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Veterinary anatomy in latin > Veterinary anatomy: sense organs > Flashcards

Veterinary anatomy: sense organs Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibulocochlear organ

A

organum vestibulocochleare

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2
Q

ear

A

auris

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3
Q

sound frequency upper limits in large Un
ca and in fe

A

large Un and ca have as upper limit of sound about 40 000 Hz,

in fe it is about 80 000 Hz

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4
Q

axons of vestibulocochlear nerve run through?

A

the internal acoustic meatus toward the medulla oblongata

and project to the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei;

some axons project directly to the cerebellum by way of the caudal cerebellar peduncle

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5
Q

translate external ear

what does it consist of?

A

auris externa

consists of auricle or pinna and meatus acusticus externus (+ cartilagineus part)

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6
Q

difference between auris & auricula?

A

auris = whole ear
auricle = synonym for pinna

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7
Q

the externally visible part of the ear is called what?
function?

A

auricle

It catches and transmits sound waves and is important for the communication

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8
Q

auricular cartilage

A

cartilago auriculae

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9
Q

the auricle consists of?

A

helix
scapha
meatus acusticus externus

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10
Q

meatus acusticus externus leads from where to where?

A

meatus acusticus externus, the canal leading from the base of the auricle to the tympanic membrane

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11
Q

the external acoustic meatus consists of?

A

consists of an inner portion surrounded by temporal bone, and an outer portion surrounded by cartilage

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12
Q

translate external acoustic opening
what is it?

A

porus acusticus externus

opening of the osseous part of the external acustic meatus,
visible on the skull, on the temporal bone

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13
Q

translate cartilaginous part of the external acoustic meatus

A

meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus

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14
Q

the cartilaginous part of the external acoustic meatus is divided into? (2)
where are these?

A

is divided into:
cartilago anularis &
cartilago meatus acustici

the anular cartilage is attached to the bony part
and the tubular auricular cartilage (cartilago meatus acustici) is proximally located

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15
Q

what type of glands are found in the subcutaneous tissue of the cartilaginous part of the external acoustic meatus?

A

numerous sebaceous and ceruminous glands, which secrete cerumen (earwax)

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16
Q

ear canal length in canines and equine

A

in ca about 3.0…6.5 cm

in eq 2.5…3.5 cm in length

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17
Q

translate auricular fat pad

where is this?

A

corpus adiposum auriculare

surrounding the external acoustic meatus

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18
Q

Middle ear

A

auris media

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19
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A

membrana tympani
cavum tympani
ossicula auditis
tuba auditiva

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20
Q

membrana tympani 3 layers

A

the outer cutaneous keratinized layer,
the thin, variably vascularized layer of fibrous connective tissue,
and a layer of mucous membrane on the innermost surface

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21
Q

membrana tympani is attached to?

A

the osseous anulus tympanicus

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22
Q

membrana tympani is divided into?

A

pars flaccida dorsally
pars tensa, ventrally (the large functional tense part)

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23
Q

central depression of the tympanic membrane?

A

umbo membranae tympani

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24
Q

cavum tympani caudoventral wall formed by what?

what species peculiarity?

A

caudoventral wall is formed by bulla tympanica

ca and fe do not have at birth

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25
Q

tympanic bullas in ca and ov contain?

and in su, bo, cap, and camelids?

A

tympanic bulla in ca and ov is a single air-filled compartment;

it is septate in su, bo, cap, and camelids

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26
Q

2 alt. names for vestibular window

and where is this?

A

fenestra vestibuli or oval window

closed by the base of the stapes
so between the last ossicle and the inner ear

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27
Q

2 alt. names for cochlear window

what is this?
closed by?

A

fenestra cochleae or round window
(some materials: foramen cochleae)

in the medial wall of the middle ear, communication to the tympanic scala, closed by the membrana tympani secundaria

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28
Q

the ventral part of the tympanic cavity is divided into?

absent in?

A

cellulae tympanicae

absent in Car

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29
Q

name the 3 ossicula auditus in latin

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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30
Q

when the tympanic membrane is vibrated by the sound wave, what moves?

A

the handle of the malleus is moved with the vibrations of the membrane

then, the incus and the stapes transmit the vibrations to the inner ear

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31
Q

what are the 2 muscles of the middle ear?

A

m. tensor tympani
m. stapedius

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32
Q

function of tuba auditiva

A

equalizes pressure inside the ear

connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear

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33
Q

tympanic opening of the auditory tube

A

ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae

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34
Q

bony part of the auditory tube

A

pars ossea tubae auditivae

a portion of the tube (≈1/3) proximal to the middle ear is bony part of the auditory tube

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35
Q

cartilaginous part of the auditory tube

A

pars cartilaginea tubae auditivae

the longer rostral part supported by cartilage

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36
Q

the isthmus of auditory tube

A

isthmus tubae auditivae

the junction of the pars ossea and pars cartilaginea of tubae auditivae is narrowest, 1…2 mm long

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37
Q

pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube

A

ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae

in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

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38
Q

guttural pouch

A

diverticulum tubae auditivae

in eq and some rodent-like species

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39
Q

Internal ear

A

auris interna

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40
Q

What does this depict?
What can this location be useful for?

A

Viborg’s triangle

bounded rostrally by the mandibular branch, dorsally by the insertion of the sternocephalic muscle and ventrally by the linguofacial vein

site of entry for surgical treatment of tympanitis and guttural pouch drainage

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41
Q

auris interna in located where? (in latin)

A

Pars petrosa ossis temporalis.

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42
Q

the membranous labyrinth is filled with?

A

endolympha

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43
Q

the space between the membranous and bony labyrinth is filled with

A

perilympha

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44
Q

Osseous labyrinth

A

labyrinthus osseus

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45
Q

what is the vestibulum of the inner ear (4)

A

a chamber in the centre of the bony labyrinth

communicates with both the cochlea and the osseous semicircular canals.

The oval and the round windows are both located in the lateral wall of the vestibule.

It contains utriculus and sacculus.

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46
Q

osseous semicircular canals

+ diameter

contain?

A

canales semicirculares ossei

0.2…0.5 mm in diameter

contain the semicircular ducts, which have arisen from the utricle of the vestibular labyrinth.

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47
Q

translate semicircular canal and how are they named?

A

canalis semicircularis: anterior, posterior et lateralis

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48
Q

what structure contains the cochlear nerve?

A

the modiolus of the cochlea

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49
Q

cochlear spiral canal

A

canalis spiralis cochleae

winding spirally for 2.5…4 turns around the central modiolus (humans and rats 2.5; guinea pigs and nutrias 4.5 turns

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50
Q

what structure projects from the modiolus into the spiral canal?

A

the lamina spiralis ossea

projects from the modiolus into the spiral canal, and partially divides the lumen into the vestibular scala and the tympanic scala with the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct

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51
Q

near the summit of the cochlea the lamina ends and forms?

A

the opening, helicotrema, through which the scalae communicate in the cupula

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52
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

labyrinthus membranaceus

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53
Q

the spiral organ and vestibular organs are situated in the walls of what structure?

A

labyrinthus membranaceus

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54
Q

each semicircular duct has two?
and each of those has?

A

each duct has two crura membranacea

One crus of each duct has an

ampulla membranacea,

which is an expansion of the duct.

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55
Q

receptor cells for sensing rotational acceleration of the head are located where?

A

within the ampulla membranacea’s of the semicircular ducts

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56
Q

the semicircular ducts open into

A

the utricle

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57
Q

translate:
endolymphatic duct
endolymphatic sac

A

ductus endolymphaticus
saccus endolymphaticus

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58
Q

translate reunion duct

define

A

ductus reuniens

connects the sacculus to the cochlear duct

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59
Q

translate utriculosaccular duct

define

A

ductus utriculosaccularis

connects the sacculus to the utricle

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60
Q

maculae of the utricle and saccule

A

macula: utriculi et sacculi

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61
Q

what do the maculae of the utricle & saccule detect?

A

detect linear acceleration

62
Q

a transverse section through the cochlea shows that cochlear spiral canal is divided into three separated channels: what are these called (named from the modiolus downward)

A

scala vestibuli
ductus cochlearis (scala media)
scala tympani

63
Q

what is Reissner’s membrane?

A

or known as the vestibular membrane or vestibular wall

separates the cochlear duct from the vestibular scala

64
Q

what separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic scala

A

the tympanic wall

(also known as membranous spiral lamina or basilar membrane)

65
Q

2 alt. names for the spiral organ and location

define

A

organum spirale or organ of Corti

is situated on the basilar membrane.

It is the receptor for auditory sensation and consists of a number of hair and support cells, transforming sound waves to nerve impulses.

66
Q

after reaching the chain of the auditory ossicles what is the path sound takes? (4)

A

chain of the auditory ossicles→ vestibular window→ the perilymph within the vestibular scala→ the endolymph within the cochlear duct→ the spiral organ

67
Q

Organ of vision

A

organum visus

68
Q

Eye

69
Q

Describe the visual pathway (7)

A

retinal photoreceptors
n. opticus
chiasma opticum
tractus opticus

over the colliculus rostralis (midbrain/mesencephalon)
to corpus geniculatum laterale (metathalamus in interbrain/diencephalon)
to visual cortex in lobus occipitalis

70
Q

Describe the auditory pathway (8)

A
  1. Vestibulocochlear nerve;
  2. Cochlear nuclei;
  3. Trapezoid body;
  4. Lateral lemniscus;
  5. Nucleus of lateral lemniscus;
  6. Caudal colliculus;
  7. Medial geniculate body;
  8. Projecting fibres to the auditory cortex in temporal lobe
71
Q

Eyeball

A

bulbus oculi

72
Q

anterior pole

A

polus anterius

the highest point of the cornea

73
Q

posterior pole

A

polus posterius

74
Q

Fibrous layer of eyeball

A

tunica fibrosa bulbi

sclera, outer bluish white protective layer covering the eyeball except the anterior portion which is covered by cornea; it consists of dense fibrous connective tissue

75
Q

scleral groove

A

sulcus sclerae

is shallow groove at the junction of sclera and cornea

76
Q

Vascular layer of the eyeball, 2 names

A

tunica vasculosa bulbi; uvea

is a network of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the eye

77
Q

the uvea consists of what? (3)

A

consists of
choroidea
corpus ciliare
iris

78
Q

describe the choroidea

A

dark pigmentation to prevent internal light reflection,
carries blood vessels to nourish the retina

79
Q

translate ciliary arteries and vorticose veins
location?

A

aa. ciliares
vv. vorticosae

ramify in choroidea

80
Q

what is the tapetum lucidum

A

eyeshine
is avascular layer immediately behind the retina and gives the luster to the eyes reflecting visible light back from the retina.

It contributes to the superior night vision of some animals; not present in su, some birds nor humans.

81
Q

ciliary body

location?
function? (2-3)

A

corpus ciliare

is a thick circular part between the choroid and iris.

functions: accomodation and maintains the lens in place,
aqueous humor production (regulates the pressure within the eye)

82
Q

what is corpus ciliare composed of?

A

composed m.ciliaris and processus ciliares

The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle fibres in the ciliary body and suspends the lens in the correct position.

83
Q

ciliary crown

define

A

corona ciliaris

is a raised part of the ciliary body that contains 50…100 processus ciliares, radially arranged fibroelastic ridges, which secrete the aqueous humor

84
Q

ciliary ring

define

A

orbiculus ciliaris

peripheral flat part of the ciliary body continuous with the choroid

85
Q

translate sphincter muscle of the pupil and the dilatator muscle of the pupil

A

m. sphincter pupillae (parasympathetic miosis)
m. dilatator pupillae (sympathetic mydriasis)

86
Q

pupillary margin

define

A

margo pupillaris

central margin

87
Q

ciliary margin

define

A

margo ciliaris

the periphery of the iris

88
Q

iridic granules

define

A

granula iridica

vascular extensions of the iris

89
Q

what does the anterior cavity consist of?

A

refers to both anterior and posterior chambers

do not confuse anterior cavity with anterior chamber

90
Q

internal layer of eyeball

consists of?

A

tunica interna bulbi

consists of the retina, extending from the pupil to the optic disc

91
Q

optic part of the retina

describe

A

pars optica retinae

light sensitive part and contacts the choroid;
image on retina is upside down and reversed

92
Q

what is the edge of the optic part of the retina called?

A

ora serrata

edge of the optic part, continuous with the thinner cecal part, in humans

93
Q

non-visual part of the retina

describe

A

pars ceca retinae

light-insensitive part,
extends from the pupil to the serrate edge

94
Q

translate pigmented layer

purpose?

A

stratum pigmentosum

external, pigmented;
prevents back scattering of light

95
Q

nervous layer

purpose?

A

stratum nervosum

internal, location of nerve cells that process the signals generated by rods and cones which absorb the light and the light waves changed to nerve impulses

96
Q

what parts does the retina consist of?

A

stratum pigmentosum
stratum nervosum

pars optica retinae
pars ceca retinae
ora serrata

97
Q

what is the macula of the eye?

A

a small area of the retina of higher visual acuity,
very sensitive to light (highest density of the cones),
faintly visible on the fundus

The fovea centralis is located in the center of the macula lutea.
These are sometimes considered the same thing.

98
Q

optic disc

A

discus nervi optici

beginning of the optic nerve visible on the fundus,
lacks receptors; creamy yellow orange to pink, round or oval shape, physiologic cup inside the disc for bloodvessels

99
Q

translate branches of the central retinal vessels

where do they leave?

A

rami a. [v.] centralis retinae

leave the vascular ring of the optic nerve and extend toward the periphery of the retina (absent in eq)

100
Q

translate vascular ring of the optic nerve

what is this?

A

circulus vasculosus n. optici; eq

anastomosing branches of short posterior ciliary arteries and veins with retinal central arteries and veins

101
Q

Purpose of cones?

A

for more precise vision,
need strong light and help to see colors.

Mostly distributed in the centre of the retina.

102
Q

Purpose of rods?

A

Rods are for peripheral and night vision

domestic mammals have mostly rods, are unable to distinguish colors well

Some reptiles and most birds can see color, they have many cones

103
Q

anterior chamber of the eyeball

describe

A

camera anterior bulbi

space posterior to cornea,
anterior to iris and lens,
has aqueous humor

104
Q

aqueous humor

describe

A

humor aquosus

clear homogenous fluid in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball;
provides nutrients for lens and cornea, and maintains intraocular pressure

105
Q

posterior chamber of the eyeball

describe

A

camera posterior bulbi

space between iris and lens

106
Q

vitreous chamber of the eyeball

describe

A

camera vitrea bulbi

posterior to the lens and ciliary body
contains corpus vitreum

107
Q

vitreous body

function?

A

corpus vitreum

provides nourishment to the lens and cornea
and holds the shape of the eyeball

108
Q

what is the lens covered by?

A

capsula lentis
highly elastic

109
Q

what is the lens suspended by (other than the ciliary body)

A

suspended by zonula ciliaris

which extend from the ciliary processes to the capsule of the lens;

110
Q

what do zonula ciliaris consist of?

A

fibrae zonulares

111
Q

Accessory organs of the eye

A

organa oculi accessoria (adnexa oculi)

112
Q

what structures are considered accessory organs of the eye (6)

A

bulbar muscles,
orbital fasciae,
the adipose tissue

conjunctiva,
eyelids,
lacrimal apparatus

113
Q

translate Muscles of the eyeball

A

mm. bulbi
or
mm. externi bulbi oculi

114
Q

orbital muscle

location?
function?

A

m. orbitalis

located in deep part of the periorbita,
protrudes the eyeball

115
Q

dorsal rectus muscle

A

m. rectus dorsalis

116
Q

ventral rectus muscle

A

m. rectus ventralis

117
Q

medial rectus muscle

function?

A

m. rectus medialis

adducts the eye

118
Q

lateral rectus muscle

function?

A

m. rectus lateralis

acting singly, turns corneal surface either upward, downward, abduction etc.

119
Q

retractor muscle of the eyeball

location?

A

m. retractor bulbi

surrounds the optic nerve

120
Q

Name the muscles of the eyeball

A

m. orbitalis
m. retractor bulbi

m. rectus dorsalis
m. rectus ventralis
m. rectus lateralis
m. rectus medialis

m. obliquus dorsalis
m. obliquus ventralis

m. levator palpebrae superioris (also moves the globe)

121
Q

dorsal oblique muscle

location/insertion?

A

m. obliquus dorsalis

passes laterally around the trochlea and is inserted deep to the dorsal rectus muscle

122
Q

ventral oblique muscle

location?
function?

A

m. obliquus ventralis

from the medial wall of the orbit
rotate the eyeball on its axis

123
Q

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

location?
function?

A

m. levator palpebrae superioris

passes dorsally to the dorsal rectus muscle into the upper eyelid;
raises the upper eyelid and is direct antagonist of the orbicularis oculi muscle

124
Q

eye movement stimulated by what nerves?

A

oculomotor,
trochlear and
abducens nerves

125
Q

Orbital fasciae

A

fasciae orbitales

126
Q

What is the orbit lined by?

A

by the periorbita, a cone-shaped fibrous membrane.

It attaches to the bony rim of the orbit, fusing with the periosteum.

127
Q

muscular fasciae of the eye

describe

A

fasciae musculares

loose and fatty superficial fasciae,
extends to the lids and reflects around the bulbar muscles

128
Q

bulbar sheath

describe

A

vagina bulbi

part of the deep fasciae, covers the eyeball and the retractor muscle

129
Q

translate orbital fat

describe

A

corpus adiposum orbitae

is inside and outside the periorbita

130
Q

Eyelids
upper eyelid
lower eyelid

A

palpebrae
palpebra superior
palpebra inferior

131
Q

palpebral fissure

A

rima palpebrarum

the space between eyelids

132
Q

lateral and medial palpebral commissure

A

commissura palpebrarum: lateralis et medialis

unions of the upper and lower eyelids

133
Q

lateral and medial angle of the eye

A

angulus oculi: lateralis et medialis

nasal and temporal canthi
the lateral and medial end of the palpebral fissure

134
Q

eyelashes

A

ciliae

arise from the anterior edges of the free borders of the eyelids; may be absent on the lower lid of Car and su;

filter dust and dirt and secrete oils that prevent lids from sticking together

135
Q

upper and lower tarsus

define

A

tarsus: superior et inferior

plate of dense collagenous fibres in eyelid

136
Q

tarsal glands, 2 alt. names

describe

A

Meibomian glands or gll. tarsales

modified sebaceous glands in eyelids.

fatty secretion (meibum) repels lacrimal fluid, keeping it on the eye; lubricating the eye

are regulated via sex hormones (androgens have a supporting function, estrogens act antagonistically) and innervated by sympathetic and sensory parasympathetic fibers

137
Q

define chalazion

A

a small round painless swelling in the edge of the eyelid which is caused by blockage of the duct in the tarsal glands

138
Q

conjunctival layer

describe

A

tunica conjunctiva

the mucous membrane on the anterior surface of the eyeball all the way to the edge of the cornea

139
Q

the conjunctiva is divided into what parts?

A

tunica conjunctiva: bulbi et palpebrarum

The bulbar conjunctiva is found on the eyeball over the anterior sclera.
The palpebral conjunctiva lines the eyelids.

140
Q

lacrimal caruncle

define

A

caruncula lacrimalis

small elevation in the medial angle of the eye containing sebaceous and sudoriferous glands and bearing fine hairs;

they are assumed to be part of the bodys own sun protection mechanism

141
Q

5 alt. names for conjunctival semilunar fold

describe

A

third eyelid or
nictitating membrane or

plica semilunaris conjunctivae or
palpebra III
s. membrana nictitans

supported by a thin plate of cartilage in the medial angle of the eye

142
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

function?

A

apparatus lacrimalis

produces tears that lubricate conjunctiva and cornea and
have a germicidal effect;

serous in fe,
seromucous in ca and Un

143
Q

lacrimal gland

location?

A

gll. lacrimalis

located dorsolateral to the eyeball

144
Q

excretory ductules of the lacrimal gland

A

ductuli excretorii)

connecting the lacrimal gland with the conjunctival sac

145
Q

lacrimal lake

define

A

lacus lacrimalis

the semicircular recess surrounding the lacrimal caruncle

146
Q

lacrimal punctum

define

A

punctum lacrimale

small opening through which the lacrimal fluid leaves the eye, close to the medial angle of the eye

147
Q

lacrimal canaliculus

define

A

canaliculus lacrimalis

short duct connecting the lacrimal punctum with the lacrimal sac

148
Q

lacrimal sac

define

A

saccus lacrimalis

enlargement of the proximal end of the nasolacrimal duct occupying the lacrimal fossa

149
Q

lacrimal fossa

A

fossa sacci lacrimalis

located on the inferior surface of each orbital plate of the frontal bone.
underneath the zygomatic process, a shallow depression for the lacrimal gland.

150
Q

nasolacrimal duct

describe its location

A

ductus nasolacrimalis

in canalis nasolacrimalis, connects the lacrimal sac with the nasal cavity.

The duct travels along the inner surface of the maxilla in a shallow lacrimal groove,
then passes ventrally, where it enters the basal fold (an extension of the ventral concha),
finally opens in the wall of the nostril but may have accessory openings farther caudally.

151
Q

handle of the malleus

A

manubrium mallei

152
Q

what do the semicircular canals detect?

A

rotational acceleration of the head

Veterinary anatomy in latin (29 decks)

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