Veterinary anatomy: sense organs Flashcards
1
Q
Vestibulocochlear organ
A
organum vestibulocochleare
2
Q
ear
A
auris
3
Q
sound frequency upper limits in large Un
ca and in fe
A
large Un and ca have as upper limit of sound about 40 000 Hz,
in fe it is about 80 000 Hz
4
Q
axons of vestibulocochlear nerve run through?
A
the internal acoustic meatus toward the medulla oblongata
and project to the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei;
some axons project directly to the cerebellum by way of the caudal cerebellar peduncle
5
Q
translate external ear
what does it consist of?
A
auris externa
consists of auricle or pinna and meatus acusticus externus (+ cartilagineus part)
6
Q
difference between auris & auricula?
A
auris = whole ear
auricle = synonym for pinna
7
Q
the externally visible part of the ear is called what?
function?
A
auricle
It catches and transmits sound waves and is important for the communication
8
Q
auricular cartilage
A
cartilago auriculae
9
Q
the auricle consists of?
A
helix
scapha
meatus acusticus externus
10
Q
meatus acusticus externus leads from where to where?
A
meatus acusticus externus, the canal leading from the base of the auricle to the tympanic membrane
11
Q
the external acoustic meatus consists of?
A
consists of an inner portion surrounded by temporal bone, and an outer portion surrounded by cartilage
12
Q
translate external acoustic opening
what is it?
A
porus acusticus externus
opening of the osseous part of the external acustic meatus,
visible on the skull, on the temporal bone
13
Q
translate cartilaginous part of the external acoustic meatus
A
meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus
14
Q
the cartilaginous part of the external acoustic meatus is divided into? (2)
where are these?
A
is divided into:
cartilago anularis &
cartilago meatus acustici
the anular cartilage is attached to the bony part
and the tubular auricular cartilage (cartilago meatus acustici) is proximally located
15
Q
what type of glands are found in the subcutaneous tissue of the cartilaginous part of the external acoustic meatus?
A
numerous sebaceous and ceruminous glands, which secrete cerumen (earwax)
16
Q
ear canal length in canines and equine
A
in ca about 3.0…6.5 cm
in eq 2.5…3.5 cm in length
17
Q
translate auricular fat pad
where is this?
A
corpus adiposum auriculare
surrounding the external acoustic meatus
18
Q
Middle ear
A
auris media
19
Q
What does the middle ear consist of?
A
membrana tympani
cavum tympani
ossicula auditis
tuba auditiva
20
Q
membrana tympani 3 layers
A
the outer cutaneous keratinized layer,
the thin, variably vascularized layer of fibrous connective tissue,
and a layer of mucous membrane on the innermost surface
21
Q
membrana tympani is attached to?
A
the osseous anulus tympanicus
22
Q
membrana tympani is divided into?
A
pars flaccida dorsally
pars tensa, ventrally (the large functional tense part)
23
Q
central depression of the tympanic membrane?
A
umbo membranae tympani
24
Q
cavum tympani caudoventral wall formed by what?
what species peculiarity?
A
caudoventral wall is formed by bulla tympanica
ca and fe do not have at birth
25
tympanic bullas in ca and ov contain?
and in su, bo, cap, and camelids?
tympanic bulla in ca and ov is a single air-filled compartment;
it is septate in su, bo, cap, and camelids
26
2 alt. names for vestibular window
and where is this?
fenestra vestibuli or oval window
closed by the base of the stapes
so between the last ossicle and the inner ear
27
2 alt. names for cochlear window
what is this?
closed by?
fenestra cochleae or round window
(some materials: foramen cochleae)
in the medial wall of the middle ear, communication to the tympanic scala, closed by the membrana tympani secundaria
28
the ventral part of the tympanic cavity is divided into?
absent in?
cellulae tympanicae
absent in Car
29
name the 3 ossicula auditus in latin
malleus
incus
stapes
30
when the tympanic membrane is vibrated by the sound wave, what moves?
the handle of the malleus is moved with the vibrations of the membrane
then, the incus and the stapes transmit the vibrations to the inner ear
31
what are the 2 muscles of the middle ear?
m. tensor tympani
m. stapedius
32
function of tuba auditiva
equalizes pressure inside the ear
connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear
33
tympanic opening of the auditory tube
ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae
34
bony part of the auditory tube
pars ossea tubae auditivae
a portion of the tube (≈1/3) proximal to the middle ear is bony part of the auditory tube
35
cartilaginous part of the auditory tube
pars cartilaginea tubae auditivae
the longer rostral part supported by cartilage
36
the isthmus of auditory tube
isthmus tubae auditivae
the junction of the pars ossea and pars cartilaginea of tubae auditivae is narrowest, 1…2 mm long
37
pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube
ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae
in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
38
guttural pouch
diverticulum tubae auditivae
in eq and some rodent-like species
39
Internal ear
auris interna
40
What does this depict?
What can this location be useful for?
Viborg's triangle
bounded rostrally by the mandibular branch, dorsally by the insertion of the sternocephalic muscle and ventrally by the linguofacial vein
site of entry for surgical treatment of tympanitis and guttural pouch drainage
41
auris interna in located where? (in latin)
Pars petrosa ossis temporalis.
42
the membranous labyrinth is filled with?
endolympha
43
the space between the membranous and bony labyrinth is filled with
perilympha
44
Osseous labyrinth
labyrinthus osseus
45
what is the vestibulum of the inner ear (4)
a chamber in the centre of the bony labyrinth
communicates with both the cochlea and the osseous semicircular canals.
The oval and the round windows are both located in the lateral wall of the vestibule.
It contains utriculus and sacculus.
46
osseous semicircular canals
+ diameter
contain?
canales semicirculares ossei
0.2…0.5 mm in diameter
contain the semicircular ducts, which have arisen from the utricle of the vestibular labyrinth.
47
translate semicircular canal and how are they named?
canalis semicircularis: anterior, posterior et lateralis
48
what structure contains the cochlear nerve?
the modiolus of the cochlea
49
cochlear spiral canal
canalis spiralis cochleae
winding spirally for 2.5…4 turns around the central modiolus (humans and rats 2.5; guinea pigs and nutrias 4.5 turns
50
what structure projects from the modiolus into the spiral canal?
the lamina spiralis ossea
projects from the modiolus into the spiral canal, and partially divides the lumen into the vestibular scala and the tympanic scala with the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct
51
near the summit of the cochlea the lamina ends and forms?
the opening, helicotrema, through which the scalae communicate in the cupula
52
Membranous labyrinth
labyrinthus membranaceus
53
the spiral organ and vestibular organs are situated in the walls of what structure?
labyrinthus membranaceus
54
each semicircular duct has two?
and each of those has?
each duct has two crura membranacea
One crus of each duct has an
ampulla membranacea,
which is an expansion of the duct.
55
receptor cells for sensing rotational acceleration of the head are located where?
within the ampulla membranacea's of the semicircular ducts
56
the semicircular ducts open into
the utricle
57
translate:
endolymphatic duct
endolymphatic sac
ductus endolymphaticus
saccus endolymphaticus
58
translate reunion duct
define
ductus reuniens
connects the sacculus to the cochlear duct
59
translate utriculosaccular duct
define
ductus utriculosaccularis
connects the sacculus to the utricle
60
maculae of the utricle and saccule
macula: utriculi et sacculi
61
what do the maculae of the utricle & saccule detect?
detect linear acceleration
62
a transverse section through the cochlea shows that cochlear spiral canal is divided into three separated channels: what are these called (named from the modiolus downward)
scala vestibuli
ductus cochlearis (scala media)
scala tympani
63
what is Reissner's membrane?
or known as the vestibular membrane or vestibular wall
separates the cochlear duct from the vestibular scala
64
what separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic scala
the tympanic wall
(also known as membranous spiral lamina or basilar membrane)
65
2 alt. names for the spiral organ and location
define
organum spirale or organ of Corti
is situated on the basilar membrane.
It is the receptor for auditory sensation and consists of a number of hair and support cells, transforming sound waves to nerve impulses.
66
after reaching the chain of the auditory ossicles what is the path sound takes? (4)
chain of the auditory ossicles→ vestibular window→ the perilymph within the vestibular scala→ the endolymph within the cochlear duct→ the spiral organ
67
Organ of vision
organum visus
68
Eye
oculus
69
Describe the visual pathway (7)
retinal photoreceptors
n. opticus
chiasma opticum
tractus opticus
over the colliculus rostralis (midbrain/mesencephalon)
to corpus geniculatum laterale (metathalamus in interbrain/diencephalon)
to visual cortex in lobus occipitalis
70
Describe the auditory pathway (8)
1. Vestibulocochlear nerve;
2. Cochlear nuclei;
3. Trapezoid body;
4. Lateral lemniscus;
5. Nucleus of lateral lemniscus;
6. Caudal colliculus;
7. Medial geniculate body;
8. Projecting fibres to the auditory cortex in temporal lobe
71
Eyeball
bulbus oculi
72
anterior pole
polus anterius
the highest point of the cornea
73
posterior pole
polus posterius
74
Fibrous layer of eyeball
tunica fibrosa bulbi
sclera, outer bluish white protective layer covering the eyeball except the anterior portion which is covered by cornea; it consists of dense fibrous connective tissue
75
scleral groove
sulcus sclerae
is shallow groove at the junction of sclera and cornea
76
Vascular layer of the eyeball, 2 names
tunica vasculosa bulbi; uvea
is a network of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the eye
77
the uvea consists of what? (3)
consists of
choroidea
corpus ciliare
iris
78
describe the choroidea
dark pigmentation to prevent internal light reflection,
carries blood vessels to nourish the retina
79
translate ciliary arteries and vorticose veins
location?
aa. ciliares
vv. vorticosae
ramify in choroidea
80
what is the tapetum lucidum
eyeshine
is avascular layer immediately behind the retina and gives the luster to the eyes reflecting visible light back from the retina.
It contributes to the superior night vision of some animals; not present in su, some birds nor humans.
81
ciliary body
location?
function? (2-3)
corpus ciliare
is a thick circular part between the choroid and iris.
functions: accomodation and maintains the lens in place,
aqueous humor production (regulates the pressure within the eye)
82
what is corpus ciliare composed of?
composed m.ciliaris and processus ciliares
The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle fibres in the ciliary body and suspends the lens in the correct position.
83
ciliary crown
define
corona ciliaris
is a raised part of the ciliary body that contains 50…100 processus ciliares, radially arranged fibroelastic ridges, which secrete the aqueous humor
84
ciliary ring
define
orbiculus ciliaris
peripheral flat part of the ciliary body continuous with the choroid
85
translate sphincter muscle of the pupil and the dilatator muscle of the pupil
m. sphincter pupillae (parasympathetic miosis)
m. dilatator pupillae (sympathetic mydriasis)
86
pupillary margin
define
margo pupillaris
central margin
87
ciliary margin
define
margo ciliaris
the periphery of the iris
88
iridic granules
define
granula iridica
vascular extensions of the iris
89
what does the anterior cavity consist of?
refers to both anterior and posterior chambers
do not confuse anterior cavity with anterior chamber
90
internal layer of eyeball
consists of?
tunica interna bulbi
consists of the retina, extending from the pupil to the optic disc
91
optic part of the retina
describe
pars optica retinae
light sensitive part and contacts the choroid;
image on retina is upside down and reversed
92
what is the edge of the optic part of the retina called?
ora serrata
edge of the optic part, continuous with the thinner cecal part, in humans
93
non-visual part of the retina
describe
pars ceca retinae
light-insensitive part,
extends from the pupil to the serrate edge
94
translate pigmented layer
purpose?
stratum pigmentosum
external, pigmented;
prevents back scattering of light
95
nervous layer
purpose?
stratum nervosum
internal, location of nerve cells that process the signals generated by rods and cones which absorb the light and the light waves changed to nerve impulses
96
what parts does the retina consist of?
stratum pigmentosum
stratum nervosum
pars optica retinae
pars ceca retinae
ora serrata
97
what is the macula of the eye?
a small area of the retina of higher visual acuity,
very sensitive to light (highest density of the cones),
faintly visible on the fundus
The fovea centralis is located in the center of the macula lutea.
These are sometimes considered the same thing.
98
optic disc
discus nervi optici
beginning of the optic nerve visible on the fundus,
lacks receptors; creamy yellow orange to pink, round or oval shape, physiologic cup inside the disc for bloodvessels
99
translate branches of the central retinal vessels
where do they leave?
rami a. [v.] centralis retinae
leave the vascular ring of the optic nerve and extend toward the periphery of the retina (absent in eq)
100
translate vascular ring of the optic nerve
what is this?
circulus vasculosus n. optici; eq
anastomosing branches of short posterior ciliary arteries and veins with retinal central arteries and veins
101
Purpose of cones?
for more precise vision,
need strong light and help to see colors.
Mostly distributed in the centre of the retina.
102
Purpose of rods?
Rods are for peripheral and night vision
domestic mammals have mostly rods, are unable to distinguish colors well
Some reptiles and most birds can see color, they have many cones
103
anterior chamber of the eyeball
describe
camera anterior bulbi
space posterior to cornea,
anterior to iris and lens,
has aqueous humor
104
aqueous humor
describe
humor aquosus
clear homogenous fluid in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball;
provides nutrients for lens and cornea, and maintains intraocular pressure
105
posterior chamber of the eyeball
describe
camera posterior bulbi
space between iris and lens
106
vitreous chamber of the eyeball
describe
camera vitrea bulbi
posterior to the lens and ciliary body
contains corpus vitreum
107
vitreous body
function?
corpus vitreum
provides nourishment to the lens and cornea
and holds the shape of the eyeball
108
what is the lens covered by?
capsula lentis
highly elastic
109
what is the lens suspended by (other than the ciliary body)
suspended by zonula ciliaris
which extend from the ciliary processes to the capsule of the lens;
110
what do zonula ciliaris consist of?
fibrae zonulares
111
Accessory organs of the eye
organa oculi accessoria (adnexa oculi)
112
what structures are considered accessory organs of the eye (6)
bulbar muscles,
orbital fasciae,
the adipose tissue
conjunctiva,
eyelids,
lacrimal apparatus
113
translate Muscles of the eyeball
mm. bulbi
or
mm. externi bulbi oculi
114
orbital muscle
location?
function?
m. orbitalis
located in deep part of the periorbita,
protrudes the eyeball
115
dorsal rectus muscle
m. rectus dorsalis
116
ventral rectus muscle
m. rectus ventralis
117
medial rectus muscle
function?
m. rectus medialis
adducts the eye
118
lateral rectus muscle
function?
m. rectus lateralis
acting singly, turns corneal surface either upward, downward, abduction etc.
119
retractor muscle of the eyeball
location?
m. retractor bulbi
surrounds the optic nerve
120
Name the muscles of the eyeball
m. orbitalis
m. retractor bulbi
m. rectus dorsalis
m. rectus ventralis
m. rectus lateralis
m. rectus medialis
m. obliquus dorsalis
m. obliquus ventralis
m. levator palpebrae superioris (also moves the globe)
121
dorsal oblique muscle
location/insertion?
m. obliquus dorsalis
passes laterally around the trochlea and is inserted deep to the dorsal rectus muscle
122
ventral oblique muscle
location?
function?
m. obliquus ventralis
from the medial wall of the orbit
rotate the eyeball on its axis
123
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
location?
function?
m. levator palpebrae superioris
passes dorsally to the dorsal rectus muscle into the upper eyelid;
raises the upper eyelid and is direct antagonist of the orbicularis oculi muscle
124
eye movement stimulated by what nerves?
oculomotor,
trochlear and
abducens nerves
125
Orbital fasciae
fasciae orbitales
126
What is the orbit lined by?
by the periorbita, a cone-shaped fibrous membrane.
It attaches to the bony rim of the orbit, fusing with the periosteum.
127
muscular fasciae of the eye
describe
fasciae musculares
loose and fatty superficial fasciae,
extends to the lids and reflects around the bulbar muscles
128
bulbar sheath
describe
vagina bulbi
part of the deep fasciae, covers the eyeball and the retractor muscle
129
translate orbital fat
describe
corpus adiposum orbitae
is inside and outside the periorbita
130
Eyelids
upper eyelid
lower eyelid
palpebrae
palpebra superior
palpebra inferior
131
palpebral fissure
rima palpebrarum
the space between eyelids
132
lateral and medial palpebral commissure
commissura palpebrarum: lateralis et medialis
unions of the upper and lower eyelids
133
lateral and medial angle of the eye
angulus oculi: lateralis et medialis
nasal and temporal canthi
the lateral and medial end of the palpebral fissure
134
eyelashes
ciliae
arise from the anterior edges of the free borders of the eyelids; may be absent on the lower lid of Car and su;
filter dust and dirt and secrete oils that prevent lids from sticking together
135
upper and lower tarsus
define
tarsus: superior et inferior
plate of dense collagenous fibres in eyelid
136
tarsal glands, 2 alt. names
describe
Meibomian glands or gll. tarsales
modified sebaceous glands in eyelids.
fatty secretion (meibum) repels lacrimal fluid, keeping it on the eye; lubricating the eye
are regulated via sex hormones (androgens have a supporting function, estrogens act antagonistically) and innervated by sympathetic and sensory parasympathetic fibers
137
define chalazion
a small round painless swelling in the edge of the eyelid which is caused by blockage of the duct in the tarsal glands
138
conjunctival layer
describe
tunica conjunctiva
the mucous membrane on the anterior surface of the eyeball all the way to the edge of the cornea
139
the conjunctiva is divided into what parts?
tunica conjunctiva: bulbi et palpebrarum
The bulbar conjunctiva is found on the eyeball over the anterior sclera.
The palpebral conjunctiva lines the eyelids.
140
lacrimal caruncle
define
caruncula lacrimalis
small elevation in the medial angle of the eye containing sebaceous and sudoriferous glands and bearing fine hairs;
they are assumed to be part of the bodys own sun protection mechanism
141
5 alt. names for conjunctival semilunar fold
describe
third eyelid or
nictitating membrane or
plica semilunaris conjunctivae or
palpebra III
s. membrana nictitans
supported by a thin plate of cartilage in the medial angle of the eye
142
Lacrimal apparatus
function?
apparatus lacrimalis
produces tears that lubricate conjunctiva and cornea and
have a germicidal effect;
serous in fe,
seromucous in ca and Un
143
lacrimal gland
location?
gll. lacrimalis
located dorsolateral to the eyeball
144
excretory ductules of the lacrimal gland
ductuli excretorii)
connecting the lacrimal gland with the conjunctival sac
145
lacrimal lake
define
lacus lacrimalis
the semicircular recess surrounding the lacrimal caruncle
146
lacrimal punctum
define
punctum lacrimale
small opening through which the lacrimal fluid leaves the eye, close to the medial angle of the eye
147
lacrimal canaliculus
define
canaliculus lacrimalis
short duct connecting the lacrimal punctum with the lacrimal sac
148
lacrimal sac
define
saccus lacrimalis
enlargement of the proximal end of the nasolacrimal duct occupying the lacrimal fossa
149
lacrimal fossa
fossa sacci lacrimalis
located on the inferior surface of each orbital plate of the frontal bone.
underneath the zygomatic process, a shallow depression for the lacrimal gland.
150
nasolacrimal duct
describe its location
ductus nasolacrimalis
in canalis nasolacrimalis, connects the lacrimal sac with the nasal cavity.
The duct travels along the inner surface of the maxilla in a shallow lacrimal groove,
then passes ventrally, where it enters the basal fold (an extension of the ventral concha),
finally opens in the wall of the nostril but may have accessory openings farther caudally.
151
handle of the malleus
manubrium mallei
152
what do the semicircular canals detect?
rotational acceleration of the head
