Myology: factual and non-muscle structures Flashcards
How are compound muscle names structured?
Origin and then insertion:
e.g. sternocleidomastoideus; origin on the sternum and clavicle, insertion on the mastoid process
What is an agonist muscle?
The muscle that is contracting is called the agonist.
What is an antagonist muscle?
the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist
What is a synergist muscle?
the muscle(s) that stabilises a joint around which movement is occurring, which in turn assists the agonist function effectively. Synergist muscles also help to create the movement.
Describe superficial fascia.
is immediately beneath the skin, covering almost the entire body.
Varies in thickness in different individuals and different parts of the body; contains the trunks of the subcutaneous vessels and nerves, the superficial lymph nodes, the mammary gland, fat, and certain cutaneous muscles
Function/description of deep or “proper” fascia.
forms sheaths for each m. or group of muscles and for vessels and nerves; intermuscular septa separating the groups of muscles and retinaculum for its underlying tendons
Define aponeurosis.
broad flat fibrous sheet that gives attachment to muscular fibers and serves as a means of origin and insertion of a flat muscle
Define bursa synovialis.
synovia fluid filled sac, cushion where tendon crosses bony prominences; bursa synovialis subcutanea, b. s. submuscularis, … subfascialis, … subtendinea et … subligamentosa
Define and translate synovial tendon sheath.
vagina synovialis tendinis
consists of fibrous and synovial layer, which secrets synovial fluid; principal role is to reduce friction
What is endomysium?
reticular loose intramuscular connective tissue and acts as a sheath for single muscle fibres.
It is the key element that separates single muscle fibres from one another.
What is perimysium?
dense connective tissue that surrounds groups of myofibers, the fascicles.
+ muscle stretch receptors are located here
What is epimysium?
dense connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle on the outer surface.
translate into latin: muscle origin, -belly and end point
caput or origo
venter musculi and
caudo or terminatio
Pennate definition, function and arrangement types?
“feather-shaped”
fibers arranged at an angle to the direction in which the tendon moves. This results in a greater area of muscle fibers along force generating axis and produces more strength.
can be uni-, bi- or multipennate
Define retinaculum and function.
a band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place. It is not part of any muscle. Its function is mostly to stabilize a tendon.
Translate and define cutaneous muscles.
musculi cutanei
Muscles located in specific regions of body moving the skin.
inguinal ligament
ligamentum inguinale (or arcus inguinalis)
runs from the iliopubic eminence to the coxal tuberosity strengthens the iliac fascia on either side of the prepubic tendon
prepubic tendon location and describe species differences
tendo prepubicus
extends from one iliopubic eminence to the other
is most vertically orientated in the bo and gives support to the udder of the cow via suspensory ligaments
in eq the broad prepubic tendon splits before the pubic rim leaving a weaker median region with two lateral fibres
superficial inguinal ring and deep internal ring
anulus inguinalis superficialis
anulus inguinalis profundus
inguinal canal
canalis inguinalis
connective tissue-filled cleft between the abdominal muscles and their aponeuroses
the external opening is superficial inguinal ring and the internal is deep internal ring
How are fibers arranged?
parallel to the tendon of insertion and the force-generating axis.
thoracolumbar fascia
fascia thoracolumbalis
