Myology: factual and non-muscle structures Flashcards
How are compound muscle names structured?
Origin and then insertion:
e.g. sternocleidomastoideus; origin on the sternum and clavicle, insertion on the mastoid process
What is an agonist muscle?
The muscle that is contracting is called the agonist.
What is an antagonist muscle?
the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist
What is a synergist muscle?
the muscle(s) that stabilises a joint around which movement is occurring, which in turn assists the agonist function effectively. Synergist muscles also help to create the movement.
Describe superficial fascia.
is immediately beneath the skin, covering almost the entire body.
Varies in thickness in different individuals and different parts of the body; contains the trunks of the subcutaneous vessels and nerves, the superficial lymph nodes, the mammary gland, fat, and certain cutaneous muscles
Function/description of deep or “proper” fascia.
forms sheaths for each m. or group of muscles and for vessels and nerves; intermuscular septa separating the groups of muscles and retinaculum for its underlying tendons
Define aponeurosis.
broad flat fibrous sheet that gives attachment to muscular fibers and serves as a means of origin and insertion of a flat muscle
Define bursa synovialis.
synovia fluid filled sac, cushion where tendon crosses bony prominences; bursa synovialis subcutanea, b. s. submuscularis, … subfascialis, … subtendinea et … subligamentosa
Define and translate synovial tendon sheath.
vagina synovialis tendinis
consists of fibrous and synovial layer, which secrets synovial fluid; principal role is to reduce friction
What is endomysium?
reticular loose intramuscular connective tissue and acts as a sheath for single muscle fibres.
It is the key element that separates single muscle fibres from one another.
What is perimysium?
dense connective tissue that surrounds groups of myofibers, the fascicles.
+ muscle stretch receptors are located here
What is epimysium?
dense connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle on the outer surface.
translate into latin: muscle origin, -belly and end point
caput or origo
venter musculi and
caudo or terminatio
Pennate definition, function and arrangement types?
“feather-shaped”
fibers arranged at an angle to the direction in which the tendon moves. This results in a greater area of muscle fibers along force generating axis and produces more strength.
can be uni-, bi- or multipennate
Define retinaculum and function.
a band of thickened deep fascia around tendons that holds them in place. It is not part of any muscle. Its function is mostly to stabilize a tendon.
Translate and define cutaneous muscles.
musculi cutanei
Muscles located in specific regions of body moving the skin.
inguinal ligament
ligamentum inguinale (or arcus inguinalis)
runs from the iliopubic eminence to the coxal tuberosity strengthens the iliac fascia on either side of the prepubic tendon
prepubic tendon location and describe species differences
tendo prepubicus
extends from one iliopubic eminence to the other
is most vertically orientated in the bo and gives support to the udder of the cow via suspensory ligaments
in eq the broad prepubic tendon splits before the pubic rim leaving a weaker median region with two lateral fibres
superficial inguinal ring and deep internal ring
anulus inguinalis superficialis
anulus inguinalis profundus
inguinal canal
canalis inguinalis
connective tissue-filled cleft between the abdominal muscles and their aponeuroses
the external opening is superficial inguinal ring and the internal is deep internal ring
How are fibers arranged?
parallel to the tendon of insertion and the force-generating axis.
thoracolumbar fascia
fascia thoracolumbalis
in Un what is the deep fascia of the trunk called
yellow abdominal tunic (tunica flava abdominis)
what are the parts of the Diaphragm
centrum tendineum and 3 muscular parts (pars: lumbalis, costalis et sternalis)
Pars lumbalis: Formed by the left and right diaphragmatic crura (crus dexter, crus sinister).
Pars costalis: Originates as series of muscles bundles from inner surfaces of last three or four ribs on both sides of thorax and curves ventrally following costochondral junctions to 8th rib and xiphoid. Join central tendon in radial pattern.
Pars sternalis: Fibres arise from xiphoid cartilage, extend dorsally to meet central tendon
– Y shaped in carnivores, resembles sole of horse’s hoof in ungulates.
central tendon of diaphragm
centrum tendineum
femoral accessory ligament latin name and passes through what structure and in what species found
lig. accessorium ossis femoris, which passes through the acetabula and attach to the head of the femur and restrict the movement of the hip joint, only equus
internal lamina of rectus sheath and formed by what cranially, and caudally?
lamina interna of vagina m. recti abdominis
cranially formed by aponeurosis of transverse abdominal muscle, transverse fascia, and parietal peritoneum
caudally only by transverse fascia and peritoneum
external lamina of rectus sheath and formed by what?
lamina externa of vagina m. recti abdominis
formed by aponeuroses of external and internal oblique abdominal muscles
rectus sheath
vagina m. recti abdominis
aponeurosis of oblique internal abdominal m.
aponeurosis musculi obliqui interni abdominis
common calcaneal tendon
tendo calcaneus communis
aponeurosis of oblique external abdominal m.
aponeurosis musculi obliqui externi abdominis
retinaculum of the extensor
retinaculum extensorum
located on the carpal joint
fascia ventral to fascia latae
fascia cruris
species differences in regard to m. levator nasolabialis?
In ru and eq it divides into 2 branches, through which caninus muscle passes. In car, it doesn’t divide. Inserts to superior portion of orbicularis oris.
species differences in regard to m. depressor labii superioris?
Present only in ru and su.
species differences in regard to m. depressor labii inferioris?
Present in all but car.
species differences in regard to m. buccinator?
In ru and eq divided into Pars molaris (caudally) and pars buccalis (rostrally)
In (car) maxillary and mandibular parts.
species differences in regard to m. digastricus?
is single-bellied in domestic animals except equus
species differences in regard to m. soleus?
absent in canines
species differences in regard to m. peroneus longus (long fibular)?
absent in equus
species differences in regard to m. peroneus tertius (3rd fibular)?
absent in carnivores
m. triceps brachii species differences?
The triceps muscle of the forearm possesses three heads of origin, a long, a lateral and a medial head, and only in the dog, does it also have an additional accessory head.
species differences in regard to mm. scaleni?
mm. scaleni
m. scalenus: ventralis, medius et dorsalis
ventralis and medius absent in car.
dorsalis absent in eq.
What is the stay apparatus?
is a group of ligaments, tendons and muscles with increased collagen content which “lock” major joints in both the fore- and hindlimbs of the horse providing support, whilst using minimal muscular effort
name parts of the stay apparatus
stay apparatus of forelimb (lacertus fibrosus of biceps brachii, serr.vent.)
suspensory apparatus (ligamentous arrangement; DDFT + SDFT, distal sesadmoidean ligaments, collateral ligaments)
check apparatus = “check”- or accessory ligaments
patellar locking mechanism (patella over medial trochlear ridge with lig. patellae mediale and intermedium)
reciprocal apparatus (synchronous flexion of stifle, hock and fetlock: peroneus tertius and SDFT)
species differences in regard to m. pronator teres and brachioradialis?
both only functional in car
though brachioradialis is sometimes absent in car
tendinous sheath SDFT creates around DDFT
manica flexoria
species differences in regard to mm. interossei?
they’re tendinous in eq and ru
species differences in regard to m.omohyoideus?
absent in car
between jug. and carotid in eq
parietal peritoneum
peritoneum parietale – serous membrane on the visceral wall
transverse fascia
fascia transversalis – in eq in good condition is infiltrated with fat tissue
What is lacuna musculorum?
Lacuna musculorum is an opening between the inguinal ligament, the iliac fascia and the cranial border of the pubis, which allows passage to the greater
psoas and iliac muscles and, with the exception of carnivores, the sartorius muscle.
What is lacuna vasorum?
Lacuna vasorum, ventromedially forms a passage for the external iliac artery and vein, the deep femoral artery and vein, the saphenous nerve and lymphatic vessels
To what bony prominence does the common digital extensor tendon and peroneus longus attach?
processus extensorius of distal phalanx
To what point does the deep digital flexor tendon attach?
facies flexoria
