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Veterinary anatomy in latin > Veterinary avian anatomy > Flashcards

Veterinary avian anatomy Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

birds’ phylogenic class

A

Aves

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2
Q

the comb

A

crista carnosa s. crista galli

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3
Q

wattle

A

palear s. lobus submandibularis

(dewlap)

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4
Q

the snood

A

proc. frontalis

is an erectile, fleshy process on the forehead of turkeys, may hang over their beak

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5
Q

beak or bill (give 2 alt names)

A

rostrum; rhamphotheca

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6
Q

upper bill

A

rostrum maxillare; [rhinotheca]

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7
Q

lower bill

A

rostrum mandibulare; [gnathotheca]

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8
Q

claw (toe claw)

A

unguis digiti pedis

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9
Q

claws on the digits of the wing

A

unguis digiti alulae

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10
Q

spur

A

calcar metatarsale

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11
Q

The tarsometatarsus is covered by a horny sheath called?

A

podotheca

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12
Q

large scales of the podotheca are called?
and small ones?

A

The largest scales are called scutes,
with smaller ones termed scutella

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13
Q

describe avian temperature regulation

A

birds have no sweat glands, so temperature regulation is largely achieved by evaporative cooling from the respiratory tract and through their skin

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14
Q

3 alt. names for the uropygial gland

A

preen gland
oil gland
gl. uropygialis

is a bilobate sebaceous gland possessed by the majority of birds
located dorsally at the base of the tail

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15
Q

define patagium

A

patagium is a feathered double layer of triangular skin fold one of which, runs from the upper arm to the lateral thoracic wall

and the second, stretches between of the upper and lower arm. The patagium contains an elastic membrane, which help to return the wing to its resting position, and is essential for producing aerodynamic lift

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16
Q

Feathers

A

pennae

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17
Q

Contour feathers

& define

A

penna contorna

are the outermost and most prominent feathers. They provide the color and the shape of the bird.

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18
Q

translate
areas with feathers &
the bare areas devoid of feathers

A

feathered areas = pterylae

bare areas = apterae

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19
Q

flight feathers, 2 names

A

penna volatus
&
remiges

are divided into primaries (on the manus) and secondaries on the antebrachium (ulna)

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20
Q

What are helm feathers?

A

The flight feathers on the tail are helm feathers (latin = rectrices)

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21
Q

translate and define covert feathers

A

tectrices

are smaller contour feathers which cover most of the wing and tail.
They are found at the base of the remiges (flight feathers) and rectrices (helm feathers) and over the ear; the coverts help to smooth airflow over the wings and tail

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22
Q

translate and define feather shaft (2 alt. names)

A

quill or calamus pennae

is the smooth, non-colored end of the feather shaft, which extends under the skin to the folliculus

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23
Q

2 alt. names for feather shaft

A

rachis (eng)
or
rhachis pennae (lat)

any of the shaft not covered by skin/in the follicle (that is the calamus)

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24
Q

translate & define feather barbs

A

barbae pennae

are stiff filaments, which come off the rachis (feather shaft) at a 45-degree angle. are literally the feather bits.

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25
Q

define barbulae

A

barbules (barbulae)

are finer filaments found on the barb (feather filaments).

Barbules from one barb cross those of the next at a 90-degree angle; tiny hooklets tie the barbules and the barbs together.

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26
Q

translate & define vane

A

vexillum

is the softer part on both side of the rachis (feather shaft).

The leading edge of the feather during flight is called the outer vane; the opposite wider vane is referred the inner vane.

Essentially is the edge or margin of the feather.

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27
Q

translate & define afterfeathers

A

hyopennae

are much smaller, softer and are attached to the lower shaft of some contour feathers; they resemble down

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28
Q

down feathers

A

pluma

lack hooked barbules

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28
Q

down feathers

A

pluma

lack hooked barbules

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29
Q

Specialized feathers that may provide proprioceptive sensory input

A

filoplumes/filopluma

have long fine shafts with a tuft of terminal barbs. They are always associated with contour feathers and may provide proprioceptive sensory input

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30
Q

Specialized feathers that are a cross between down feathers and contour feathers

A

semiplumes (semipluma) are found between other feathers, providing an additional layer of warmth and helping to maintain the smooth, streamlined shape of the bird.

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31
Q

bristles

A

setae

are small contour feathers and they have a stiff, tapering rachis with few or no barbs. They are situated at the beak or the eyes as eyelashes. They may also have a sensory tactile function

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32
Q

Molt

A

ekdysis

as feathers become worn, they are replaced by molting.

The fowl molts three times in its first 6 months
(2 complete and 1 partial)

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33
Q

pneumatic bones are lined by

A

mucous membrane rather than marrow

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34
Q

medullary bones

A

ossa medullaria

are a non-structural type of bone tissue that develop in the haematopoietic medullary cavities of bones of female birds induced by oestrogenic and androgenic hormones during the egg-laying cycle; is known to function as a calcium store for egg shell production

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35
Q

what cranial bone do birds NOT have

A

temporal bone

bird skull consists of frontal, parietal, palatine, premaxillary, occipital and nasal bone, and the mandible

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36
Q

how many cervcical vertebrae in birds

A

the long, double curved neck contains 14 (8…25) cervical vertebrae,

and the ring-like atlas articulates to the skull with a single occipital condyle

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37
Q

in chicken, the last two of the cervical vertebrae possess

A

the vertebral segments of ribs

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38
Q

how may thoracic vertebrae in birds?

A

there are 7 (3…10) thoracic vertebrae,

numbers 2…5 are fused and form the notarium or dorsal bone

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39
Q

What is a notarium?

A

Notarium or os dorsale is a bone consisting of the fused vertebra of the shoulder in birds and some pterosaurs.

The structure helps brace the chest against the forces generated by the wings.

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40
Q

6th thoracic vertebrae can move freely, but the last thoracic vertebra is?

A

part of the synsacrum

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41
Q

what is a synsacrum?

A

the lumbar and sacral vertebrae are typically fused into a synsacrum

This bony mass comprises the last thoracic, 14 lumbo-sacral vertebrae and the 1st caudal vertebra;

skeletal fusion in the vertebral column does not occur for many weeks after hatching.

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42
Q

how many caudal vertebrae in birds?

A

there are 5…6 caudal vertebrae that, apart from the first, are free and mobile.

The numbers 2…5 are normal vertebrae, since the last one is formed into a pygostylus.

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43
Q

What is a pygostyle?

A

last caudal vertebrae is formed into a three sided pyramidal bone called the pygostylus

or plowshare bone or rump post

is the last coccygeal vertebra, unique to birds, except parrots and pigeons.

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44
Q

how many ribs do birds have?

A

there are 5…7 pairs of ribs: the first two are free while the last five are attached to the sternum.

The rib consists of vertebral and sternal parts.

45
Q

translate vertebral and sternal rib parts

A

costae: vertebrales et sternales

46
Q

what is a uncinate process

A

ribs 2…6 each have an uncinate process or processus uncinatus which overlaps the next caudal rib

47
Q

what is a keel in the context of bird anatomy?

A

the sternum forms the large floor of the thoracic cavity.

It exhibits a keel or carina (latin: carina sterni) which serves as the bony surface for the origin of the major flight muscles.

in some birds a lower keel is compensated by greater sternal width

48
Q

on the caudal border of the sternum are directed caudolaterally what?

A

trabecula: lateralis, mediana et intermedia

= largeish bony processes

49
Q

pneumatic foramina on the dorsal sternal surface connect with

A

the clavicular air sac

50
Q

the thoracic girdle is composed of what 3 pairs of bones which support the wings

A

scapula
clavicula – cranially to the coracoids
coracoideum – the distal end of the coracoid is braced against the sternum

51
Q

what are the fused clavicula called as a unit?

A

fused ventrally to form the furcula or wishbone

there are many species where the furcula is completely absent (some owls, parrots etc.)

52
Q

the 3 bone pairs of the thoracic girdle come together to form?

A

come together dorsally forming canalis triosseus, through which the tendon of the supracoracoid muscle passes

53
Q

latin for wing bones

which one is largest?

A

ossa alae

humerus is largest
humerus is pneumatized with the clavicular air sac

54
Q

wrist of birds is made up of what bones

A

os carpi: ulnare et radiale

55
Q

latin for metacarpal bones

how many?

A

ossa metacarpalia

are reduced to three

56
Q

name the 3 avian metacarpal bones

A

os metacarpale: majus, minus et alulare

major, minor and wing of metacarpals

57
Q

the fusing of distal row of the carpal bones and metacarpal bones forms what in adult birds?

A

carpometacarpal bones
carpometacarpus

58
Q

“finger bones”

the number of digits corresponds to?

A

ossa digitorum manus

number corresponds to the metacarpal bones:

digitus: major, minor et alularis

The three digits of the wing are equivalent to digits II, III, and IV in other animals.

59
Q

2 alt. names for alula

define this

A

bastard wing or winglet

consists of two phalanx of alular digit and is freely moving II digit, a bird’s “thumb“ which typically bears 3…5 small flight feathers

60
Q

in flight, the body of a bird hangs from its wings at the shoulder joint called what in latin

A

art. omalis

61
Q

name the phalanx in latin

A

phalanx proximalis digiti majoris;
phalanx distalis digiti majoris;
phalanx digiti minori

62
Q

describe the avian pubic bone

A

paired pubis are long thin bones directed caudally;

cranially they are fused with the ischia

63
Q

ilioischiatic foramen

A

for. ilioischiadicum

64
Q

what bones comprise the avian acetabulum?

A

ilium, ischium and pubis all contribute to the acetabulum, but the ilium forms more than half of the socket and the floor is membranous

65
Q

which species of birds have a pelvic symphysis

A

is present in ostrich and rhea

66
Q

what is the „drumstick“ bone

A

tibiotarsus, is the longest of the limb bones.

It is formed by the fusion of the tibia and the proximal row of tarsal bones

fibula is greatly reduced in birds and fused with tibiotarsus

67
Q

how is the tarsometatarsus formed

A

by the fusion of the distal row of tarsal bones to the three metatarsal bones of digits II, III and IV,

is usually shorter than the tibiotarsus.

In male chicken, there is a bony spur core

68
Q

what is the hallux

A

short I digit or hallux has two phalanges and it is usually backwards directed

69
Q

how many phalanges do digits II-IV have

A

II, III, IV digits have 3, 4 and 5 phalanges, respectively, and they are cranially directed;

the fourth digit is directed caudally in parrots

70
Q

name the main flight mm. (3)

A

m. pectoralis superficialis et profundus
and m. supracoracoideus

both have their origin on the sternum and clavicle.

They make up about 25…35% of a flighted bird’s body weight.

71
Q

what 2 structures are found in the roof of a birds mouth

A

choanal cleft (choana) in the hard palate

and infundibular slit (infundibulum)

lead to the external nares and auditory tube respectively

72
Q

crop

A

ingluvies

73
Q

Proventriculus

A

proventriculus gastris s. pars glandularis

is an ovoid thick-walled continuation of the esophagus and first part of the stomach

74
Q

muscular stomach

A

Gizzard or

ventriculus gastris s. pars muscularis

is also for grinding and gastric digestion

75
Q

what is cuticula

A

cuticula gastris

on the inside of the gizzard is a yellowish-green layer of secretion; it protects the gizzard, is secreted by the ventricular glands and consists of carbohydrate and protein complex

76
Q

vitelline

A

or Meckel’s diverticulum (remnant of the yolk sac and stalk)

may be found at the end of the axial loop of the jejunum, separating ileum and jejunum

77
Q

Cloaca is divided into three parts by annular folds:

A

coprodeum, ampulla-like reservoir for urine and feces

urodeum, middle and smallest, containing openings of the ureters, slit-like opening of the oviduct or the papilla of the deferent duct

proctodeum, short and most caudal part. Into dorsal wall of the proctodeum opens bursa of Fabricius. +In males the phallus

78
Q

vent
dorsal and ventral lips

A

ventus, a transverse slit-like external opening of the proctodeum

with labium venti: dorsale et ventrale

79
Q

gall bladder, 2

A

vesica biliaris s. vesica fellea

80
Q

what birds do not have gallbladders, 3

A

pigeons, most psittacines (parrots) and ostriches do not have gall bladders

81
Q

how do birds vocalize?

A

birds lack vocal folds, so they vocalize with a muscular structure found at the bifurcation of the trachea, the syrinx (larynx caudalis)

82
Q

since bird lungs don’t expand what forces air in and out?

A

the air sacs do the expansion and contraction for respiration
Gas exchange in birds occurs between air capillaries and blood capillaries, rather than in alveoli
birds do not have a diaphragm

83
Q

primary bronchi

A

bronchus primarus

extrapulmonary, arise from the syrinx and pass through the lung (intrapulmonary) in an S-shape, decreasing in diameter until they terminate caudally at the abdominal air sac

84
Q

secondary bronchi

A

bronchi secundarii

each primary bronchus gives off 4 groups of secundary bronchi

85
Q

parabronchi are divided into

A

paleopulmonic and neopulmonic parabronchi

secondary bronchi give rise to the parabronchi or tertiary bronchi

86
Q

air sacs

A

sacci pneumatici

87
Q

name the air sacs in latin

A

most birds have 3 paired air sacs plus a 2 single unpaired sacs;

unpaired clavicular sac (saccus clavicularis)
cervical (saccus cervicalis) sac,
cranial and caudal thoracic (saccus thoracicus: cranialis et caudalis),
and abdominal air sac (saccus abdominalis

88
Q

each avian kidney is divided into

A

cranial, middle and caudal divisions

divisio renalis: cranialis, media et caudalis

surface of kidneys lobulated (lobuli renalis)

89
Q

Deferent receptacle and erectile papilla

A

receptaculum ductus deferentis

ending as papilla ductus deferentis in the urodeum

90
Q

Copulatory organ & phallus

A

apparatus copulations

phallus masculinus,in most male birds not present.

In the males of species without a phallus, semen is stored within the cloacal protuberance prior to copulation

91
Q

nonprotruded phallus

A

phallus nonprotrudens

is on the ventral lip of the cloaca

The covering mucous membrane forms a seminal groove in spiral coils.

92
Q

the oviduct is a single tubular structure divided into 5 parts

A

indundibulum
magnum
isthmus
uterus
vagina

93
Q

infundibulum

A

infundibulum

collects the oocyte and there fertilization occurs.

Glandular cells and glands near the magnum produce the chalaziferous layer of the albumen

94
Q

magnum

A

is the longest part, gll. magni that produce the bulk of egg-white protein, which forms three concentric layers around the ovum

95
Q

define chalazae

A

The chalazae are two twisted chords of albumen extending into the ends of the egg along the longitudinal axis, and are parts of a very thin envelope of special albumen that surrounds the yolk and holds it in its position

96
Q

isthmus

A

short narrow region, sharply distinguished from the magnum by a translucent pars of pars translucens isthmi, which is without glands.

The gll. isthmi produce sulphur-containing protein to form the two shell membranes.

97
Q

uterus or

A

or shell gland, short an expanded part of the oviduct, contains gll. uteri there the egg shell is formed; there is formed an organic cuticle on the outer surface of the egg shell

98
Q

vagina

A

is held in an S-shaped by connective tissue and smooth muscle and connects to urodeum, receives and may store the semen.

The entrance to vagina is marked by m. sphincter vaginae.

99
Q

The shelled egg

A

ovum testaceum

100
Q

egg shell
shell cuticle

A

testa, consists of three inner layers and of outer
cuticula

101
Q

shell membrane

A

two layers of membranae testae

102
Q

there are three layers for the albumen

A

chalaziferous – dense,
continuous with chalazae, inner layer – thin,
outer – dense, comprising the bulk of albumen

103
Q

vitelline membrane

A

membrana vitelli

are directly adjacent to the outer surface of the yolk of the egg. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding.

104
Q

the yolk of the egg or

A

or the egg cell or vitellus

consists of white yolk and yellow yolk. The blastoderm is a small white circular disc on the upper surface of the yolk, from which the embryo develops.

105
Q

Cloacal bursa

A

bursa cloacalis or bursa of Fabricius

is the source of the B-lymphocytes and is involved in the synthesis of circulating antibodies

is a median dorsal diverticulum of proctodeum

106
Q

the lymph heart

A

cor lymphaticum

is a sac-like structure on either side of the first free tail vertebrae, situated caudally to the pelvic bones

107
Q

what are scleral ossicles + latin

A

anulus ossicularis sclerae

the avian sclera is modified into a ring of small overlapping bones
(14…15 in fowl) to provide rigidity

108
Q

ocular pecten

A

pecten oculi

a thin dark ridge of blood vessels belonging to the choroid; provides nutrients to the retina, controls pH of the vitreous body and regulates temperature

109
Q

avian auditory ossicle called?

A

only one medial bony columella

equivalent to the mammalian stapes

110
Q

d o birds have lymph nodes

A

no, not well defined ones like mammals but lymphoid tissue is found otherwise as bursa of Fabricius & GALT

lymph nodes apparently exist only in certain aquatic birds (ducks and swans).

Veterinary anatomy in latin (29 decks)

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