caudal to the root of the lung
94
What lobes is the right lung divided into?
lobus: cranialis, medius, accessorius et caudalis
95
Which lobe can not be seen in lat view?
the accessory lobe (lobus accossorius)
96
Bovine right lung lobes/parts?
``` pulmo dexter: lobus-cranialis with pars cranialis et caudalis -medius -caudalis -accessorius ```
97
Equine right lung lobes/parts?
pulmo dexter: lobus cranialis, -caudalis -accessorius (no medius!)
98
Equine left lung lobes/parts?
pulmo sinister: lobus cranialis -caudalis
99
What is unique to equine lungs?
are not divided by deep fissures into lobes and the right lung has no middle lobe
100
What is unique to carnivore lungs?
the fissures are much deeper than in those of other species and extend to the lung root and the lungs are distinctly asymmetrical
101
How might one distinguish canine lungs from feline?
in ca the lobes are more round than in fe
102
interlobar fissures: cranial and caudal
fissura interlobaris: cranialis et caudalis
103
left cardiac notch
incisura cardiaca pulmonis sinistri
104
The bovine has how many lung lobes in total?
left side has 2 lobes, 1 of which has 2 parts (= 3) right side has 3 lobes, one of which is divided + accessory lobe = 6 lobes in total but 8 if you count the divided ones separately
105
the right cardiac notch
incisura cardiaca pulmonis dextri
106
The equine has how many lung lobes in total?
left side has 2 lobes right side has 2 lobes + accessory lobe = 5 lobes in total (equine lobes are not divided into parts)
107
What impression might you find dorsal to the cardiac impression?
the aortic impression
108
Name 4 impressions that can be found on the lungs.
cardiac impression can be found on both lungs aortic impression dorsal to cardiac impressions esophageal impression caudal vena cava impression only on the right lung
109
Hemiplegia of what nerve in what species can cause "roaring"?
left recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses
110
In which species can lateral laryngeal ventricles be found?
In the horse and the dog, ventriculus laryngis lateralis In animals with a vestibular fold a vestibular ligament is present rostral to the vocal ligament
111
In which species can the unpaired median 'outpouching' of the laryngeal floor be found?
In the pig and horse recessus laryngis medianus
112
corniculate tubercles
sg. tuberculum corniculatum | pl. tubercula corniculata
113
Where does the nasal puncta open?
the nasal puncta of the nasolacrimal duct is located on the ventral floor of the nasal vestibule, near the mucosal transition in eq. In other species it is located more caudally, occasionally with more than one opening,
114
What unique process does the equine epiglottis have?
Cuneiform processes (processus cuneiformis) are present on each side of the base of the epiglottis, projecting dorsally
115
Which equine cartilage is comma shaped?
sg. cartilago alaris | pl. cartilagines alares
116
number of tracheal rings
eq, ru 48- 60 su 32- 60 ca and fe 38-46
117
Which nasal cartilages do horses not have that other species have?
cartilago nasi lateralis ventralis | cartilago nasi accessoria lateralis
118
The lamina of the thyroid fuse ventrally to create what? | And in what species is this feature(s) found?
incisura thyroidea rostralis and caudalis rostral in ru caudal in ru, eq
119
Which canine arytenoid process is most rostral?
processus cuneiformis

Veterinary anatomy in latin (29 decks)

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