Veterinary anatomy: cardiovascular anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
greek and latin for blood
A
hema; sanguis
2
Q
in domestic animals blood takes up what percentage of total body weight
A
6…8% of body weight
3
Q
what percentage of total blood loss is fatal
A
15-25%
4
Q
define baroreceptors
A
a type of mechanoreceptors in the walls of blood vessels and the heart that are stimulated by the absolute level of, and changes in, arterial pressure
5
Q
cardiac function is controlled by
A
baroreceptors
which result in changes to the heart rate, contractility and vascular tone
6
Q
respiratory function is controlled centrally by
A
chemoreceptors
7
Q
greek and latin for heart
A
cor; cardia
8
Q
in juveniles the heart is bordered cranially by the
A
thymus
9
Q
shape of heart in Un
A
cone-shaped
10
Q
the heart is what shape in car
A
ovoid
11
Q
cardiac tip and situation
A
apex cordis points downwards and slightly to the left close to the sternum
12
Q
define pericardium
A
conical serous sac-like structure enclosing the heart and the roots of the largest vessels
13
Q
pericardium covered by what?
A
pleura pericardiaca
14
Q
fibrous pericardium
A
pericardium fibrosum
15
Q
pericardium fibrosum forms what in ru and su
A
ligg. sternopericardiaca
16
Q
pericardium fibrosum forms what in eq
A
lig. sternopericardiacum
17
Q
pericardium fibrosum forms what in car
A
lig. phrenicopericardiacum
18
Q
pericardium divide into what
A
pericardium fibrosum & pericardium serosum
19
Q
serous pericardium
A
pericardium serosum
20
Q
pericardium serosum consists of
A
parietel and visceral layers
21
Q
translate parietel and visceral layers
A
lamina parietalis & lamina visceralis [epicardium]
22
Q
latin for visceral layer of the serous pericardium
A
lamina visceralis [epicardium] of pericardium serosum
23
Q
pericardial cavity
A
cavum pericardii
24
Q
layers of the pericardium from inside out
A
lamina visceralis [epicardium]
(cavum pericardii)
lamina parietalis
pericardium fibrosum
(pleura pericardiaca)
25
wall of the heart consists of what three layers
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
26
another name for epicardium
visceral lamina (lamina visceralis)
27
serous pericardium composed of what 3 parts
visceral pericardium
pericardial cavity
parietal pericardium
28
left cardiac surface
facies auricularis
29
right cardiac surface
facies atrialis
30
fat-filled coronary groove
sulcus coronarius
31
sulcus coronarius contains what and marks what?
contains the coronary blood vessels and marks the separation of the atria and ventricles, except at arteriosal conus
32
The atrial surface of the heart is marked by?
the subsinusoidal interventricular groove
(sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus)
which extends from the coronary groove to the apex of the heart
33
subsinusoidal interventricular groove
sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus
34
paraconal interventricular groove
sulcus interventricularis paraconalis
35
on the cranial surface of each atrium is a pouch-like appendage called
an auricle
auricula: dextra et sinistra
36
right atrium
atrium dextrum
37
right atrium receives blood from what (3)
receives blood from the
* cranial vena cava
* caudal vena cava
* coronary sinus
38
interatrial septum
septum interatriale
39
what is fossa ovalis
located on the interatrial septum, is the depressed membranous oval fossa which is a remnant of the fetal oval foramen
40
the right atrium is the location for what node?
sinoatrial node
41
opening of cranial vena cava
ostium venae cava cranialis
42
opening of caudal vena cava
ostium venae cava caudalis
43
opening of coronary sinus
ostium sinus coronarii
44
right ventricle
ventriculus dexter
45
right atrioventricular opening
ostium atrioventriculare dextrum
46
right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve
valva atrioventricularis dextra
seu
valva tricuspidalis
47
what forms most of the anterior surface of the heart and is crescent-shaped in cross-section
ventriculus dexter
48
2 eng names for valva atrioventricularis dextra
right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve
49
tendineal cords
chordae tendinae
50
cone-shaped papillary muscles
mm. papillares
51
the cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to
tendineal cords (chordae tendinae)
52
chordae tendinae are connected to
cone-shaped papillary muscles (mm. papillares) within the ventricular wall
53
the right ventricle is separated from the left by
the interventricular septum = septum interventriculare
54
Deoxygenated blood passes from the right ventricle through?
ostium trunci pulmonalis
55
semilunar pulmonary valve
valva trunci pulmonalis
56
what structure at the beginning of the pulmonary trunk aids in flow of blood
the one-way semilunar pulmonary valve (valva trunci pulmonalis)
57
arteriosal conus
conus arteriosus
58
what is conus arteriosus
the dilatation at the craniodorsal angle of the right ventricle from which the pulmonary trunk arises
59
arterial ligament
ligamentum arteriosum
60
what attaches the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
ligamentum arteriosum
61
what nerve passes around the arterial ligament
the recurrent laryngeal nerve
62
left atrium
atrium sinistrum
63
what forms the dorsocaudal section of the base of the heart
atrium sinistrum
64
left atrium receives what from where
oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
65
left atrium lies under
the tracheal bifurcation
bifurcatio trachealis
66
into what do the pulmonary veins open
left atrium = atrium sinistrum
67
openings of pulmonary veins
ostia venarum pulmonalium
68
left ventricle
ventriculus sinister
69
conical apex of the heart formed by
ventriculus sinister
70
left atrioventricular opening
ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum
71
blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through what
the left atrioventricular opening
| (ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum)
72
left atrioventricular valve
valva atrioventricularis sinistra
73
bicuspid valve
valva bicuspidalis
74
mitral valve
valva mitralis
75
blood passes from the left ventricle to the?
ascending aorta through the aortic opening and the semilunar aortic valve
76
aortic opening
ostium aortae
77
semilunar aortic valve
valva aortae
78
septomarginal trabecula
trabecula septomarginalis
79
in both ventricles what extends from interventricular septum to the opposite parietal wall
septomarginal trabecula (trabecula septomarginalis)
80
translate and what are heart bones
ossa cordis
bones in the aortic fibrous ring
commonly in bo
81
where is heart cartilage found
cartilago cordis is located near the aortic orifice in Car, su, eq
(frequently senilely calcified in su and eq)
82
The heart receives how much of the output of the left ventricle
about 10…15%
83
aortic bulb
bulbus aortae
84
the coronary arteries arise from?
bulbus aortae
above the aortic valve and carry blood to the heart wall
85
left coronary artery
a. coronaria sinistra
86
the interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery
ramus interventricularis paraconalis
of a. coronaria sinistra
87
the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
ramus circumflexus of a. coronaria sinistra
88
septal branches of the left coronary artery
rami septales
of left coronary artery a. coronaria sinistra
89
describe a. coronaria sinistra
* is usually larger, and supplies the walls of the left ventricle and most of the septum.
* It passes subepicardially between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk to the coronary groove
* divides into the interventricular paraconal branch, the circumflex branch and to the septal branches
90
right coronary artery
a. coronaria dextra
91
the interventricular subsinusoidal branch of the right coronary artery
ramus interventricularis subsinuosus of a. coronaria dextra
92
describe a. coronaria dextra
* passes between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk to the right part of the coronary groove.
* On the atrial surface it turns into the subsinusoidal interventricular groove and divides into the interventricular subsinusoidal branch and the septal branches
93
right coronary artery divides into
the interventricular subsinusoidal branch (ramus interventricularis subsinuosus)
and the septal branches
94
Cardiac venous blood is returned to the heart through
the veins of heart:
* great cardiac vein
* middle cardiac vein
* small and right cardiac veins
95
great cardiac vein
v. cordis magna
96
middle cardiac vein
v. cordis media
97
small and right cardiac veins
vv. cordis: dextra et minimae
98
describe v. cordis magna
* is a continuation of the coronary sinus
* opens into the right atrium
* runs parallel with the left coronary artery
99
describe v. cordis media
* is located in the subsinusoidal interventricular groove
* opens into the coronary sinus or into the right atrium
100
where do small and right cardiac veins open into
into all heart chambers, esp. atria
101
Conducting system of the heart consists of (4)
1. sinoatrial node
2. atrioventricular node
3. atrioventricular bundle, "bundle of His", + its right and left terminal branches (crura)
4. cardiac conduction fibres or Purkinje fibers
102
sinoatrial node
nodus sinuatrialis
103
location of sinoatrial node
in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of cranial vena cava
104
purpose of the sinoatrial node
a pacemaker
* gives origin to rhythmical impulses and as a result, the atrial muscle contracts
* impulses travel via internodal tracts to the next node
105
atrioventricular node
nodus atrioventricularis
106
location of the atrioventricular node
in the base of the septal wall of right atrium, close to the opening of coronary sinus.
107
purpose of the atrioventricular node
Through this node, the impulse is conducted from atria to the ventricles.
The speed of conduction of impulse through the atrioventricular node is very slow, which allows sufficient time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles completely.
108
atrioventricular bundle
fasciculus atrioventricularis
109
what is the atrioventricular bundle
the distal portion of the atrioventricular node (the bundle of His).
It is the only pathway that connects the myocardium of the atria to the myocardium of the ventricles electrically.
110
location of the atrioventricular bundle
descends through the fibrous skeleton of the heart to reach the inferior border of the membranous part of the interventricular septum
111
in the muscular part of the septum the atrioventricular bundle divides into two limbs called
crus: dextrum et sinistrum
of fasciculus atrioventricularis
112
the fibers of Purkinje are located in
septomarginal trabeculae = trabecula septomarginalis
113
a cardiac cycle is
one cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation
114
systole is
muscle contraction; blood is ejected to the arteries
115
diastole is
heart relaxes and refills with blood
116
points of movement of a cardiac electrical impulse (5)
1. sinoatrial node (right atrium)
2. atrioventricular node (septal wall of right atrium)
3. atrioventicular bundle (atria to ventricles)
4. bundle branches (interventricular septum)
5. Purkinje fibers (septomarginal trabeculae)
117
blood vessels have what three layers
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa
118
tunica intima consists of
* a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a thin connective tissue basement membrane with elastic fibers
* elastic membrane present in larger arteries and absent in veins
* releases endothelins that cause vasoconstriction
119
describe tunica media
* the thickest layer in arteries
* circularly arranged elastic fibres and vascular smooth muscles, which control the vessel diameter
* external elastic membrane present in larger arteries and absent in veins
* larger veins contain small blood vessels and nerves within medial tunic
120
describe adventitial tunic of blood vessels
also called external tunic
* the thickest layer in veins is entirely made of loose connective tissue and elastic fibres, only some smooth muscle fibers.
* It also contains vegetative nerves, nervi vasorum, that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries, vasa vasorum, in the larger vessels.
* external tunic helps to hold the vessel in relative position
121
arteries are divided into what 3 groups based on size
1. conducting or elastic arteries
2. distributing or muscular arteries
3. resistance arteries
122
translate capillary
vas capillare
123
sinusoid capillaries found where
in the liver, spleen, suprarenal and parathyroid glands, red bone marrow
124
describe sinusoid capillaries
* wide, with an irregular lumen and pores
* without connective tissue covering, the endothelial cells being in direct contact with the cells of the organ.
* blood flow through sinusoids is very slow
* the cells of the wall are capable of phagocytosis
125
translate vein, greek latin
vena; phleps
126
translate venous valves
valvula venosa
127
what is a venule
lat. venula — smallest veins, they have thin middle layer with a few muscle cells
128
define rete mirabile
a small but dense network of blood vessels formed by the breaking up of a larger vessel into branches that usually reunite into one trunk
forms at the base of the skull and in the renal glomerula
129
translate and define carotid sinuses
sinus caroticus — a dilatation that contains baroreceptors within its walls,
respond to changes in blood pressure
130
carotid sinuses are located
in the wall at the origin of the internal carotid artery
131
carotid sinus has a relatively thin tunica media and an abundance of?
glossopharyngeal nerve fibers in the tunica externa
132
translate and define carotid bodies
glomus caroticus — chemoreceptors, monitor changes in blood composition.
* These are oval bodies 3 × 5 mm in size
* innervated by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
133
where are carotid bodies found
located near the branch of the common carotid arteries.
134
translate and define aortic bodies
glomus aorticum — chemoreceptors, located in the aortic arch near the arteries to the head and limbs.
* They are structurally similar to the carotid bodies and have the same function.
135
describe pulmonary or lesser circulation (5)
blood flows from
* the right ventricle
* pulmonary trunk
* through the lungs
* pulmonary vein
* left atrium
136
describe systemic or greater circulation
blood flows from
* left ventricle
* aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries
* venules, veins, vena cavae
* right atrium
137
Pulmonary trunk
truncus pulmonalis
138
Pulmonary trunk arises from
the right ventricle
| (and has the semilunar pulmonary valve)
139
tuncus pulmonalis is attached to the aorta by
the fibrous arterial ligament (lig. arteriosum)
140
the pulmonary trunk branches into
the right and left pulmonary arteries
(a. pulmonalis: dextra et sinistra)
141
the right and left pulmonary arteries
a. pulmonalis: dextra et sinistra
142
pulmonary veins
venae pulmonales
143
Ascending aorta
aorta ascendens
144
bulb of the aorta
bulbus aortae
145
what is the bulb of the aorta
bulbus aortae is the short dilated part of the aorta at its origin
146
aortic arch
arcus aortae
147
what is the descending aorta
aorta descendens is the caudal continuation of the aortic arch
148
define 'the lesser circulation'
the passage of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
or simply heart-lungs
149
define 'the greater circulation'
The circulation of blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the general system, from the left ventricle to the right atrium.
or simply, systemic circulation
150
define portal circulation
Most consist of two serial capillary beds connected by one or more larger vessels.
A capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart.
151
Brachiocephalic trunk
truncus brachiocephalicus
152
right subclavian artery
a. subclavia dextra
153
left subclavian artery
a. subclavia sinistra
154
a. subclavia sinistra arises from where in car, su?
from aortic arch
155
a. subclavia sinistra arises from where in ru, eq?
from brachiocephalic trunk
156
bicarotic trunk
truncus bicaroticus
157
bicarotic trunk is usually absent in what species?
in car
158
truncus bicaroticus is a common trunk for?
for the carotid arteries
usually in absent car
159
Subclavian artery (left and right)
a. subclavia sinistra et dextra
160
Costocervical trunk and costocervical vein
truncus costocervicalis
v. costocervicalis
161
truncus costocervicalis is directed which direction and inconstant in what species
dorsally directed, inconstant in fe
162
vertebral artery and vein
a. et v. vertebralis
163
vertebral artery passes in which direction through what structures?
a. vertebralis passes cranially in transversal foramina
164
internal thoracic artery and vein
a. et v. thoracica interna
165
internal thoracic artery curves in which direction?
a. thoracica interna curves caudoventrally in thoracic cavity
166
superficial cervical artery
a. cervicalis superficialis
167
superficial cervical artery directed which how?
a. cervicalis superficialis directed dorsocranially
168
deep cervical artery and vein
a. et v. cervicalis profunda
169
deep cervical artery passes through what spaces?
May arise from?
a. cervicalis profunda passes through I or II intercostal spatium
may arise from costocervical trunk
170
axillary artery and vein
a. et v. axillaris
171
axillary artery is a continuation of the?
subclavian artery (beyond the origin of the superficial cervical artery)
172
external thoracic artery
a. thoracica externa
173
lateral thoracic artery
a. thoracica lateralis
174
subscapular artery
a. subscapularis
175
suprascapular artery
a. suprascapularis
176
cranial circumflex humeral artery
a. circumflexa humeri cranialis
177
Brachial artery
a. brachialis
178
deep brachial artery
a. profunda brachii
179
bicipital artery and vein
a. & v. bicipitalis
180
before becoming the brachial artery, the axillary artery give rise to the following vessels (5)
* a. thoracica externa
* a. thoracica lateralis
* a. subscapularis
* a. suprascapularis
* a. circumflexa humeri cranialis
181
external thoracic artery courses across?
a. thoracica externa courses across the deep pectoral muscle
182
lateral thoracic artery is directed?
caudally
183
subscapular artery courses where?
a. subscapularis courses along the caudal border of the scapula
184
suprascapular artery passes which way in car?
a. suprascapularis passes caudally in Car, continues along the cranial aspect of scapula
185
suprascapular artery passes which way in bo, eq?
a. suprascapularis passes dorsally in bo, eq ,
continues along the cranial aspect of scapula
186
cranial circumflex humeral artery is located?
a. circumflexa humeri cranialis
curves cranially along the medial aspect of humerus
187
Brachial artery runs where?
a. brachialis
runs distally across the medial aspect of humerus
188
deep brachial artery passes where?
a. profunda brachii
passes caudally to caudal musculature of brachium
189
transverse cubital artery
a. transversa cubiti
190
collateral ulnar artery
a. collateralis ulnaris
191
superficial brachial artery
a. brachialis superficialis
192
common interosseous artery
a. interossea communis
193
translate median artery and it is a continuation of what artery?
a. mediana
continuation of the brachial artery
194
radial artery
a. radialis
195
superficial palmar arch
arcus palmaris superficialis
196
transverse cubital artery runs where?
a. transversa cubiti
courses laterally across the cranial aspect of humerus cranial, to the radial extensor muscle
197
collateral ulnar artery arises from?
a. collateralis ulnaris
arises from A. brachialis on the medial aspect of the distal brachium, and ramifies at olecranon
198
superficial brachial artery runs which way?
a. brachialis superficialis
runs craniodistally medial aspect, it branches to form the dorsal digital arteries
199
common interosseous artery is directed how?
a. interossea communis
directed caudally, is last branch of the brachial artery
200
Median artery runs where?
a. mediana
runs along the caudomedial aspect of antebrachium to the palmar metacarpeal region
201
common palmar digital artery I-IV
a. digitalis palmaris communis I-IV (priimum- quartum)
202
medial digital artery
a. digitalis medialis [palmaris propria II]
(sekundum)
203
radial artery runs where?
a. radialis
runs along the caudomedial border of radius
204
superficial palmar arch is situated where in car?
arcus palmaris superficialis
is situated between the superficial and deep digital flexor muscle in Car
or alternatively, subfascially
205
superficial palmar arch connects branches of what arteries?
arcus palmaris superficialis
connects branches of the median, radial and ulnar arteries
206
lateral digital artery x 2 terms
a. digitalis lateralis
[palmaris propria III] (tertium)
207
the coronary artery (of the limb)
a. coronalis
208
terminal arch
arcus terminalis
209
I-IV common palmar digital artery is a continuation of what artery and is found where?
a. digitalis palmaris communis I-IV
is a continuation of the median artery,
is distal to the superficial palmar arch
210
lateral digital arteries arise where?
a. digitalis lateralis [palmaris propria III]
arise above the metacarpophalangeal joint, run symmetrically superficially over the fetlock and supply the lower limb
211
the coronary artery of the limb arises from what and forms what?
a. coronalis
arises from the digital artery or the bulbar artery,
helps to form the coronary circle
212
the coronary circle supplies?
* supplies the distal interphalangeal joint
* common digital extensor tendon
* perioplic and coronary corium, fascia and skin
213
terminal arch found where and formed by?
arcus terminalis
found inside the solear canal,
formed by the union of digital arteries
214
where is there no coronary groove?
at the arteriosal conus
215
small vein that can cause issues in race horses?
marshalls vein
| (left atrial oblique vein)
216
name for small vessels that supply larger vessels
vasa vasorum
217
another term for an arteriovenous anastomosis
shunt
218
Bicarotic trunk
truncus bicaroticus
219
Common carotid artery
a. carotis communis
220
caudal thyroid artery
a. thyroidea caudalis
221
cranial thyroid artery
a. thyroidea cranialis
222
external carotid artery
a. carotis externa
223
occipital artery
a. occipitalis
224
linguofacial trunk
truncus linguofacialis
bo, eq
225
lingual artery
a. lingualis
226
Common carotid artery directed how and accompanied by what?
a. carotis communis
cranially directed bilateral stem,
accompanied by the vagosympathetic trunk
227
what supplies the thyroid gland?
cranial and caudal thyroid arteries
a. thyroidea cranialis et caudalis
228
external carotid artery is a continuation of what artery in canines, sus scrofa and equine, and at what point?
a. carotis externa
is a continuation of the common carotid artery beyond the origin of internal carotid artery
in ca, su, eq
229
external carotid artery is a continuation of what artery in ruminents and felines, and at what point?
a. carotis externa
is a continuation of the common carotid artery beyond the origin of the occipital artery
in ru, fe
230
decribe the occipital artery
a. occipitalis)
extends dorsally to the neck and the occipital region
231
describe the linguofacial trunk
truncus linguofacialis
found in bo, eq)
is the common trunk for lingual and facial artery
232
describe the lingual artery
a. lingualis
courses rostroventrally and enters the tongue
233
facial artery
a. facialis
234
caudal auricular artery
a. auricularis caudalis
235
superficial temporal artery
a. temporalis superficialis
236
maxillary artery
a. maxillaris
237
internal carotid artery
a. carotis interna
238
describe the facial artery
a. facialis
courses cranioventrally and ascends along the rostral border of the masseter muscle
239
describe the caudal auricular artery
a. auricularis caudalis
circles around the base of the ear
240
describe the superficial temporal artery
a. temporalis superficialis
courses dorsally and then bends rostrally
241
describe the maxillary artery
a. maxillaris
passes rostrodorsally to the pterygopalatine fossa
242
internal carotid artery arises from what artery, and with what artery in su and ru?
a. carotis interna
arises from the common carotid artery, often together with the occipital artery (su, Ru) and enters into the cranial cavity.
The extracranial part is regressed in the adult fe and Ru; in eq and ca it supplies the brain
243
what artery supplies the brain in eq and canines?
the internal carotid artery that arises from the common carotid artery and enters into the cranial cavity.
244
Broncho-esophageal artery and vein
a. broncho-esophagea
v. broncho-esophagea; ca, eq
245
dorsal intercostal arteries and veins
aa. et vv. intercostales dorsales
246
dorsal costoabdominal artery
a. costoabdominalis dorsalis
247
cranial phrenic artery
a. phrenica cranialis
eq, su, ru
248
describe the Broncho-esophageal artery arises in what region
a. broncho-esophagea
* paired or unpaired trunk for the supply of lungs and esophagus
* arises from region of 4th-7th thoracic vertebra
249
describe the dorsal intercostal arteries
aa. intercostales dorsales
run along costal grooves
250
describe the dorsal costoabdominal artery
a. costoabdominalis dorsalis
* courses along the caudal aspect of the last rib,
* supplies the abdominal wall
251
describe the cranial phrenic artery
a. phrenica cranialis
is an intrathoracic branch to the lumbar part of the diaphragm
eq, su, Ru
252
caudal phrenic artery
a. phrenica caudalis
253
lumbar arteries
aa. lumbales
254
celiac artery
a. celiaca
255
left gastric artery
a. gastrica sinistra
256
hepatic artery
a. hepatica
257
splenic artery and vein
a. et v. lienalis
258
describe the caudal phrenic artery
a. phrenica caudalis
* courses cranially into the diaphragm
* may be paired or unpaired
* usually absent in eq, ov and cap
259
describe the lumbar arteries
aa. lumbales
course laterally between vertebrae to the caudal border of its costal process
260
describe the celiac artery
a. celiaca
* unpaired
* arises from the initial part of abdominal aorta
261
describe the left gastric artery
a. gastrica sinistra
* runs to cardiac part of the stomach
* continues along the minor curvature
262
describe the hepatic artery
a. hepatica
courses cranioventrally to the right toward the liver
263
describe the splenic artery
a. lienalis
runs to the left along left pancreatic lobe to the spleen
264
cranial mesenteric artery
a. mesenterica cranialis
265
caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery
a. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis
266
jejunal arteries
aa. jejunales
267
ileocolic artery
a. ileocolica
268
medial colic artery and vein
a. et v. colica media
269
renal artery
a. renalis
270
testicular artery
a. testicularis
271
describe the cranial mesenteric artery and vein
a. et v. mesenterica cranialis
unpaired visceral branch in mesenterial root
272
describe the jejunal arteries and veins
aa. et vv. jejunales
course radially in mesojejunum
273
describe the ileocolic artery
a. ileocolica
* variably composed trunk
* branches to ileum, cecum, and colon
274
describe medial colic artery
a. colica media
* variably arising
* supplies transversal colon
* and in Car and Ru, supplies the initial part of descending colon
275
describe the renal arteries
a. renalis
* paired
* usually ramifies before entering the kidneys
276
describe the testicular arteries
a. testicularis
* paired
* passes in mesorchium through inguinal canal to testis in male animals
277
the celiac artery gives rise to what 3 arteries
* left gastric
* hepatic
* splenic
278
cranial mesenteric artery gives rise to what 4 arteries
* caudal pancreaticoduodenal
* ileocolic artery
* jejunal (plural)
* medial colic
279
ovarian artery
a. ovarica
280
caudal mesenteric artery and vein
a. et v. mesenterica caudalis
281
translate deep circumflex iliac artery
a. circumflexa ilium profunda
282
external iliac artery
a. iliaca externa
283
internal iliac artery
a. iliaca interna
284
translate median sacral artery and found in which species
a. sacralis mediana
Car, su, Ru
285
median coccygeal artery
a. caudalis [coccygea] mediana
286
describe the ovarian artery
a. ovarica
* paired
* passes coiled via mesovarium
* gives branches to the uterus and to the uterine tubes in female animals
287
describe the caudal mesenteric artery
a. mesenterica caudalis
* unpaired visceral branch
* supplies the terminal part of intestine
288
describe the deep circumflex iliac artery
a. circumflexa ilium profunda
* supplies abdominal wall
* arises in the other domestic mammals from external iliac artery
289
what does the external iliac artery supply
a. iliaca externa
is the principal artery of the hindlimb
290
what does the internal iliac artery supply
a. iliaca interna
the pelvic cavity
291
describe the median sacral artery
a. sacralis mediana
* found in Car, su, Ru
* continuation of aorta along the sacral bone
292
describe the median coccygeal artery
a. caudalis [coccygea] mediana
* continuation of the median sacral artery along the coccygeal vertebra
* in eq it commonly arises from the caudal gluteal artery
293
External iliac artery
a. iliaca externa
294
uterine artery
a. uterina
295
cremasteric artery
a. cremasterica
296
deep femoral artery
a. profunda femoris
297
medial femoral circumflex artery
a. circumflexa femoris medialis
298
pudendoepigastric trunk
truncus pudendoepigastricus
299
caudal epigastric artery
a. epigastica caudalis
300
external pudendal artery
a. pudenda externa
301
describe the uterine artery
a. uterina
* is the main artery of the uterus
* and courses in the large sacrosciatic ligament
302
describe the cremasteric artery
a. cremasterica
courses through inguinal canal in male animals
303
describe the deep femoral artery
a. profunda femoris
is the stem for the following two arteries
* medial femoral circumflex artery / a. circumflexa femoris medialis
* pudendoepigastric trunk / truncus pudendoepigastricus
304
describe the medial femoral circumflex artery
a. circumflexa femoris medialis
is a continuation of the deep femoral artery running to the medial femoral surface
305
pudendoepigastric trunk gives rise to?
* caudal epigastric artery (a. epigastica caudalis)
* and external pudendal artery (a. pudenda externa)
306
femoral artery
a. femoralis
307
the femoral triangle is formed by what muscles
m. sartorius and m. pectineus
308
lateral femoral circumflex artery
a. circumflexa femoris lateralis
309
proximal, medial and distal caudal femoral arteries
a. caudalis femoris: proximalis, media et distalis
are muscular branches
310
descending genicular artery
a. genus descendens
311
describe the femoral artery
a. femoralis
* continuation of the external iliac artery after the leaving the abdominal cavity
* passes through the lacuna vasorum
312
where does the lateral femoral circumflex artery run
a. circumflexa femoris lateralis
courses laterally between the muscles of the thigh
313
where is the descending genicular artery found
a. genus descendens
on medial surface of knee joint (articulatio genus)
314
saphenous artery
a. saphena
315
the saphenous artery splits into what
cranial and caudal branches
ramus cranialis et caudalis
316
cranial branch of the saphenous artery runs where and gives rise to what?
continues on dorsal foot surface
gives rise to subcutaneously located I-IV common dorsal digital arteries
317
I-IV common dorsal digital arteries
aa. digitales dorsales communes I-IV
318
the caudal branch of the saphenous artery runs where and divides into what?
runs along the body of the tibia to the medioplantar surface of the tarsus
divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries
319
medial and lateral plantar arteries
a. plantaris: medialis et lateralis
320
the medial and lateral plantar arteries join what arteries distally?
they join the medial and lateral digital arteries distally
321
popliteal artery
a. poplitea
322
describe the popliteal artery
a.poplitea
* is a continuation of the femoral artery beyond the origin of the distal caudal femoral artery
* passes over the flexor surface of the femorotibial joint
323
cranial tibial artery
a. tibialis cranialis
324
describe the cranial tibial artery
a. tibialis cranialis
* larger branch of the popliteal artery
* courses along the craniolateral surface of the tibia between the tibia and fibula
325
caudal tibial artery
a. tibialis caudalis
326
describe the caudal tibial artery
a. tibialis caudalis
* smaller branch on the caudal aspect of the cruris
* ends with II-IV common plantar digital artery (a. digitalis plantaris communis II-IV)
* and joins with lateral and medial digital artery
327
common plantar digital artery II-IV
a. digitalis plantaris communis II-IV
328
the popliteal artery gives rise to what two arteries
the cranial and caudal tibial arteries
329
describe the dorsal pedal artery
a. dorsalis pedis
continuation of the cranial tibial artery on the dorsal aspect of the tarsus
330
dorsal pedal artery
a. dorsalis pedis
331
perforating tarsal artery
a. tarsea perforans
332
describe the perforating tarsal artery
a. tarsea perforans
* courses plantarly through tarsal canal
* joins with plantar arteries
333
dorsal metatarseal artery II-IV
a. metatarsea dorsalis II-IV
334
describe the dorsal metatarsal artery II-IV
a. metatarsea dorsalis II-IV (sekundum- quartum)
* run along the dorsolateral surface of the metatarsus
* end proximal to the fetlock (articulationes metacarpophalangeae) with medial and lateral digital arteries
335
what 2 vessels constitue the major blood supply to the hoof
medial and lateral digital arteries
a. digitalis: lateralis et medialis
also used to take peripheral pulse in eq
336
umbilical artery
a. umbilicalis
337
describe the umbilical artery
a. umbilicalis
* enters into the lateral vesical ligament of the bladder
* postnatally partly vestigial
338
cranial gluteal artery
a. glutea cranialis
339
describe the course of the cranial gluteal artery
a. glutea cranialis
courses across of the major ischiadic foramen to the lateral surface of the pelvis
340
caudal gluteal artery
a. glutea caudalis
341
caudal gluteal artery gives rise to what 2?
* iliolumbar artery (a. iliolumbalis)
* obturator artery (a. obturatoria), inconstant
342
iliolumbar artery
a. iliolumbalis
343
describe the iliolumbar artery
a. iliolumbalis
runs between iliac bone and deep lumbar muscles
344
obturator artery
a. obturatoria
345
describe the obturator artery
a. obturatoria
* inconstant
* runs through foramen obturatum
346
internal pudendal artery
a. pudenda interna
347
describe the internal pudendal artery
a. pudenda interna
* long in eq and Car
* along the dorsal border of the spina ischiadica and courses toward arcus ischiadicus
348
translate and describe vaginal artery
a. vaginalis
main artery of the pelvic viscera in females
349
uterine branch of the vaginal artery
and in what species
ramus uterinus of. a. vaginalis
eq, su, Ru
supplies the neck and body of the uterus
350
transalte and describe uterine artery
a. uterina
* courses along the uterus in mesometrium
* main artery of the uterus
* starts in su and Ru from the umbilical artery
351
transalte and describe prostatic artery
a. prostatica
main artery of the pelvic viscera in males
352
translate clitoral artery & is continuation and termination of what a.
a. clitoridis
ending of the internal pudendal artery in female animals
353
translate and describe penile artery
a. penis
end of the internal pudendal artery in males,
stem for supply of the penis
354
latin and greek for Veins
venae; phlebos
355
coronary sinus empties into?
right atrium
356
translate Left azygous vein and describe
v. azygos sinistra
* arises from coronary sinus in su and Ru
* curves caudodorsally and continues along the left-dorsal surface of aorta
357
what drains the venous plexus within the vertebral canal
dorsal intercostal veins
| (vv. intercostales dorsales)
358
what forms the beginning of left azygous vein?
I and II lumbar veins
(vv. lumbales I et II) [priimum et sekundum]
359
what veins form the cranial vena cava? (4)
* external jugular veins
* subclavian veins
* broncho-esophageal vein
* In eq and Car, also the right azygous vein.
Cranial vena cava runs through the cranial mediastinum to the right of the brachiocephalic trunk.
360
translate right azygous vein and describe where it runs
v. azygos dextra
absent in su and is unpaired
curves across the right aspect of trachea and esophagus, continues along the right-dorsal surface of thoracic aorta
361
lumbar veins I and II
vv. lumbales I et II
362
what veins pour into the azygos veins? (3)
* lumbar veins I and II
* dorsal intercostal veins
* broncho-esophageal vein into right azygos
363
# translate and describe superficial cranial epigastric vein
(also known as subcutaneous abdominal vein)
v. epigastrica cranialis superficialis [v. subcutanea abdominis]
* arises from internal thoracic vein
* courses subcutaneously in the ventral abdominal wall
364
translate and decsribe external jugular vein
v. jugularis externa
* is formed by the union of linguofacial and maxillary veins
* occupies the jugular groove
* the external jugular vein is the first choice for drawing large amounts of blood
365
translate and describe the internal jugular vein
v. jugularis interna
* runs with the common carotid artery
* is inconstant
366
translate and describe the cephalic vein
v. cephalica
* main superficial vein, between the pectoral and brachiocephalic muscles in the forelimb on the craniomedial aspect
* joins with the external jugular vein; the first choice for intravenous injection in Car
367
translate and describe accessory cephalic vein
v. cephalica accessoria
* subcutaneous branch, courses over the dorsal aspect of carpus and metacarpus
* carpal hematomas usually result from ruptured branches of this vein overlying the medial aspects of the distal radius and proximal carpus in eq
368
translate and describe the subclavian vein
v. subclavia
* very short
* is curved laterally to the first rib and joined by the brachiocephalic vein or cranial vena cava (in Ru, eq)
369
translate adn describe axillobrachial vein
v. axillobrachialis
* in Car
* arises from the brachial vein, runs through the biceps muscle and joins with the cephalic vein
370
where is the caudal vena cava formed and by what veins?
is formed near the pelvic inlet by the union of the common iliac veins
(continues to the right of the aorta, enters into the thorax and ends into the right atrium)
371
translate and describe the portal vein
v. portae
* unpaired
* drains the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the spleen into the liver sinusoids (functional blood)
* sinusoid blood is collected in the central veins, which finally form the hepatic veins (vv. hepaticae).
* They join intrahepatically with caudal vena cava.
372
translate and describe hepatic veins
vv. hepaticae
* sinusoid blood is collected in the central veins of the liver sinusoids
* they finally form the hepatic veins which then join intrahepatically with the caudal vena cava
373
# translate and describe the common iliac vein
v. iliaca communis
* paired
* formed by the union of an internal and external iliac vein
* runs caudolaterally to the medial aspect of ilium
374
translate and describe the external iliac vein
v. iliaca externa
* lateral branch of the common iliac vein
* runs along the cranial aspect of the body of the ilium
375
translate and describe the femoral vein
v. femoralis
continuation of the external iliac vein
376
translate and describe the lateral saphenous vein
v. saphena lateralis [parva]
* courses along the caudal aspect of m. gastrocnemius.
* It is divided into cranial and caudal branch; cranial branch courses across the lateral aspect of tarsus and joins with cranial branch of medial saphenous vei
* in ca, the cranial branch of the lateral saphenous vein is the most prominent of the superficial veins
377
external iliac vein gives rise to what 3 veins
* femoral vein
* lateral saphenous
* medial spahenous
378
# translate and describe medial saphenous vein
v. saphena medialis [magna]
* large and prominent vein in eq
* accompanies saphenous artery and is divided into cranial and caudal branches
* cranial branch joins with cranial branch of lateral saphenous and dorsal pedal vein
* is a preferred site for venipuncture in the fe
379
translate and describe the internal iliac vein
v. iliaca interna
* medial branch of the common iliac vein
* runs into pelvic cavity and accompanies corresponding artery
380
internal pudendal vein
v. pudenda interna
381
caudal gluteal vein
v. glutea caudalis
382
internal iliac vein gives rise to what 2 veins
internal pudendal vein
&
caudal gluteal vein
383
purkinje fibers in latin
Myofibrae conducentes cardiacae
384
a. subclavia sinistra arises from what vessel in ca and su,
compared to what vessel in eq and ru?
in ca and su from arcus aortae
in eq and bo from truncus brachiocephalicus
385
in ca the superficial cervical artery arises from?
the left subclavian
386
which species have a left azygos
su and ru
387
which species does not have a right azygos
swine
388
what azygos veins do car have?
right azygos
389
what azygos veins do equine have?
right azygos
390
truncus costocervicalis gives rise to what 2 arteries
a. cervicalis profunda
a. scapularis dorsalis
391
name a small vessel that arises from a.axillaris after a.subscpularis
a. thoracodorsalis
392
small vessel that crosses a spatium, aries after a. interossea communis
a. profunda antebrachii
393
what artery do aa. tibialis cranialis and caudalis arise from?
a. poplitea which arose from a. fermoralis
394
what artery does saphena arise from?
a. femoralis (so medial aspect)
395
A. tibialis caudalis gives rise to what just before teh calcaneus?
A. malleolaris caudalis lateralis
396
how to tell a horse heart from a bovine heart
check the auricles for notches
397
the uterine artery comes from where?
from the internal iliac artery
except in eq – from external iliac artery
398
the vaginal artery comes from where?
from the internal iliac artery
399
where does glutea caudalis arise from?
a. iliaca interna
400
glutea cranialis gives rise to?
a. iliacofemoralis
