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Veterinary anatomy in latin > Veterinary anatomy: cardiovascular anatomy > Flashcards

Veterinary anatomy: cardiovascular anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

greek and latin for blood

A

hema; sanguis

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2
Q

in domestic animals blood takes up what percentage of total body weight

A

6…8% of body weight

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3
Q

what percentage of total blood loss is fatal

A

15-25%

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4
Q

define baroreceptors

A

a type of mechanoreceptors in the walls of blood vessels and the heart that are stimulated by the absolute level of, and changes in, arterial pressure

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5
Q

cardiac function is controlled by

A

baroreceptors

which result in changes to the heart rate, contractility and vascular tone

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6
Q

respiratory function is controlled centrally by

A

chemoreceptors

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7
Q

greek and latin for heart

A

cor; cardia

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8
Q

in juveniles the heart is bordered cranially by the

A

thymus

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9
Q

shape of heart in Un

A

cone-shaped

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10
Q

the heart is what shape in car

A

ovoid

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11
Q

cardiac tip and situation

A

apex cordis points downwards and slightly to the left close to the sternum

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12
Q

define pericardium

A

conical serous sac-like structure enclosing the heart and the roots of the largest vessels

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13
Q

pericardium covered by what?

A

pleura pericardiaca

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14
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

pericardium fibrosum

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15
Q

pericardium fibrosum forms what in ru and su

A

ligg. sternopericardiaca

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16
Q

pericardium fibrosum forms what in eq

A

lig. sternopericardiacum

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17
Q

pericardium fibrosum forms what in car

A

lig. phrenicopericardiacum

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18
Q

pericardium divide into what

A

pericardium fibrosum & pericardium serosum

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19
Q

serous pericardium

A

pericardium serosum

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20
Q

pericardium serosum consists of

A

parietel and visceral layers

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21
Q

translate parietel and visceral layers

A

lamina parietalis & lamina visceralis [epicardium]

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22
Q

latin for visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

lamina visceralis [epicardium] of pericardium serosum

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23
Q

pericardial cavity

A

cavum pericardii

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24
Q

layers of the pericardium from inside out

A

lamina visceralis [epicardium]

(cavum pericardii)

lamina parietalis

pericardium fibrosum

(pleura pericardiaca)

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25
Q

wall of the heart consists of what three layers

A

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

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26
Q

another name for epicardium

A

visceral lamina (lamina visceralis)

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27
Q

serous pericardium composed of what 3 parts

A

visceral pericardium

pericardial cavity

parietal pericardium

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28
Q

left cardiac surface

A

facies auricularis

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29
Q

right cardiac surface

A

facies atrialis

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30
Q

fat-filled coronary groove

A

sulcus coronarius

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31
Q

sulcus coronarius contains what and marks what?

A

contains the coronary blood vessels and marks the separation of the atria and ventricles, except at arteriosal conus

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32
Q

The atrial surface of the heart is marked by?

A

the subsinusoidal interventricular groove

(sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus)

which extends from the coronary groove to the apex of the heart

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33
Q

subsinusoidal interventricular groove

A

sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus

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34
Q

paraconal interventricular groove

A

sulcus interventricularis paraconalis

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35
Q

on the cranial surface of each atrium is a pouch-like appendage called

A

an auricle

auricula: dextra et sinistra

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36
Q

right atrium

A

atrium dextrum

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37
Q

right atrium receives blood from what (3)

A

receives blood from the

  • cranial vena cava
  • caudal vena cava
  • coronary sinus
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38
Q

interatrial septum

A

septum interatriale

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39
Q

what is fossa ovalis

A

located on the interatrial septum, is the depressed membranous oval fossa which is a remnant of the fetal oval foramen

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40
Q

the right atrium is the location for what node?

A

sinoatrial node

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41
Q

opening of cranial vena cava

A

ostium venae cava cranialis

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42
Q

opening of caudal vena cava

A

ostium venae cava caudalis

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43
Q

opening of coronary sinus

A

ostium sinus coronarii

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44
Q

right ventricle

A

ventriculus dexter

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45
Q

right atrioventricular opening

A

ostium atrioventriculare dextrum

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46
Q

right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve

A

valva atrioventricularis dextra

seu

valva tricuspidalis

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47
Q

what forms most of the anterior surface of the heart and is crescent-shaped in cross-section

A

ventriculus dexter

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48
Q

2 eng names for valva atrioventricularis dextra

A

right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve

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49
Q

tendineal cords

A

chordae tendinae

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50
Q

cone-shaped papillary muscles

A

mm. papillares

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51
Q

the cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to

A

tendineal cords (chordae tendinae)

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52
Q

chordae tendinae are connected to

A

cone-shaped papillary muscles (mm. papillares) within the ventricular wall

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53
Q

the right ventricle is separated from the left by

A

the interventricular septum = septum interventriculare

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54
Q

Deoxygenated blood passes from the right ventricle through?

A

ostium trunci pulmonalis

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55
Q

semilunar pulmonary valve

A

valva trunci pulmonalis

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56
Q

what structure at the beginning of the pulmonary trunk aids in flow of blood

A

the one-way semilunar pulmonary valve (valva trunci pulmonalis)

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57
Q

arteriosal conus

A

conus arteriosus

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58
Q

what is conus arteriosus

A

the dilatation at the craniodorsal angle of the right ventricle from which the pulmonary trunk arises

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59
Q

arterial ligament

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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60
Q

what attaches the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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61
Q

what nerve passes around the arterial ligament

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerve

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62
Q

left atrium

A

atrium sinistrum

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63
Q

what forms the dorsocaudal section of the base of the heart

A

atrium sinistrum

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64
Q

left atrium receives what from where

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein

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65
Q

left atrium lies under

A

the tracheal bifurcation

bifurcatio trachealis

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66
Q

into what do the pulmonary veins open

A

left atrium = atrium sinistrum

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67
Q

openings of pulmonary veins

A

ostia venarum pulmonalium

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68
Q

left ventricle

A

ventriculus sinister

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69
Q

conical apex of the heart formed by

A

ventriculus sinister

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70
Q

left atrioventricular opening

A

ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum

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71
Q

blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through what

A

the left atrioventricular opening

(ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum)

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72
Q

left atrioventricular valve

A

valva atrioventricularis sinistra

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73
Q

bicuspid valve

A

valva bicuspidalis

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74
Q

mitral valve

A

valva mitralis

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75
Q

blood passes from the left ventricle to the?

A

ascending aorta through the aortic opening and the semilunar aortic valve

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76
Q

aortic opening

A

ostium aortae

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77
Q

semilunar aortic valve

A

valva aortae

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78
Q

septomarginal trabecula

A

trabecula septomarginalis

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79
Q

in both ventricles what extends from interventricular septum to the opposite parietal wall

A

septomarginal trabecula (trabecula septomarginalis)

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80
Q

translate and what are heart bones

A

ossa cordis

bones in the aortic fibrous ring

commonly in bo

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81
Q

where is heart cartilage found

A

cartilago cordis is located near the aortic orifice in Car, su, eq

(frequently senilely calcified in su and eq)

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82
Q

The heart receives how much of the output of the left ventricle

A

about 10…15%

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83
Q

aortic bulb

A

bulbus aortae

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84
Q

the coronary arteries arise from?

A

bulbus aortae

above the aortic valve and carry blood to the heart wall

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85
Q

left coronary artery

A

a. coronaria sinistra

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86
Q

the interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery

A

ramus interventricularis paraconalis

of a. coronaria sinistra

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87
Q

the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

A

ramus circumflexus of a. coronaria sinistra

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88
Q

septal branches of the left coronary artery

A

rami septales

of left coronary artery a. coronaria sinistra

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89
Q

describe a. coronaria sinistra

A
  • is usually larger, and supplies the walls of the left ventricle and most of the septum.
  • It passes subepicardially between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk to the coronary groove
  • divides into the interventricular paraconal branch, the circumflex branch and to the septal branches
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90
Q

right coronary artery

A

a. coronaria dextra

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91
Q

the interventricular subsinusoidal branch of the right coronary artery

A

ramus interventricularis subsinuosus of a. coronaria dextra

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92
Q

describe a. coronaria dextra

A
  • passes between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk to the right part of the coronary groove.
  • On the atrial surface it turns into the subsinusoidal interventricular groove and divides into the interventricular subsinusoidal branch and the septal branches
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93
Q

right coronary artery divides into

A

the interventricular subsinusoidal branch (ramus interventricularis subsinuosus)

and the septal branches

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94
Q

Cardiac venous blood is returned to the heart through

A

the veins of heart:

  • great cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • small and right cardiac veins
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95
Q

great cardiac vein

A

v. cordis magna

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96
Q

middle cardiac vein

A

v. cordis media

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97
Q

small and right cardiac veins

A

vv. cordis: dextra et minimae

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98
Q

describe v. cordis magna

A
  • is a continuation of the coronary sinus
  • opens into the right atrium
  • runs parallel with the left coronary artery
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99
Q

describe v. cordis media

A
  • is located in the subsinusoidal interventricular groove
  • opens into the coronary sinus or into the right atrium
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100
Q

where do small and right cardiac veins open into

A

into all heart chambers, esp. atria

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101
Q

Conducting system of the heart consists of (4)

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. atrioventricular bundle, “bundle of His”, + its right and left terminal branches (crura)
  4. cardiac conduction fibres or Purkinje fibers
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102
Q

sinoatrial node

A

nodus sinuatrialis

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103
Q

location of sinoatrial node

A

in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of cranial vena cava

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104
Q

purpose of the sinoatrial node

A

a pacemaker

  • gives origin to rhythmical impulses and as a result, the atrial muscle contracts
  • impulses travel via internodal tracts to the next node
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105
Q

atrioventricular node

A

nodus atrioventricularis

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106
Q

location of the atrioventricular node

A

in the base of the septal wall of right atrium, close to the opening of coronary sinus.

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107
Q

purpose of the atrioventricular node

A

Through this node, the impulse is conducted from atria to the ventricles.

The speed of conduction of impulse through the atrioventricular node is very slow, which allows sufficient time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles completely.

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108
Q

atrioventricular bundle

A

fasciculus atrioventricularis

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109
Q

what is the atrioventricular bundle

A

the distal portion of the atrioventricular node (the bundle of His).

It is the only pathway that connects the myocardium of the atria to the myocardium of the ventricles electrically.

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110
Q

location of the atrioventricular bundle

A

descends through the fibrous skeleton of the heart to reach the inferior border of the membranous part of the interventricular septum

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111
Q

in the muscular part of the septum the atrioventricular bundle divides into two limbs called

A

crus: dextrum et sinistrum

of fasciculus atrioventricularis

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112
Q

the fibers of Purkinje are located in

A

septomarginal trabeculae = trabecula septomarginalis

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113
Q

a cardiac cycle is

A

one cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation

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114
Q

systole is

A

muscle contraction; blood is ejected to the arteries

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115
Q

diastole is

A

heart relaxes and refills with blood

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116
Q

points of movement of a cardiac electrical impulse (5)

A
  1. sinoatrial node (right atrium)
  2. atrioventricular node (septal wall of right atrium)
  3. atrioventicular bundle (atria to ventricles)
  4. bundle branches (interventricular septum)
  5. Purkinje fibers (septomarginal trabeculae)
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117
Q

blood vessels have what three layers

A

tunica intima

tunica media

tunica externa

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118
Q

tunica intima consists of

A
  • a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a thin connective tissue basement membrane with elastic fibers
  • elastic membrane present in larger arteries and absent in veins
  • releases endothelins that cause vasoconstriction
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119
Q

describe tunica media

A
  • the thickest layer in arteries
  • circularly arranged elastic fibres and vascular smooth muscles, which control the vessel diameter
  • external elastic membrane present in larger arteries and absent in veins
  • larger veins contain small blood vessels and nerves within medial tunic
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120
Q

describe adventitial tunic of blood vessels

A

also called external tunic

  • the thickest layer in veins is entirely made of loose connective tissue and elastic fibres, only some smooth muscle fibers.
  • It also contains vegetative nerves, nervi vasorum, that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries, vasa vasorum, in the larger vessels.
  • external tunic helps to hold the vessel in relative position
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121
Q

arteries are divided into what 3 groups based on size

A
  1. conducting or elastic arteries
  2. distributing or muscular arteries
  3. resistance arteries
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122
Q

translate capillary

A

vas capillare

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123
Q

sinusoid capillaries found where

A

in the liver, spleen, suprarenal and parathyroid glands, red bone marrow

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124
Q

describe sinusoid capillaries

A
  • wide, with an irregular lumen and pores
  • without connective tissue covering, the endothelial cells being in direct contact with the cells of the organ.
  • blood flow through sinusoids is very slow
  • the cells of the wall are capable of phagocytosis
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125
Q

translate vein, greek latin

A

vena; phleps

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126
Q

translate venous valves

A

valvula venosa

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127
Q

what is a venule

A

lat. venula — smallest veins, they have thin middle layer with a few muscle cells

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128
Q

define rete mirabile

A

a small but dense network of blood vessels formed by the breaking up of a larger vessel into branches that usually reunite into one trunk

forms at the base of the skull and in the renal glomerula

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129
Q

translate and define carotid sinuses

A

sinus caroticus — a dilatation that contains baroreceptors within its walls,

respond to changes in blood pressure

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130
Q

carotid sinuses are located

A

in the wall at the origin of the internal carotid artery

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131
Q

carotid sinus has a relatively thin tunica media and an abundance of?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve fibers in the tunica externa

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132
Q

translate and define carotid bodies

A

glomus caroticus — chemoreceptors, monitor changes in blood composition.

  • These are oval bodies 3 × 5 mm in size
  • innervated by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
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133
Q

where are carotid bodies found

A

located near the branch of the common carotid arteries.

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134
Q

translate and define aortic bodies

A

glomus aorticum — chemoreceptors, located in the aortic arch near the arteries to the head and limbs.

  • They are structurally similar to the carotid bodies and have the same function.
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135
Q

describe pulmonary or lesser circulation (5)

A

blood flows from

  • the right ventricle
  • pulmonary trunk
  • through the lungs
  • pulmonary vein
  • left atrium
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136
Q

describe systemic or greater circulation

A

blood flows from

  • left ventricle
  • aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries
  • venules, veins, vena cavae
  • right atrium
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137
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

truncus pulmonalis

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138
Q

Pulmonary trunk arises from

A

the right ventricle

(and has the semilunar pulmonary valve)

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139
Q

tuncus pulmonalis is attached to the aorta by

A

the fibrous arterial ligament (lig. arteriosum)

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140
Q

the pulmonary trunk branches into

A

the right and left pulmonary arteries

(a. pulmonalis: dextra et sinistra)

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141
Q

the right and left pulmonary arteries

A

a. pulmonalis: dextra et sinistra

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142
Q

pulmonary veins

A

venae pulmonales

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143
Q

Ascending aorta

A

aorta ascendens

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144
Q

bulb of the aorta

A

bulbus aortae

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145
Q

what is the bulb of the aorta

A

bulbus aortae is the short dilated part of the aorta at its origin

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146
Q

aortic arch

A

arcus aortae

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147
Q

what is the descending aorta

A

aorta descendens is the caudal continuation of the aortic arch

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148
Q

define ‘the lesser circulation’

A

the passage of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

or simply heart-lungs

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149
Q

define ‘the greater circulation’

A

The circulation of blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the general system, from the left ventricle to the right atrium.

or simply, systemic circulation

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150
Q

define portal circulation

A

Most consist of two serial capillary beds connected by one or more larger vessels.

A capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart.

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151
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk

A

truncus brachiocephalicus

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152
Q

right subclavian artery

A

a. subclavia dextra

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153
Q

left subclavian artery

A

a. subclavia sinistra

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154
Q

a. subclavia sinistra arises from where in car, su?

A

from aortic arch

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155
Q

a. subclavia sinistra arises from where in ru, eq?

A

from brachiocephalic trunk

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156
Q

bicarotic trunk

A

truncus bicaroticus

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157
Q

bicarotic trunk is usually absent in what species?

A

in car

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158
Q

truncus bicaroticus is a common trunk for?

A

for the carotid arteries

usually in absent car

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159
Q

Subclavian artery (left and right)

A

a. subclavia sinistra et dextra

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160
Q

Costocervical trunk and costocervical vein

A

truncus costocervicalis

v. costocervicalis

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161
Q

truncus costocervicalis is directed which direction and inconstant in what species

A

dorsally directed, inconstant in fe

162
Q

vertebral artery and vein

A

a. et v. vertebralis

163
Q

vertebral artery passes in which direction through what structures?

A

a. vertebralis passes cranially in transversal foramina

164
Q

internal thoracic artery and vein

A

a. et v. thoracica interna

165
Q

internal thoracic artery curves in which direction?

A

a. thoracica interna curves caudoventrally in thoracic cavity

166
Q

superficial cervical artery

A

a. cervicalis superficialis

167
Q

superficial cervical artery directed which how?

A

a. cervicalis superficialis directed dorsocranially

168
Q

deep cervical artery and vein

A

a. et v. cervicalis profunda

169
Q

deep cervical artery passes through what spaces?

May arise from?

A

a. cervicalis profunda passes through I or II intercostal spatium

may arise from costocervical trunk

170
Q

axillary artery and vein

A

a. et v. axillaris

171
Q

axillary artery is a continuation of the?

A

subclavian artery (beyond the origin of the superficial cervical artery)

172
Q

external thoracic artery

A

a. thoracica externa

173
Q

lateral thoracic artery

A

a. thoracica lateralis

174
Q

subscapular artery

A

a. subscapularis

175
Q

suprascapular artery

A

a. suprascapularis

176
Q

cranial circumflex humeral artery

A

a. circumflexa humeri cranialis

177
Q

Brachial artery

A

a. brachialis

178
Q

deep brachial artery

A

a. profunda brachii

179
Q

bicipital artery and vein

A

a. & v. bicipitalis

180
Q

before becoming the brachial artery, the axillary artery give rise to the following vessels (5)

A
  • a. thoracica externa
  • a. thoracica lateralis
  • a. subscapularis
  • a. suprascapularis
  • a. circumflexa humeri cranialis
181
Q

external thoracic artery courses across?

A

a. thoracica externa courses across the deep pectoral muscle

182
Q

lateral thoracic artery is directed?

183
Q

subscapular artery courses where?

A

a. subscapularis courses along the caudal border of the scapula

184
Q

suprascapular artery passes which way in car?

A

a. suprascapularis passes caudally in Car, continues along the cranial aspect of scapula

185
Q

suprascapular artery passes which way in bo, eq?

A

a. suprascapularis passes dorsally in bo, eq ,

continues along the cranial aspect of scapula

186
Q

cranial circumflex humeral artery is located?

A

a. circumflexa humeri cranialis

curves cranially along the medial aspect of humerus

187
Q

Brachial artery runs where?

A

a. brachialis

runs distally across the medial aspect of humerus

188
Q

deep brachial artery passes where?

A

a. profunda brachii

passes caudally to caudal musculature of brachium

189
Q

transverse cubital artery

A

a. transversa cubiti

190
Q

collateral ulnar artery

A

a. collateralis ulnaris

191
Q

superficial brachial artery

A

a. brachialis superficialis

192
Q

common interosseous artery

A

a. interossea communis

193
Q

translate median artery and it is a continuation of what artery?

A

a. mediana

continuation of the brachial artery

194
Q

radial artery

A

a. radialis

195
Q

superficial palmar arch

A

arcus palmaris superficialis

196
Q

transverse cubital artery runs where?

A

a. transversa cubiti

courses laterally across the cranial aspect of humerus cranial, to the radial extensor muscle

197
Q

collateral ulnar artery arises from?

A

a. collateralis ulnaris

arises from A. brachialis on the medial aspect of the distal brachium, and ramifies at olecranon

198
Q

superficial brachial artery runs which way?

A

a. brachialis superficialis

runs craniodistally medial aspect, it branches to form the dorsal digital arteries

199
Q

common interosseous artery is directed how?

A

a. interossea communis

directed caudally, is last branch of the brachial artery

200
Q

Median artery runs where?

A

a. mediana

runs along the caudomedial aspect of antebrachium to the palmar metacarpeal region

201
Q

common palmar digital artery I-IV

A

a. digitalis palmaris communis I-IV (priimum- quartum)

202
Q

medial digital artery

A

a. digitalis medialis [palmaris propria II]

(sekundum)

203
Q

radial artery runs where?

A

a. radialis

runs along the caudomedial border of radius

204
Q

superficial palmar arch is situated where in car?

A

arcus palmaris superficialis

is situated between the superficial and deep digital flexor muscle in Car

or alternatively, subfascially

205
Q

superficial palmar arch connects branches of what arteries?

A

arcus palmaris superficialis

connects branches of the median, radial and ulnar arteries

206
Q

lateral digital artery x 2 terms

A

a. digitalis lateralis

[palmaris propria III] (tertium)

207
Q

the coronary artery (of the limb)

A

a. coronalis

208
Q

terminal arch

A

arcus terminalis

209
Q

I-IV common palmar digital artery is a continuation of what artery and is found where?

A

a. digitalis palmaris communis I-IV

is a continuation of the median artery,

is distal to the superficial palmar arch

210
Q

lateral digital arteries arise where?

A

a. digitalis lateralis [palmaris propria III]

arise above the metacarpophalangeal joint, run symmetrically superficially over the fetlock and supply the lower limb

211
Q

the coronary artery of the limb arises from what and forms what?

A

a. coronalis

arises from the digital artery or the bulbar artery,

helps to form the coronary circle

212
Q

the coronary circle supplies?

A
  • supplies the distal interphalangeal joint
  • common digital extensor tendon
  • perioplic and coronary corium, fascia and skin
213
Q

terminal arch found where and formed by?

A

arcus terminalis

found inside the solear canal,

formed by the union of digital arteries

214
Q

where is there no coronary groove?

A

at the arteriosal conus

215
Q

small vein that can cause issues in race horses?

A

marshalls vein

(left atrial oblique vein)

216
Q

name for small vessels that supply larger vessels

A

vasa vasorum

217
Q

another term for an arteriovenous anastomosis

218
Q

Bicarotic trunk

A

truncus bicaroticus

219
Q

Common carotid artery

A

a. carotis communis

220
Q

caudal thyroid artery

A

a. thyroidea caudalis

221
Q

cranial thyroid artery

A

a. thyroidea cranialis

222
Q

external carotid artery

A

a. carotis externa

223
Q

occipital artery

A

a. occipitalis

224
Q

linguofacial trunk

A

truncus linguofacialis

bo, eq

225
Q

lingual artery

A

a. lingualis

226
Q

Common carotid artery directed how and accompanied by what?

A

a. carotis communis

cranially directed bilateral stem,

accompanied by the vagosympathetic trunk

227
Q

what supplies the thyroid gland?

A

cranial and caudal thyroid arteries

a. thyroidea cranialis et caudalis

228
Q

external carotid artery is a continuation of what artery in canines, sus scrofa and equine, and at what point?

A

a. carotis externa

is a continuation of the common carotid artery beyond the origin of internal carotid artery

in ca, su, eq

229
Q

external carotid artery is a continuation of what artery in ruminents and felines, and at what point?

A

a. carotis externa

is a continuation of the common carotid artery beyond the origin of the occipital artery

in ru, fe

230
Q

decribe the occipital artery

A

a. occipitalis)

extends dorsally to the neck and the occipital region

231
Q

describe the linguofacial trunk

A

truncus linguofacialis

found in bo, eq)

is the common trunk for lingual and facial artery

232
Q

describe the lingual artery

A

a. lingualis

courses rostroventrally and enters the tongue

233
Q

facial artery

A

a. facialis

234
Q

caudal auricular artery

A

a. auricularis caudalis

235
Q

superficial temporal artery

A

a. temporalis superficialis

236
Q

maxillary artery

A

a. maxillaris

237
Q

internal carotid artery

A

a. carotis interna

238
Q

describe the facial artery

A

a. facialis

courses cranioventrally and ascends along the rostral border of the masseter muscle

239
Q

describe the caudal auricular artery

A

a. auricularis caudalis

circles around the base of the ear

240
Q

describe the superficial temporal artery

A

a. temporalis superficialis

courses dorsally and then bends rostrally

241
Q

describe the maxillary artery

A

a. maxillaris

passes rostrodorsally to the pterygopalatine fossa

242
Q

internal carotid artery arises from what artery, and with what artery in su and ru?

A

a. carotis interna

arises from the common carotid artery, often together with the occipital artery (su, Ru) and enters into the cranial cavity.

The extracranial part is regressed in the adult fe and Ru; in eq and ca it supplies the brain

243
Q

what artery supplies the brain in eq and canines?

A

the internal carotid artery that arises from the common carotid artery and enters into the cranial cavity.

244
Q

Broncho-esophageal artery and vein

A

a. broncho-esophagea
v. broncho-esophagea; ca, eq

245
Q

dorsal intercostal arteries and veins

A

aa. et vv. intercostales dorsales

246
Q

dorsal costoabdominal artery

A

a. costoabdominalis dorsalis

247
Q

cranial phrenic artery

A

a. phrenica cranialis

eq, su, ru

248
Q

describe the Broncho-esophageal artery arises in what region

A

a. broncho-esophagea

  • paired or unpaired trunk for the supply of lungs and esophagus
  • arises from region of 4th-7th thoracic vertebra
249
Q

describe the dorsal intercostal arteries

A

aa. intercostales dorsales

run along costal grooves

250
Q

describe the dorsal costoabdominal artery

A

a. costoabdominalis dorsalis

  • courses along the caudal aspect of the last rib,
  • supplies the abdominal wall
251
Q

describe the cranial phrenic artery

A

a. phrenica cranialis

is an intrathoracic branch to the lumbar part of the diaphragm

eq, su, Ru

252
Q

caudal phrenic artery

A

a. phrenica caudalis

253
Q

lumbar arteries

A

aa. lumbales

254
Q

celiac artery

A

a. celiaca

255
Q

left gastric artery

A

a. gastrica sinistra

256
Q

hepatic artery

A

a. hepatica

257
Q

splenic artery and vein

A

a. et v. lienalis

258
Q

describe the caudal phrenic artery

A

a. phrenica caudalis

  • courses cranially into the diaphragm
  • may be paired or unpaired
  • usually absent in eq, ov and cap
259
Q

describe the lumbar arteries

A

aa. lumbales

course laterally between vertebrae to the caudal border of its costal process

260
Q

describe the celiac artery

A

a. celiaca

  • unpaired
  • arises from the initial part of abdominal aorta
261
Q

describe the left gastric artery

A

a. gastrica sinistra

  • runs to cardiac part of the stomach
  • continues along the minor curvature
262
Q

describe the hepatic artery

A

a. hepatica

courses cranioventrally to the right toward the liver

263
Q

describe the splenic artery

A

a. lienalis

runs to the left along left pancreatic lobe to the spleen

264
Q

cranial mesenteric artery

A

a. mesenterica cranialis

265
Q

caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery

A

a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis

266
Q

jejunal arteries

A

aa. jejunales

267
Q

ileocolic artery

A

a. ileocolica

268
Q

medial colic artery and vein

A

a. et v. colica media

269
Q

renal artery

A

a. renalis

270
Q

testicular artery

A

a. testicularis

271
Q

describe the cranial mesenteric artery and vein

A

a. et v. mesenterica cranialis

unpaired visceral branch in mesenterial root

272
Q

describe the jejunal arteries and veins

A

aa. et vv. jejunales

course radially in mesojejunum

273
Q

describe the ileocolic artery

A

a. ileocolica

  • variably composed trunk
  • branches to ileum, cecum, and colon
274
Q

describe medial colic artery

A

a. colica media

  • variably arising
  • supplies transversal colon
  • and in Car and Ru, supplies the initial part of descending colon
275
Q

describe the renal arteries

A

a. renalis

  • paired
  • usually ramifies before entering the kidneys
276
Q

describe the testicular arteries

A

a. testicularis

  • paired
  • passes in mesorchium through inguinal canal to testis in male animals
277
Q

the celiac artery gives rise to what 3 arteries

A
  • left gastric
  • hepatic
  • splenic
278
Q

cranial mesenteric artery gives rise to what 4 arteries

A
  • caudal pancreaticoduodenal
  • ileocolic artery
  • jejunal (plural)
  • medial colic
279
Q

ovarian artery

A

a. ovarica

280
Q

caudal mesenteric artery and vein

A

a. et v. mesenterica caudalis

281
Q

translate deep circumflex iliac artery

A

a. circumflexa ilium profunda

282
Q

external iliac artery

A

a. iliaca externa

283
Q

internal iliac artery

A

a. iliaca interna

284
Q

translate median sacral artery and found in which species

A

a. sacralis mediana

Car, su, Ru

285
Q

median coccygeal artery

A

a. caudalis [coccygea] mediana

286
Q

describe the ovarian artery

A

a. ovarica

  • paired
  • passes coiled via mesovarium
  • gives branches to the uterus and to the uterine tubes in female animals
287
Q

describe the caudal mesenteric artery

A

a. mesenterica caudalis

  • unpaired visceral branch
  • supplies the terminal part of intestine
288
Q

describe the deep circumflex iliac artery

A

a. circumflexa ilium profunda

  • supplies abdominal wall
  • arises in the other domestic mammals from external iliac artery
289
Q

what does the external iliac artery supply

A

a. iliaca externa

is the principal artery of the hindlimb

290
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply

A

a. iliaca interna

the pelvic cavity

291
Q

describe the median sacral artery

A

a. sacralis mediana

  • found in Car, su, Ru
  • continuation of aorta along the sacral bone
292
Q

describe the median coccygeal artery

A

a. caudalis [coccygea] mediana

  • continuation of the median sacral artery along the coccygeal vertebra
  • in eq it commonly arises from the caudal gluteal artery
293
Q

External iliac artery

A

a. iliaca externa

294
Q

uterine artery

A

a. uterina

295
Q

cremasteric artery

A

a. cremasterica

296
Q

deep femoral artery

A

a. profunda femoris

297
Q

medial femoral circumflex artery

A

a. circumflexa femoris medialis

298
Q

pudendoepigastric trunk

A

truncus pudendoepigastricus

299
Q

caudal epigastric artery

A

a. epigastica caudalis

300
Q

external pudendal artery

A

a. pudenda externa

301
Q

describe the uterine artery

A

a. uterina

  • is the main artery of the uterus
  • and courses in the large sacrosciatic ligament
302
Q

describe the cremasteric artery

A

a. cremasterica

courses through inguinal canal in male animals

303
Q

describe the deep femoral artery

A

a. profunda femoris

is the stem for the following two arteries

  • medial femoral circumflex artery / a. circumflexa femoris medialis
  • pudendoepigastric trunk / truncus pudendoepigastricus
304
Q

describe the medial femoral circumflex artery

A

a. circumflexa femoris medialis

is a continuation of the deep femoral artery running to the medial femoral surface

305
Q

pudendoepigastric trunk gives rise to?

A
  • caudal epigastric artery (a. epigastica caudalis)
  • and external pudendal artery (a. pudenda externa)
306
Q

femoral artery

A

a. femoralis

307
Q

the femoral triangle is formed by what muscles

A

m. sartorius and m. pectineus

308
Q

lateral femoral circumflex artery

A

a. circumflexa femoris lateralis

309
Q

proximal, medial and distal caudal femoral arteries

A

a. caudalis femoris: proximalis, media et distalis

are muscular branches

310
Q

descending genicular artery

A

a. genus descendens

311
Q

describe the femoral artery

A

a. femoralis

  • continuation of the external iliac artery after the leaving the abdominal cavity
  • passes through the lacuna vasorum
312
Q

where does the lateral femoral circumflex artery run

A

a. circumflexa femoris lateralis

courses laterally between the muscles of the thigh

313
Q

where is the descending genicular artery found

A

a. genus descendens

on medial surface of knee joint (articulatio genus)

314
Q

saphenous artery

A

a. saphena

315
Q

the saphenous artery splits into what

A

cranial and caudal branches

ramus cranialis et caudalis

316
Q

cranial branch of the saphenous artery runs where and gives rise to what?

A

continues on dorsal foot surface

gives rise to subcutaneously located I-IV common dorsal digital arteries

317
Q

I-IV common dorsal digital arteries

A

aa. digitales dorsales communes I-IV

318
Q

the caudal branch of the saphenous artery runs where and divides into what?

A

runs along the body of the tibia to the medioplantar surface of the tarsus

divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries

319
Q

medial and lateral plantar arteries

A

a. plantaris: medialis et lateralis

320
Q

the medial and lateral plantar arteries join what arteries distally?

A

they join the medial and lateral digital arteries distally

321
Q

popliteal artery

A

a. poplitea

322
Q

describe the popliteal artery

A

​a.poplitea

  • is a continuation of the femoral artery beyond the origin of the distal caudal femoral artery
  • passes over the flexor surface of the femorotibial joint
323
Q

cranial tibial artery

A

a. tibialis cranialis

324
Q

describe the cranial tibial artery

A

a. tibialis cranialis

  • larger branch of the popliteal artery
  • courses along the craniolateral surface of the tibia between the tibia and fibula
325
Q

caudal tibial artery

A

a. tibialis caudalis

326
Q

describe the caudal tibial artery

A

a. tibialis caudalis

  • smaller branch on the caudal aspect of the cruris
  • ends with II-IV common plantar digital artery (a. digitalis plantaris communis II-IV)
  • and joins with lateral and medial digital artery
327
Q

common plantar digital artery II-IV

A

a. digitalis plantaris communis II-IV

328
Q

the popliteal artery gives rise to what two arteries

A

the cranial and caudal tibial arteries

329
Q

describe the dorsal pedal artery

A

a. dorsalis pedis

continuation of the cranial tibial artery on the dorsal aspect of the tarsus

330
Q

dorsal pedal artery

A

a. dorsalis pedis

331
Q

perforating tarsal artery

A

a. tarsea perforans

332
Q

describe the perforating tarsal artery

A

a. tarsea perforans

  • courses plantarly through tarsal canal
  • joins with plantar arteries
333
Q

dorsal metatarseal artery II-IV

A

a. metatarsea dorsalis II-IV

334
Q

describe the dorsal metatarsal artery II-IV

A

a. metatarsea dorsalis II-IV (sekundum- quartum)

  • run along the dorsolateral surface of the metatarsus
  • end proximal to the fetlock (articulationes metacarpophalangeae) with medial and lateral digital arteries
335
Q

what 2 vessels constitue the major blood supply to the hoof

A

medial and lateral digital arteries

a. digitalis: lateralis et medialis

also used to take peripheral pulse in eq

336
Q

umbilical artery

A

a. umbilicalis

337
Q

describe the umbilical artery

A

a. umbilicalis

  • enters into the lateral vesical ligament of the bladder
  • postnatally partly vestigial
338
Q

cranial gluteal artery

A

a. glutea cranialis

339
Q

describe the course of the cranial gluteal artery

A

a. glutea cranialis

courses across of the major ischiadic foramen to the lateral surface of the pelvis

340
Q

caudal gluteal artery

A

a. glutea caudalis

341
Q

caudal gluteal artery gives rise to what 2?

A
  • iliolumbar artery (a. iliolumbalis)
  • obturator artery (a. obturatoria), inconstant
342
Q

iliolumbar artery

A

a. iliolumbalis

343
Q

describe the iliolumbar artery

A

a. iliolumbalis

runs between iliac bone and deep lumbar muscles

344
Q

obturator artery

A

a. obturatoria

345
Q

describe the obturator artery

A

a. obturatoria

  • inconstant
  • runs through foramen obturatum
346
Q

internal pudendal artery

A

a. pudenda interna

347
Q

describe the internal pudendal artery

A

a. pudenda interna

  • long in eq and Car
  • along the dorsal border of the spina ischiadica and courses toward arcus ischiadicus
348
Q

translate and describe vaginal artery

A

a. vaginalis

main artery of the pelvic viscera in females

349
Q

uterine branch of the vaginal artery

and in what species

A

ramus uterinus of. a. vaginalis

eq, su, Ru

supplies the neck and body of the uterus

350
Q

transalte and describe uterine artery

A

a. uterina

  • courses along the uterus in mesometrium
  • main artery of the uterus
  • starts in su and Ru from the umbilical artery
351
Q

transalte and describe prostatic artery

A

a. prostatica

main artery of the pelvic viscera in males

352
Q

translate clitoral artery & is continuation and termination of what a.

A

a. clitoridis

ending of the internal pudendal artery in female animals

353
Q

translate and describe penile artery

A

a. penis

end of the internal pudendal artery in males,

stem for supply of the penis

354
Q

latin and greek for Veins

A

venae; phlebos

355
Q

coronary sinus empties into?

A

right atrium

356
Q

translate Left azygous vein and describe

A

v. azygos sinistra

  • arises from coronary sinus in su and Ru
  • curves caudodorsally and continues along the left-dorsal surface of aorta
357
Q

what drains the venous plexus within the vertebral canal

A

dorsal intercostal veins

(vv. intercostales dorsales)

358
Q

what forms the beginning of left azygous vein?

A

I and II lumbar veins

(vv. lumbales I et II) [priimum et sekundum]

359
Q

what veins form the cranial vena cava? (4)

A
  • external jugular veins
  • subclavian veins
  • broncho-esophageal vein
  • In eq and Car, also the right azygous vein.

Cranial vena cava runs through the cranial mediastinum to the right of the brachiocephalic trunk.

360
Q

translate right azygous vein and describe where it runs

A

v. azygos dextra

absent in su and is unpaired

curves across the right aspect of trachea and esophagus, continues along the right-dorsal surface of thoracic aorta

361
Q

lumbar veins I and II

A

vv. lumbales I et II

362
Q

what veins pour into the azygos veins? (3)

A
  • lumbar veins I and II
  • dorsal intercostal veins
  • broncho-esophageal vein into right azygos
363
Q

translate and describe superficial cranial epigastric vein

(also known as subcutaneous abdominal vein)

A

v. epigastrica cranialis superficialis [v. subcutanea abdominis]

  • arises from internal thoracic vein
  • courses subcutaneously in the ventral abdominal wall
364
Q

translate and decsribe external jugular vein

A

v. jugularis externa

  • is formed by the union of linguofacial and maxillary veins
  • occupies the jugular groove
  • the external jugular vein is the first choice for drawing large amounts of blood
365
Q

translate and describe the internal jugular vein

A

v. jugularis interna

  • runs with the common carotid artery
  • is inconstant
366
Q

translate and describe the cephalic vein

A

v. cephalica

  • main superficial vein, between the pectoral and brachiocephalic muscles in the forelimb on the craniomedial aspect
  • joins with the external jugular vein; the first choice for intravenous injection in Car
367
Q

translate and describe accessory cephalic vein

A

v. cephalica accessoria

  • subcutaneous branch, courses over the dorsal aspect of carpus and metacarpus
  • carpal hematomas usually result from ruptured branches of this vein overlying the medial aspects of the distal radius and proximal carpus in eq
368
Q

translate and describe the subclavian vein

A

v. subclavia

  • very short
  • is curved laterally to the first rib and joined by the brachiocephalic vein or cranial vena cava (in Ru, eq)
369
Q

translate adn describe axillobrachial vein

A

v. axillobrachialis

  • in Car
  • arises from the brachial vein, runs through the biceps muscle and joins with the cephalic vein
370
Q

where is the caudal vena cava formed and by what veins?

A

is formed near the pelvic inlet by the union of the common iliac veins

(continues to the right of the aorta, enters into the thorax and ends into the right atrium)

371
Q

translate and describe the portal vein

A

v. portae

  • unpaired
  • drains the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the spleen into the liver sinusoids (functional blood)
  • sinusoid blood is collected in the central veins, which finally form the hepatic veins (vv. hepaticae).
  • They join intrahepatically with caudal vena cava.
372
Q

translate and describe hepatic veins

A

vv. hepaticae

  • sinusoid blood is collected in the central veins of the liver sinusoids
  • they finally form the hepatic veins which then join intrahepatically with the caudal vena cava
373
Q

translate and describe the common iliac vein

A

v. iliaca communis

  • paired
  • formed by the union of an internal and external iliac vein
  • runs caudolaterally to the medial aspect of ilium
374
Q

translate and describe the external iliac vein

A

v. iliaca externa

  • lateral branch of the common iliac vein
  • runs along the cranial aspect of the body of the ilium
375
Q

translate and describe the femoral vein

A

v. femoralis

continuation of the external iliac vein

376
Q

translate and describe the lateral saphenous vein

A

v. saphena lateralis [parva]

  • courses along the caudal aspect of m. gastrocnemius.
  • It is divided into cranial and caudal branch; cranial branch courses across the lateral aspect of tarsus and joins with cranial branch of medial saphenous vei
  • in ca, the cranial branch of the lateral saphenous vein is the most prominent of the superficial veins
377
Q

external iliac vein gives rise to what 3 veins

A
  • femoral vein
  • lateral saphenous
  • medial spahenous
378
Q

translate and describe medial saphenous vein

A

v. saphena medialis [magna]

  • large and prominent vein in eq
  • accompanies saphenous artery and is divided into cranial and caudal branches
  • cranial branch joins with cranial branch of lateral saphenous and dorsal pedal vein
  • is a preferred site for venipuncture in the fe
379
Q

translate and describe the internal iliac vein

A

v. iliaca interna

  • medial branch of the common iliac vein
  • runs into pelvic cavity and accompanies corresponding artery
380
Q

internal pudendal vein

A

v. pudenda interna

381
Q

caudal gluteal vein

A

v. glutea caudalis

382
Q

internal iliac vein gives rise to what 2 veins

A

internal pudendal vein

&

caudal gluteal vein

383
Q

purkinje fibers in latin

A

Myofibrae conducentes cardiacae

384
Q

a. subclavia sinistra arises from what vessel in ca and su,

compared to what vessel in eq and ru?

A

in ca and su from arcus aortae

in eq and bo from truncus brachiocephalicus

385
Q

in ca the superficial cervical artery arises from?

A

the left subclavian

386
Q

which species have a left azygos

387
Q

which species does not have a right azygos

388
Q

what azygos veins do car have?

A

right azygos

389
Q

what azygos veins do equine have?

A

right azygos

390
Q

truncus costocervicalis gives rise to what 2 arteries

A

a. cervicalis profunda
a. scapularis dorsalis

391
Q

name a small vessel that arises from a.axillaris after a.subscpularis

A

a. thoracodorsalis

392
Q

small vessel that crosses a spatium, aries after a. interossea communis

A

a. profunda antebrachii

393
Q

what artery do aa. tibialis cranialis and caudalis arise from?

A

a. poplitea which arose from a. fermoralis

394
Q

what artery does saphena arise from?

A

a. femoralis (so medial aspect)

395
Q

A. tibialis caudalis gives rise to what just before teh calcaneus?

A

A. malleolaris caudalis lateralis

396
Q

how to tell a horse heart from a bovine heart

A

check the auricles for notches

397
Q

the uterine artery comes from where?

A

from the internal iliac artery

except in eq – from external iliac artery

398
Q

the vaginal artery comes from where?

A

from the internal iliac artery

399
Q

where does glutea caudalis arise from?

A

a. iliaca interna

400
Q

glutea cranialis gives rise to?

A

a. iliacofemoralis

Veterinary anatomy in latin (29 decks)

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