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Veterinary anatomy in latin > Veterinary female reproductive system > Flashcards

Veterinary female reproductive system Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

Female genital organs

A

organa genitalia feminina

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2
Q

Ovary

A

ovarium

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3
Q

the ovaries have two major functions:

A

to produce the energy rich female gametes (oocytes or ova)

and to produce the sex hormone estrogen

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4
Q

shape and size of porcine ovaries

A

like a bunch of grapes

about 5 cm

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5
Q

shape and size of mare ovaries

A

kidney-shaped

5…8 cm

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6
Q

unique feature to mare ovaries

A

the typical corticomedullary lay-out is reversed

medullary tissue on outside cortical tissue on inside

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7
Q

shape of car ovaries and name a feature

A

elongated and flat ovaries

concealed in a bursa with a 0.6…2.0 cm slit, can have lots of adipose tissue

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8
Q

ru ovary location and size

A

ventrally on the cranial border of the broad ligament

2…7 cm, right ovary is larger

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9
Q

the surface of the ovary is covered by

A

a low cuboidal epithelium superficiale

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10
Q

beneath the surface epithelium is a layer of?

A

connective tissue called the tunica albuginea

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11
Q

translate ovarian cortex or parenchymatous zone

A

cortex ovarii; zona parenchymatosa

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12
Q

ovarian follicles in various stages of development, and yellow bodies are found in what part of the ovary

A

in the cortex ovarii

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13
Q

translate primary ovarian follicles and what do they consist of

A

folliculi ovarici primarii

consist of an oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of follicular cells

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14
Q

translate vesicular ovarian follicles and what do they consist of

A

folliculi ovarici vesiculosi

have a fluid-filled cavity that enlarges with maturation

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15
Q

ovarian medulla or vascular zone

A

medulla ovarii; zona vasculosa

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16
Q

medulla ovarii contains what

A

loose connective tissue,
blood vessels, nerves etc.

It is continuous with the mesovarium.

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17
Q

hilus of ovary

A

hilus ovarii

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18
Q

area of attachment of mesovarium and vessels on ovaries?

A

hilus ovarii

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19
Q

suspension of the ovary

A

mesovarium

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20
Q

the free border of the mesovarium is called?

A

lig. suspensorium ovarii

suspensory ligament of the ovary

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21
Q

unique feature to fe lig. suspensorium ovarii

A

in fe this ligament conveys blood vessels

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22
Q

ovarian bursa

A

bursa ovarica

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23
Q

what structures form the bursa ovarica

A

mesovarium and mesosalpinx

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24
Q

in which species does the ovarian bursa not enclose the ovary

A

equine

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25
Q

translate proper ligament of the ovary and where is it

A

lig. ovarii proprium

is a band between the uterine horn and the ovary

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26
Q

what does the ruptured follicle become after ovulation

A

hypertrophy of the granulosa and theca cells, produce a solid yellow body the corpus luteum (sg.)

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27
Q

the yellow pigment, lutein, appears in which species?

A

bo, eq, and Car

it is absent in ov, cap and su

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28
Q

corpus luteum produces which 2 hormones

A

progesterone and relaxin (causes decalcification of the pelvis and softening of other structures)

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29
Q

corpus luteum regresses into?

A

connective tissue scar, corpus albicans

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30
Q

unique feature of bovine corpus albicans

A

red in bo

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31
Q

what triggers luteolysis in ru, su, eq?

A

in the event of no pregnancy, cyclical regression of the corpus luteum is caused by the secretion of prostaglandin F2alpha from the endometrium

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32
Q

the estrus cycle is regulated by?

A

hypothalamo-hypophysial-ovarian rhythm
and by environmental factors

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33
Q

estrus is subdivided into what phases

A

proestrus
estrus
metestrus
diestrus
anestrus

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34
Q

describe proestrus

A

one or several follicles start to grow
the endometrium starts to develop
progestrone levels fall
female is not yet sexually receptive
some animals have bloody vaginal secretions

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35
Q

describe estrus

A

estrogen level is high
follicles mature and ovulation may occur
the female is sexually receptive and
exhibits visible physiologic changes
(lordosis reflex, the labia are reddened etc.)

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36
Q

describe metestrus

A

the signs of estrogen stimulation subside
one or several corpora lutea develop
initial progesterone secretion begins
sexual inactivity

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37
Q

describe diestrus

A

mature yellow body secretes large amounts of progestrone
endometrial glandular hyperplasia and secretion are maximal.

In the absence of pregnancy diestrus ends when the body undergos regression. Diestrus can be prolonged into pseudopregnancy.

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38
Q

describe anestrus

A

the prolonged period of sexual inactivity in di- and monoestrous animals

e.g. carnivores (mono-), canines (di-)

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39
Q

animals with estrus cycles throughout the year are called? and give examples

A

polyestrous animals: bo, su, mouse, rat, rabbit

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40
Q

animals that have multiple estrus cycles only during certain periods of the year are called? and give examples

A

seasonally polyestrous animals

eq, ov, cap, fe, deer, elk, hamster, ferret

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41
Q

animals that have two long estrus cycles per year and a long anestrous period separates between are called? and give example

A

diestrous animals: in canines

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42
Q

what leads to pseudopregnancy

A

a fall in progesterone and
an increase in prolactin

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43
Q

animals that have one estrus cycle per year are called? and give examples

A

monestrous animals: wolf, fox, bear

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44
Q

Uterine tube

A

tuba uterina

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45
Q

3 alternative names for the uterine tube

A

oviduct, salpinx, Fallopian tube

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46
Q

tube wall consists of what basic layers?

A

serosal, muscular, and mucosal layers

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47
Q

the uterine tube’s mucosal layer is lined with?

A

both secretory and ciliated cells

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48
Q

the uterine tube’s muscular layer is oriented..?

A

has both circular and longitudinal muscles

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49
Q

On what basis is the oviduct separated into 4 parts and name those parts.

A

on the basis of diameter and internal structure

infundibulum tubae uterinae
ampulla tubae uterinae
isthmus tubae uterinae
pars uterina

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50
Q

infundibulum of the uterine tube

A

infundibulum tubae uterinae

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51
Q

translate fimbria

A

fimbriae tubae

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52
Q

where are fimbria found?

A

on the free edge of the infundibulum

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53
Q

the abdominal opening of the uterine tube

A

ostium abdominale tubae uterinae

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54
Q

the ampulla of the uterine tube

A

ampulla tubae uterinae

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55
Q

the isthmus of the uterine tube

A

isthmus tubae uterinae

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56
Q

Where does fertilization usually take place?

A

ampulla tubae uterinae

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57
Q

What is the isthmus of the uterine tube

A

is a narrow portion of the uterine tube which leads to the uterine horn;
the distinction between these parts is not obvious

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58
Q

In which species is the uterine part of the uterine tube distinct, and ends on a papilla?

A

Car and eq

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59
Q

In which species is the uterine part of the uterine tube non-distinct, and is gradually continuous with the uterine horn?

A

in Ru and su

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60
Q

the uterine tube opens into the uterine horn via the?

A

ostium uterinum tubae

uterine orifice / uterotubal junction

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61
Q

The tube is supported and carried by what?

A

the mesosalpinx

located laterally from the mesovarium

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62
Q

2 alternate names for the uterus

A

metra, hystera

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63
Q

Which species ejaculate into the uterus

A

eq and su

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64
Q

What type of uteri do domestic animals have

A

uterus bicornis

bicornuate

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65
Q

horns of the uterus

A

cornu uteri: dextrum et sinistrum

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66
Q

mesometrical border

A

margo mesometricum

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67
Q

describe the uterine horns of ru

A

they are “wound up” almost spiral-like, and have a fold of serosa, the intercornual ligament crosses between horns

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68
Q

describe the uterine horns of eq and car

A

straight and divergent

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69
Q

describe the uterine horns of su

A

have intestine-like loops

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70
Q

unique to bovine uterus

A

the lig. intercornuale is doubled rather than single layered, forms a pocket

71
Q

the medial walls of the uterine horns fuse and form what structure? in what species?

A

a ‘sail of the uterus’

velum uteri

in Car, su and Ru

72
Q

body of the uterus, and in which species largest

A

corpus uteri

is generally rather small in domestic species, except for in eq

73
Q

bottom of the uterus, and which species has this named separately

A

fundus uteri
in eq the cranial end of the body of the uterus

74
Q

cavity of the uterus

A

cavum uteri

75
Q

neck of the uterus and where does it lie

A

cervix uteri

pelvic cavity

76
Q

name the 2 parts, ends, of the cervix

A

portio prevaginalis, and most caudal part portio vaginalis

77
Q

in which species portio vaginalis found

A

in bo and eq

78
Q

carnivore cervical mucosal epithelium contains?

A

a large number of mucus-secreting gll. cervicales

79
Q

the lumen of the cervix is called?

A

canalis cervicis uteri

the cervical canal of the uterus

80
Q

internal uterine orifice

A

ostium uteri internum

81
Q

external uterine orifice

A

ostium uteri externum

82
Q

ring-like pouch formed by portio vaginalis and absent in which species

A

fornix vaginae

absent in su

83
Q

mucosa of the cervix forms thick folds, which are arranged how in eq and car?

A

longitudinally

plicae longitudinales

84
Q

mucosa of the cervix forms thick folds, which are arranged how in ru?

A

circular

plicae circulares

85
Q

mucosa of the cervix forms thick folds, which are arranged how in su?

A

in row of prominences

pulvini cervicales

86
Q

in which species are plicae longitudinales of the cervix uteri found

A

eq, car

87
Q

in which species are plicae circulares of the cervix uteri found

A

ru

88
Q

in which species are pulvini cervicales of the cervix uteri found

A

su

89
Q

wall of the uterus consists of what 3 layers:

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

90
Q

describe the endometrium

A

mucosal layer of uterus that is thick and contains exocrine gll. uterinae that produce nutritive secretions;

functional and basal layers

91
Q

unique to ru uterine mucosa?

A

carunculae or uterine caruncles

where the embryonic membranes attach during pregnancy

80…120 in a bovine

92
Q

what degenerates partially or fully after pregnancy or after estrus

A

the startum functionale of the endometrium

93
Q

describe the myometrium

A

the muscular layer, has external longitudinal and internal circular muscle layers;
a vascular layer in between those two;
experiences hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy

94
Q

describe the perimetrium

A

serosal layer of the uterus,
continuous with the broad uterine ligament and consists of loose connective tissue;
provides suspensory support for the uterus

95
Q

what is the parametrium

A

the site where the double layer of the broad ligament separates to enclose the uterus;

separates cervix from bladder along pelvic floor

96
Q

the external longitudinal muscle layer of the uterus extends to the?

A

parametrium

97
Q

where are the uterine ligaments mainly attached in the body?

A

the dorsolateral bodywall

98
Q

translate and describe - broad ligament of the uterus

A

lig. latum uteri

is double fold of peritoneum, formed by mesovarium, mesosalpinx and mesometrium

99
Q

what is the mesometrium attached to?

A

the uterus and cranial part of the vagina

100
Q

where does the mesometrium attach in bovine?

A

broad ligament site of attachment is lateral
so the free surface of the uterus is dorsal

101
Q

where does the mesometrium attach in equine?

A

on dorsal surface of the uterine horns

and so the free surface of the uterus is ventral to the ligament

102
Q

translate and describe - round ligament of the uterus

A

lig. teres uteri

a fibrous-muscular cord, the lateral surface of the broad ligament that extends from the tip of the uterine horn to the vaginal process at the deep inguinal ring

103
Q

translate vaginal process and where in which species

A

proc. vaginalis peritonei

in the inguinal canal, found in female dogs and rarely in felines

104
Q

what do the various uterine ligaments contain?

A

collagen fibers,
smooth muscles,
blood and lymph vessels,
and nerve fibers

105
Q

from where to where does the vagina extend

A

from the external opening of the uterus to the vestibule of the vagina/ to the entrance of the urethra

106
Q

in which species is hymen more prominent

A

in eq, ov and su

107
Q

abdominal location of vagina

A

mostly retroperitoneal, but its cranial part is covered by peritoneum

108
Q

name the vaginal walls

A

paries: ventralis et dorsalis

109
Q

caudal part of the vagina is surrounded by?

A

loose fatty tissue and connective tissue

110
Q

Vestibule of the vagina

A

vestibulum vaginae

111
Q

from what to what does the vestibulum vaginae extend

A

from the ostium urethrae externum to the external vulva

112
Q

unique feature to ru and su vaginal vestibulum?

A

the urethra forms a ventrocaudal blind sac, diverticulum suburethrale which opens together with the urethra into the vaginal vestibule

113
Q

unique feature to canine vaginal vestibulum?

A

the urethra opens on a small elevation, tuberculum urethrale

114
Q

translate vestibular bulb

A

bulbus vestibuli

115
Q

what is bulbus vestibuli and in which species is it found

A

bulb of spongy erectile tissue found in lateral wall of vaginal vestibule in equine and canine

more pronounced during estrus

116
Q

what glands can be found in the vaginal vestibule

A

gll. vestibulares minores
gl. vestibularis major (Bartholin’s gland)

117
Q

where are minor vestibular glands found?

A

in the lateral and ventral walls in all female animals

118
Q

where are large vestibular glands found?

A

gl. vestibularis major

in Ru and fe in the lateral walls of the vaginal vestibule,
in the constrictor muscles of the vestibule,
one on each side,
the duct opens on the lateral wall of the vestibule

119
Q

vulva

A

pudendum femininum

120
Q

translate The external parts of the female genitalia

A

partes genitales femininae externae

121
Q

pudendal fissure

A

rima pudendi

122
Q

vulvar lips

A

labium pudendi

123
Q

dorsal and ventral commissure

A

commissura labiorum: dorsalis et ventralis

124
Q

clitoris consists of?

A

paired, joined crus clitoridis, which are attached to the ischial arch

125
Q

parts of the clitoris?

A

corpus clitoridis
glans clitoridis

126
Q

prepuce of the clitoris

A

preputium clitoridis

127
Q

fossa of the clitoris

A

fossa clitoridis

128
Q

translate clitorial sinuses and how many can be found in which species

A

sinus clitoridis

3 found on dorsal surface of glans clitoridis in equine

129
Q

the ovarian artery supplies what structures?

A

ovaries and oviducts
cranial part of the uterus

130
Q

the uterine artery comes from where?

A

from the internal iliac artery

except in eq – from external iliac artery

131
Q

the uterine artery supplies what structures?

A

major portion of the uterus

paired arteries anastomose within the broad ligament

132
Q

the vaginal artery comes from where?

A

from the internal iliac artery

133
Q

the vaginal artery supplies what structures?

A

vagina
+ uterus using uterine branch of vaginal artery

134
Q

Fetal membranes

A

membranae fetales

135
Q

define placentation

A

development of extraembryonic membranes

136
Q

name the 3 fetal membranes

A

the amnion,
allantois,
and chorion

yolk sac found in mammals, but it is not nutritive

137
Q

describe the innermost fetal membrane

A

the amnion or amniotic sac

is the innermost transparent membrane,
aids in dilation of the cervix and provides lubrication for parturition;
is a reservoir for urine and waste,
prevents adhesion of fetal skin to the amnion,
amnion is fused with the inner layer of the allantois

138
Q

which species is born inside the amnion

A

carnivores

139
Q

describe the middle fetal membrane

A

allantois fuses with chorion and amnion

carries blood vessels to placenta,
is a resevoir for nutrients and waste

140
Q

term for middle and outer fetal membranes together

A

allantochorion /or chorioallantois

141
Q

term for middle and innermost fetal membranes together

A

allantoamnion

142
Q

translate umbilical cord and what does it attach

A

funiculus umbilicalis

attaches fetus to allantois

143
Q

at parturition what is expelled first

A

the allantoic sac

144
Q

describe the outermost fetal membrane

A

chorion

develops vascular villi chorii and attaches to the endometrium;
it absorbs nutrients from uterus, allows gas exchange, produces hormones

145
Q

chorionic villi

A

villi chorii

146
Q

which fetal membrane produces hormones

A

chorion

147
Q

what structure connects the fetus to the uterine wall

A

placenta

148
Q

what space is found between amniotic sac and allantochorion and what fills it

A

the space is called the allantoic sac, filled with allantoic fluid

it also connects the bladder by the urachus

149
Q

another term for embryo or fetus

A

conceptus

150
Q

the placenta consists of what two components

A

pars fetalis
pars uterina

151
Q

what forms the pars fetalis of the placenta

A

the chorion

152
Q

what forms the basal decidua of the placenta

A

also known as the pars uterina

develops from the maternal endometrium

153
Q

what sort of substances can diffuse through the placenta?

A

nutrients (monosaccharides, amino acids, vitamins etc.), most maternal hormones (except adrenaline),
oxygen, antibodies,
almost all drugs (including alcohol),
lead (Pb) and DDT

154
Q

the placenta will secrete what hormones?

A

lactogen,
progesterone,
estrogen,
ACTH etc.

155
Q

how many layers in total separate maternal-fetal blood

A

up to 6, species and placental type dependent

156
Q

how are placenta classified?

A

according to the configuration of the maternal-fetal interface

157
Q

name 4 types of placenta in english

A

diffuse
cotyledonary
zonary
discoid

158
Q

name 4 types of placenta in latin

A

placenta diffusa
placenta multiplex
placenta zonaria
placenta discoidea

159
Q

describe a diffuse placenta

A

it is almost entirely in contact with the endometrium

almost entire surface of allantochorion is covered by villi (eq)
or a network of short folds (su)

160
Q

describe a cotyledonary placenta

A

multiple, discrete areas of attachment called cotyledons are formed by interaction of patches of allantochorion with endometrium.

e.g. ru

161
Q

describe a zonary placenta

A

the chorionic villi form a complete or incomplete band of tissue surrounding the fetus

ca, fe, seals, bears, elephants

162
Q

describe a discoid placenta

A

an area of the chorion is discoid in shape, adheres to the endometrial stroma

ppl, primates, rodents, rabbit

163
Q

cotyledonary placenta maternal attachment points

A

caruncula/ papilla

caruncle eng.

164
Q

the cotyledon-caruncle complex is called?

A

a placentome / placentoma

165
Q

the umbilical cord contains?

A

commonly two arteries
one (or two) veins
urachus

all embedded in a loose connective tissue – Wharton’s jelly. This is all covered by a thick stratified sheet of embryonic connective tissue

166
Q

What does the endometrium secrete that regulates the luteolysis (ru, su eq)

A

prostaglandin F2αlpha

reaches the ovary via ovarian artery
which is close to the uterine vein facilitating diffusion of the hormone (sjaastad)

167
Q

define monotocous and polytocous

A

producing a single offspring at a birth
vs.
Giving birth to multiple offspring at the same time; multiparous.

168
Q

pH of vaginal mucosa?

A

roughly 5.7

169
Q

diagnostic method for pregnancy

A

via rectal palpation, after the 4th month of pregnancy, the undulation (fremitus) of the uterine artery can be palpated in bovine

also fetal membrane slip in very early gestation

170
Q

names for the 2 lamina of the allantois

A

allantochorion
allantoamnion

171
Q

which species can be susceptible to bladder prolapse and why

A

mares because of their relatively short and wide urethra

172
Q

layers of an ovary

A

epithelium superficiale
tunica albuginea
cortex ovarii / zona parenchymatosa
medulla ovarii / zona vasculosa

173
Q

how to tell mesovarium from mesosalpinx

A

mesosalpinx is the free border, connecting tube to horn

mesovarium is wider and pretty much all the connective tissue in between

174
Q

length of oviducts in different species?

A

range from 5 cm in fe and smaller canines,
to
15…30 cm in su, bo and eq

Veterinary anatomy in latin (29 decks)

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