Veterinary anatomy: peripheral nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
systema nervosum periphericum
2
Q
How many cranial nerves are there and where do they originate from?
A
the cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the undersurface of the brain
3
Q
The peripheral nervous system consists of
A
cranial and spinal nerves,
the autonomic nervous system,
and the ganglia
the autonomic nervous system is that part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
4
Q
Cranial nerves
A
nervi craniales
5
Q
what nerves comprise the vagal group?
where do they exit the skull?
A
nerves IX, X, and XI form the vagal group
(glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory)
exit the skull through the foramen jugulare
(in eq, su its called foramen lacerum)
6
Q
cranial nerve I
latin
english
type of fiber
A
nn. olfactorii
olfactory nerve(s) I
sensory
6
Q
where is the primary cortical olfactory area
A
the piriform lobe of the cerebrum
7
Q
cribriform plate
A
lamina cribrosa
of os ethmoidale
8
Q
cranial nerve II
latin
english
type of fiber
originates?
A
n. opticus
II optic nerve
sensory
originates from optic chiasm
9
Q
the optic nerve transmits visual information from the photoreceptors of the retina through what to what
A
through the optic canal to the thalamic nuclei in interbrain from the photoreceptors of the retina
10
Q
where is the visual cerebral cortex located?
A
in occipital lobe of the cerebrum
11
Q
cranial nerve III
latin
english
type of fiber
originates?
A
n. oculomotorius
III oculomotor nerve
motor and parasympathetic sensory fibres
from the tegmentum of the midbrain
12
Q
which foramen does cranial nerve III pass through?
A
passes through the fissura orbitalis in car, eq
or foramen orbitorotundum in Ru, su
13
Q
which foramen does cranial nerve II pass through?
A
foramen optici/opticum according to some sources
but definitely canalis opticus
14
Q
what does cranial nerve I innervate?
A
olfactory epithelium -> olfactory bulb of the cerebrum
15
Q
what does cranial nerve III control?
A
most of the eye’s movements, including constriction of the pupil
and maintaining an open eyelid
16
Q
cranial nerve IV
latin
english
type of fiber
originates?
A
n. trochlearis
IV trochlear nerve
motor
arises from tegmentum of the midbrain
17
Q
what does cranial nerve IV innervate?
A
a dorsal oblique muscle of the eye
18
Q
which foramen does cranial nerve IV pass through?
A
arises from tegmentum of the midbrain and
passes through the fissura orbitalis in car, eq
or foramen orbitorotundum in Ru, su
19
Q
cranial nerve V
latin
english
type of fiber
originates?
A
n. trigeminus
V trigeminal nerve
mixed (motor & sensory) fibres arise from hindbrain
+symphathetic fibres to the cranial glands
originates from hindbrain
consists of 3 branches & is the largest cranial nerve
20
Q
what does cranial nerve V innervate?
A
sensation in the face and deeper tissues of the face,
certain motor functions (chewing) and
carries symphathetic fibres to the cranial glands
21
Q
what 3 branches does cranial nerve V consist of?
A
n. ophthalmicus
n. maxillaris
n. mandibularis
22
Q
ophthalmic nerve
latin
related to which cranial n.?
function?
divide into? (3)
A
n. ophthalmicus
V-1
carries sensory information from the upper rostral portion of the head
(forehead, the frontal sinus, the horns, the eye, the nose and parts of the meninges)
divides into
n. frontalis
n. lacrimalis
n. nasociliaris
23
Q
maxillary nerve
latin
related to which cranial n.?
function?
divide into? (3)
A
n. maxillaris
V-2
carries sensory information from the cheeks, the nares, the eyes, the horn in bo, upper teeth and gums, nasal mucosa, the roof of the pharynx, the sinuses, and the meninges
divides into
n. infraorbitalis
n. pterygopalatinus
n. zygomaticus
24
mandibular nerve
latin
related to which cranial n.?
function?
n. mandibularis
V-3
consists of sensory and motor fibers and carries sensory information from the lower lip and teeth, gums, jaw, external and middle ear, and meninges
25
the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve divides into what nerves?
(8-9)
n. alveolaris inferior
n. auriculotemporalis
n. buccalis
n. masticatorius
n. massetericus
n. mentalis
n. pterygoideus: lateralis et medialis
n. lingualis
26
cranial nerve VI
latin
english
type of fiber
n. abducens
VI abducent nerve
motor
27
which foramen does the ophthalmic nerve pass through?
Orbital fissure
(fissura orbitalis; Car, eq)
Orbitorotundum foramen
(for. orbitorotundum; Ru, su)
28
which foramen does the maxillary nerve pass through?
foramen rotundum, car eq
(fissura orbitalis according to another source)
foramen orbitorotundum, su bo
29
which foramen does the mandibular nerve pass through?
for. lacerum; su, eq
for. ovale; Car, Ru
30
function of cranial nerve VI?
controls the movement of a lateral rectus muscle of the eye
(abducts the eye)
and partly controls the retractor bulbi muscle of the eye
(injury of the nerve produces inability to deviate the eyeball laterally)
31
where does cranial nerve VI originate and through what foramen does it exit the cranium?
Abducens originates in the pons
fissura orbitalis in Car, eq
for. orbitorotundum in Ru, su
32
cranial nerve VII
latin
english
type of fiber
originates?
innervates?
n. facialis
VII facial nerve
both motor and sensory
(and parasympathetic because of n. petrosus major and the lacrimal gland)
originates medulla oblongata
innervates the muscles of the face and the tongue, glands, eyes and the ears
33
intermedial nerve
latin
type of fiber
originates from where?
innervates what?
n. intermedius
sensory & parasympathetic
originates from cranial nerve VII (facial)
Together with the facial nerve, intermediate nerve goes to the facial canal and forms a chorda tympani.
34
n. facialis divides into what nerves other than the intermediate? (name min. 4)
n. auriculopalpebralis
n. auricularis caudalis
n. petrosus major
n. stapedius
35
which foramen does cranial nerve VII pass through? (3)
where does it originate?
porus/meatus acusticus internus
canalis n. facialis
for. stylomastoideum
originates from the pons
36
cranial nerve VIII
latin
english
type of fiber
n. vestibulocochlearis
VIII vestibulocochlear nerve
sensory
37
function of cranial nerve VIII?
transmits sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain
38
cranial nerve VIII divides into?
n. vestibularis
n. cochlearis
vestibular and cochlear nerves
39
which foramen does cranial nerve VIII pass through?
where does it originate?
porus/meatus acusticus internus
arises from the pons
40
cranial nerve IX
latin
english
type of fiber
n. glossopharyngeus
IX glossopharyngeal nerve
both motor and sensory & parasympathetic
41
function of cranial nerve IX? (min.3)
carries taste information from the tongue,
sensory info from the middle ear,
and assists in swallowing.
42
cranial nerve IX divides into? (3)
n. tympanicus
ramus lingualis
ramus pharyngeus
43
which foramen does cranial nerve IX pass through?
where does it originate?
for. jugulare in Car & Ru
foramen lacerum in ru & su
originates from the medulla oblongata
44
cranial nerve X
latin
english
type of fiber
where does the vagus originate?
n. vagus
X vagus nerve
is the most important nerve of the autonomic nervous system
both motor & sensory
& parasympathetic fibres
medulla oblongata
45
dorsal and ventral vagal trunk
truncus vagalis: dorsalis et ventralis
46
cranial nerve X divides into? (9-10)
ramus auricularis,
ramus meningeus,
n. laryngeus cranialis
n. laryngeus recurrens
rami pharyngei,
rami esophagei
rami cardiaci,
rami bronchales
truncus vagalis: dorsalis et ventralis
47
where does cranial nerve X originate?
which foramen does it pass through?
originates from the medulla oblongata
for. jugulare; Car, Ru
for. lacerum; su, eq
48
the vagal nerve meets the symphathetic trunk to form what in the neck
truncus vagosympathicus
the vagosymphathetic trunk
49
cranial nerve XI
latin
english
type of fiber
n. accessorius
XI accessory nerve
motor
50
which foramen does cranial nerve XI pass through?
for. jugulare; Car, Ru
for. lacerum; su, eq
51
cranial nerve XI divides into? (2)
ramus internus which communicates with the vagal nerve;
ramus externus which courses caudoventrally to supply trapezius, sternocephalic and brachiocephalic muscle
52
cranial nerve XII
latin
english
type of fiber
n. hypoglossus
XII hypoglossal nerve
motor
53
which foramen does cranial nerve XII pass through?
in eq?
canalis n. hypoglossi
In eq passes through the guttural pouch.
54
function of cranial nerve XII?
Innervates extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
and also controls swallowing.
55
translate spinal nerves
where are the spinal roots located?
nervi spinales
within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column.
56
latin for Dorsal and ventral spinal roots
radix: dorsalis et ventralis
57
what are spinal nerves formed by?
where are they found?
Dorsal and ventral spinal roots (radix: dorsalis et ventralis)
unite to form a spinal nerve (bilaterally). short (<1 cm)
The spinal nerves are found within the intervertebral foramen, from which they exit the vertebral canal.
58
what is the the spinal nerve enveloped by?
connective tissue
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
59
translate spinal ganglion
where are they located?
ganglion spinale
in the dorsal root in the vertebral canal
60
Howm any spinal nerve pairs do the following species have
ca
fe
eq
ru
su
ca: 35-36 pairs (C8, T12-13, L7, S3 and C5)
fe: 31 pairs
eq: 44 pairs
Ru: 36 pairs
su: 39 pairs
61
dorsal roots are composed of?
afferent (sensory) axons
are associated with receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, joints, viscera and
the unipolar cell bodies are in spinal ganglia
62
ventral roots are composed of?
efferent (motor) axons
that innervate skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles and glands;
cell bodies are located in the spinal cord
63
spinal roots divide into four primary branches:
ramus meningeus
rami communicantes
ramus: dorsalis et ventralis
64
translate meningeal branch of spinal root
function?
ramus meningeus
After leaving the spinal canal, the meningeal branch reenters the canal to give sensory innervation to the meninges. This branch is small.
65
function of the communicating branches of the spinal roots?
rami communicantes connect to the sympathetic trunk
66
function of the ventral branch of the spinal root?
ramus ventralis
is the largest branch,
innervates the hypoaxial muscle
(muscle ventral to the transeverse process of vertebral column) and skin.
It also supplies the fore- and hindlimb by forming brachial and lumbosacral plexuses.
67
function of the dorsal branchof the spinal root?
ramus dorsalis
smaller than ventral branch,
supplies to the epaxial muscle
(muscle around the vertebral column) and skin.
68
latin for cervical plexus
Cervical nerves are mostly what type?
plexus cervicalis
sensory nerves
69
what do cervical nerves C1 and C2 innervate? (3-4)
the external ear,
masseter muscle,
muscle of the neck and throat region
70
what do cervical nerves C3 and C4 innervate?
and C5…C7 ventral cervical nerves?
supply the neck muscles
also the neck
71
latin for phrenic nerve
what does it form from?
function?
n. phrenicus
forms from C5…C8 (in fe C4…C7)
innervates the diaphragm
motoric stimulation of breathing
72
latin for brachial plexus
what is it formed by?
function?
location?
plexus brachialis
is formed by the anastomoses of the ventral branches of C6…C8 and
T1 (small Ru), or T1 and T2 (bo, eq, ca)
innervates the forelimb, and partially the lateral wall of the thorax and abdomen
cranially from the first rib, between scalene muscles
73
name the 12 cranial nerves in english
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharangeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
74
what 12 nerves come off the brachial plexus?
(n. subclavius)
n. suprascapularis
n. subscapularis
n. axillaris
n. musculocutaneus
nn. pectorales craniales
nn. pectorales caudales
n. thoracodorsalis
n. thoracicus longus
n. thoracicus lateralis
n. radialis
n. medianus
n. ulnaris
75
latin for suprascapular nerve
runs?
innervates?
pathology?
n. suprascapularis
is strong nerve
runs caudolaterally from the plexus to the cranial margin of the neck of the scapula, around which it winds to the lateral aspect of the bone
supplies the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
(paralysis causes sweeny in eq)
76
subscapular nerve, latin
how many?
innervates?
n. subscapularis
arises with 2…4 weak branches from the cranial part of the plexus,
supplies the subscapularis muscle
77
musculocutaneous nerve, latin
runs where?
innervates?
n. musculocutaneus
long mixed nerve,
runs parallel to the median nerve,
craniolaterally supplies the
coracobrachial, brachial and biceps brachii muscles
78
latin for axillary loop
formed by what nerves?
species pecularities? (2)
ansa axillaris
formed by musculocutaneous and axillary nerves (median according to König)
around the axillary artery in Un
This loop does not exist in dogs.
79
the musculocutaneous nerve gives off a cutaneous branch called?
which innervates?
n. cutaneus antebrachii medialis
innervates the skin on the medial aspect of the antebrachium
(in eq to the fetlock joint)
80
latin for cranial pectoral nerves
run where?
how many?
innervate? (2)
nn. pectorales craniales
pass with cranial humeral circumflex artery
are 3…5 small branches and
supply the superficial pectoral muscle and subclavian muscle (Un);
81
caudal pectoral nerves in latin
runs where?
innervate? (2)
nn. pectorales caudales
strong nerves, run caudoventrally
supply the deep pectoral muscles and cutaneus trunci muscle
82
thoracodorsal nerve
innervates?
n. thoracodorsalis
passes caudally,
supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle
83
long thoracic nerve
innervates?
n. thoracicus longus
strong nerve, passes horizontally and
supplies m. serratus ventralis thoracis
84
lateral thoracic nerve
arises from?
innervates?
n. thoracicus lateralis
mixed nerve,
arises from caudal part of the brachial plexus,
supplies Musculus cutaneus trunci including the skin;
some fibres join with adjacent intercostal nerves
85
axillary nerve
innervates? (4)
where does it divide?
n. axillaris
mixed nerve,
passes caudolaterally and
supplies the teres major, teres minor, subscapular and deltoideus muscles;
divides under the deltoideus muscle
86
the axillary nerve produces a cutaneous branch called?
which innervates?
n. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis
(& n. cutaneus brachii lateralis cranialis)
innervates an area of the skin of brachium and antebrachium
87
radial nerve
where does it run?
innervates? (4)
n. radialis
passes with deep brachial artery, then to
craniolateral aspect of limb.
supplies the triceps brachii, anconeus muscle, m. tensor fasciae antebrachii, extensor muscles of the forearm
88
latin for lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
is a branch of what nerve?
innervates?
and divides into
n. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis
a branch of the radial nerve
innervates the lateral skin of the forearm to the tip of the limb (except for eq)
divides into nn. digitales dorsales communes
88
selective injury of the radial nerve causes
the most significant gait abnormalities in all species
89
latin for dorsal common digital nerves
arise from what nerve?
nn. digitales dorsales communes
arise from n. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis
which is a branch of n. radialis
90
median nerve
innervates? (3-4)
n. medianus
strongest mixed nerve in plexus,
passes with brachial and median artery,
supplies the deep and superficial digital flexor muscles, round pronator muscle and part of the skin on the palmar aspect;
91
in fe the median nerve pass with what through what?
in fe n. medianus passes with brachial artery through the supracondylar foramen
92
Subclavian nerve
innervates?
n. subclavius
innervates the respective muscle in ungulates
93
the median nerve divides at the carpal joint into (2)
nn. digitales palmares communes I-III
& n. digitalis palmaris I abaxialis; Car
94
ulnar nerve latin
where does it run?
innervates what?
n. ulnaris
mixed nerve, runs caudal to median nerve with ulnar collateral artery,
supplies the flexor muscles and part of the skin of the forearm
and the lateral side of manus
95
the ulnar nerve produces what branches (3)
ramus dorsalis
ramus palmaris (gives off the common palmar digital nerve IV)
n. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis
96
the common palmar digital nerve IV in latin
what nerve does it arise from?
n. digitalis palmaris communis IV
ramus palmaris of the ulnar nerve
97
latin for Thoracic nerves
how many pairs are there?
nn. thoracici
13…18 pairs, depending on species
(T3…T12 do not form plexuses)
98
the thoracic nerves form dorsal and ventral branches. what are these in latin?
what do the ventral branches supply?
rami dorsales (are mixed and smaller ones)
nn. intercostales are the ventral branches
(supply muscles in between ribs, abdominal muscles, mammary glands and skin in this area)
99
last ventral branch of the thoracic nerves forms?
consists of?
supplies what?
n. costoabdominalis
consists of motor fibres and supplies the psoas muscles
100
define dermatome
the area of skin which each spinal nerve innervates.
They overlap and usually slope ventrocaudally.
A dermatome is named after its spinal nerve.
101
what is Paravertebral anaesthesia?
anaesthetising the dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal nerves
A method of blocking sensory and motor innervation to the flank, peritoneum and some viscera
102
where do you administer anasthetic is you need to anaesthetise the paralumbar fossa
T13 (i.e. inject the space after the last rib)
103
where do you administer anasthetic is you need to anaesthetise the abdominal wall for a caesarian section
L1 and L2
104
where do you administer anasthetic is you need to anaesthetise the cranial and medial udder
L2 and L3
105
latin for Lumbar plexus
what forms it?
what does it innervate?
plexus lumbalis
formed by the lumbar and first sacral spinal nerves
supplies the abdominal and pelvic area,
mammary gland, cranial and medial thigh muscles and skin,
crus, tarsus and metatarsus
106
what 6 nerves come off the lumbar plexus?
n. iliohypogastricus
n. ilioinguinalis
n. obturatorius
n. genitofemoralis
n. femoralis
n. cutaneus femoris lateralis
107
iliohypogastric nerve, latin
innervates?
n. iliohypogastricus
supplies the abdominal muscles and skin;
108
in species with 7 lumbar vertebra what is doubled
the iliohypogastric nerve
so its n. iliohypogastricus: cranialis et caudalis
(cats, dogs etc)
109
n. iliohypogastricus divides into? (2)
ramus cutaneus: lateralis et medialis
110
ilioinguinal nerve
innervates?
n. ilioinguinalis
supplies the skin and muscles of abdomen
111
n. ilioinguinalis divides into? (2)
ramus cutaneus: lateralis et medialis
112
genitofemoral nerve
what structure does it pass through?
innervates?
n. genitofemoralis
passes through the inguinal canal
(genital branch with external pudendal artery)
supplies the mammary gland, skin surrounding the vulva,
prepuce and scrotum of males
113
n. genitofemoralis divides into? (2)
ramus: genitalis et femoralis
114
lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
runs with what?
innervates?
n. cutaneus femoris lateralis
passes proximally with deep circumflex iliac artery
supplies the skin over the distal thigh and stifle joint
and greater psoas muscle
115
femoral nerve
originates from?
innervates? (5)
passes by what structure?
n. femoralis
strongest mixed nerve in plexus,
originates from L3-L6
supplies the iliopsoas, quadriceps,
sartorius and pectineus muscles
and skin of the medial surface;
passes next to the pecten of the pubic bone
116
saphenous nerve, latin
arises form what nerve?
enters what structure?
innervates? (4)
n. saphenus
is mixed nerve (in ca only sensory),
arises from femoral nerve,
enters the femoral canal
supplies the medial muscles and skin of the medial aspect of the
crus, tarsus and metatarsus
117
obturator nerve, latin
arises from?
enters what structure?
innervates what? (5)
n. obturatorius
arises from L4-S1,
enters the foramen obturatum
supplies adductor, pectineus, gracilis and obturator muscles, innervates limb adduction muscles
118
Sacral plexus
formed by what?
located where?
plexus sacralis
formed by the ventral branches of the last 3
lumbar and first 2 sacral nerves
located in the pelvic cavity
119
last 3 pairs of sacral nerves innervate what (3)
the rectum, anus and perineum
120
which 6 nerves belong to the sacral plexus?
n. gluteus cranialis
n. gluteus caudalis
n. ischiadicus
n. cutaneus femoris caudalis
n. pudendus
nn. rectales caudales
121
cranial gluteal nerve
innervates? (3)
n. gluteus cranialis
is short nerve
supplies m. gluteus medius et profundus & m. tensor fasciae latae
122
caudal gluteal nerve
innervates? (3)
n. gluteus caudalis
supplies extensors of the hip
so m. gluteus superficialis and
the vertebral heads of hamstring muscles
123
caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
innervates?
n. cutaneus femoris caudalis
runs subcutaneously,
supplies the skin on the lateral and caudal aspects of the thigh and hip joint
124
sciatic nerve
exits where?
innervates? (4 + 1)
n. ischiadicus
the thickest mixed nerve of the body.
Exits through foramen ischiadicum majus
with muscular branches innervates the deep gluteal, internal obturator, quadriceps, and gemelli muscles.
The sensory fibres supply also the capsule of the hip joint.
125
what 2 nerves arise off the sciatic nerve?
n. tibialis
n. peroneus [fibularis] communis
126
tibial nerve
runs where?
innervates what? (4)
n. tibialis
runs caudally
supplies the biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, semitendinous and semimembranous muscles
127
n. tibialis divides into? (2-3)
n. cutaneus surae caudalis
n. plantaris: medialis et lateralis
128
common peroneal [fibular] nerve
innervates?
n. peroneus [fibularis] communis
runs ventrally down the crus
passses proximal to fibula, palpatable (könig)
supplies mainly the skin on the dorsal & lateral aspects of the knee region
129
n. peroneus communis divides into? (2-3)
n. cutaneus surae lateralis &
n. peroneus: superficialis et profundus
supe innervates skin on dorsal aspect of leg & deep between muscles
130
pudendal nerve, latin
carries what type of fibers?
innervates what? (5-9)
n. pudendus
associated with the internal pudendal artery
carries motor, sensory and parasympathetic fibres
supplies urethral, ischiocavernous, bulbocavernous muscles,
perineum, rectum,
in males penis and in females clitoris, vulva, and caudal part of udder (bo, eq)
131
the parasympathetic fibres of n. pudendus help to form? (2)
nn. pelvini &
plexus pelvinus
132
caudal rectal nerves
innervate? (3)
nn. caudales rectales
are mixed nerves sometimes overlapping the pudendal nerve
supply the anal muscles,
bulbospongious muscle,
and perineal skin around the anus
133
Autonomic nervous system
systema nervosum autonomicum
134
what is the ANS
is a component of the peripheral nervous system
regulates involuntary physiologic processes
It contains three anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.
135
The integrating centres for the ANS are located in the? (3)
spinal cord, medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus.
136
The functions of hypothalamus is
to work as the principle coordinating centre for the ANS
it also links centres with other parts of the CNS
137
ANS consists of what type of fibers for what function?
motor neurons to control smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
and additionally sensory fibers for monitoring visceral organs and blood vessels , which provide information for the CNS
138
the efferent pathway, from the CNS to a visceral organ is composed of?
two multipolar neurons:
the first neuron in the pathway is a preganglionic neuron with a cell body in the CNS (brain or spinal cord)
the second neuron is postganglionic and is located in a cluster of nerve cells (called an autonomic ganglion) in the PNS
139
Most of the ganglia for the sympathetic part of the ANS are located?
The ganglia for the parasympathetic part are located?
Thoracolumbar outflow: ganglia Just outside the spinal cord on both sides of it.
Craniosacral: ganglia for the parasympathetic part are located near or in the organs they connect with.
140
two neurotransmitters are used to communicate within the autonomic nervous system:
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
141
nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called?
cholinergic fibers
142
what neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic division utilize?
acetylcholine
143
nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called?
adrenergic fibers
144
what neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division utilize?
generally norepinephrine
145
all preganglionic fibres use what transmitter?
acetylcholine
146
Sympathetic part
& alt. name for this
pars sympathica
the adrenergic system
147
what length are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS?
where are they found?
they are relatively short
are found within the grey matter of the lateral horns of the spinal cord
148
what is the sympathetic trunk?
Are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
The sympathetic trunk lies just lateral to the vertebral bodies for the entire length of the vertebral column.
It allows nerve fibres to travel to spinal nerves that are superior and inferior to the one in which they originated.
149
latin for sympathetic trunk
truncus sympathicus
150
latin for sympathetic trunk ganglia
+ alt. eng name
ganglia trunci sympathici
also called paravertebral ganglia
(are synapses of preganglionic with postganglionic neurons)
151
sympathetic axons exit the spinal cord via the?
ventral root of the spinal cord
this allows the formation of the sympathetic trunk via rami communicantes which are myelinated
152
splanchnic nerves are formed form what type of fibers
preganglionic fibres form splanchnic nerves
153
greater splanchnic nerve, latin
arises from what area?
runs into where?
ends where?
n. splanchnicus major
arises from the thoracic region
runs into the abdominal cavity
and ends in celiac ganglion and the adrenal glands
154
lesser splanchnic nerve
arises from what area?
ends where?
n. splanchnicus minor
arises from thoracic and lumbar ganglions
ends in renal and celiac ganglions
155
lumbar splanchnic nerves
nn. splanchnici lumbales
between lumbar and celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglion
156
name 3 splanchnic nerves
n. splanchnicus major
n. splanchnicus minor
nn. splanchnici lumbales
157
cranial cervical ganglion, latin
location?
ganglion cervicale craniale
close to the internal carotid artery
158
cervicothoracic [stellate] ganglion
location?
ganglion cervicothoracicum [stellatum])
in the first intercostal space
159
celiac ganglia
location?
ganglia celiaca
paired, on both sides of celiac artery
160
cranial mesenteric ganglion
location?
ganglion mesentericum craniale
unpaired, at the origin of cranial mesenteric artery
161
caudal mesenteric ganglion
location?
ganglion mesentericum caudale
unpaired, at the origin of caudal mesenteric artery
162
Parasympathetic part
pars parasympathica
& alt. name for this cholinergic system
163
where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS?
the preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and
within the lateral horns of 2 or 3 sacral segments of the spinal cord
these together are referred to as craniosacral outflow
164
preganglionic fibers of the cranial outflow of the parasympathetic division accompany the PNS motor neurons of what cranial nerves?
oculomotor nerve (III),
facial nerve (VII),
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
and the vagus nerve (X)
165
preganglionic fibers of the sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division accompany the PNS motor neurons of?
of spinal nerves.
These nerves emerge through the ventral roots of the spinal cord:
nn. pelvini
originate in S2…S3,
contain efferent and afferent fibres for the pelvic viscera
166
what length are preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are relatively long,
postganglionic fibres are therefore very short
167
What type of fibers do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve consist of:
V-1 ophthalmic sensory
V-2 maxillary sensory
V-3 mandibular both
168
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
muscarinic receptors function in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, mediating innervation to visceral organs.
169
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
within the central nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction
170
Which cranial nerves pass through fissura orbitalis/ f. orbitorotundum?
III oculomotorius
IV trochlearis
VI abducens
171
Which cranial nerves pass through porus/meatus acusticus internus?
VII facialis
& VIII vestibulocochlear
172
Which cranial nerves pass through f. jugulare / f. lacerum?
IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus
XI accessorius
173
Which nerve passes through forman ovale?
mandibularis
174
Which cranial nerves arise from the tegmentum of midbrain?
III oculomotorius
IV trochlearis
175
Which cranial nerves arise from medulla oblongata?
6-12
VI abducens
VII facialis
VIII vestibulocochlearis
IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus
XI accessorius
XII hypoglossus
176
Which cranial nerves come off the pons?
according to some materials V-VIII
177
where does trigeminus originate?
hindbrain:
sensory fibers from pons
motor fibers from medulla oblongata
178
name the cranial nerves and their branches that innervate the ears (5)
V trigeminus: n.mandibularis further branches into n.auriculotemporalis and n.temporalis that innervate the ear
VII facialis: branch auriculopalpebralis, n. auricularis caudalis & n. stapedius
VIII vestibulocochlearis
IX glossopharyngeus: branch n.tympanicus
X vagus: ramus auricularis
179
cranial nerves and their branches that innervate the eyes (not lids) (5)
II opticus: optic nerve
III oculomotorius: most movements, pupil constriction
IV trochlearis: dorsal oblique muscle
V trigeminus: n. ophthalmicus: n.nasociliaris + n.infratrochlearis (conjunctiva)
VI abducens: lateral rectus + retractor bulbi
180
cranial nerves and their branches that innervate the tongue (5)
V trigeminus: n. mandibularis
VII facialis
IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus
XII hypoglossus
181
all cranial nerves which have parasympathetic fibers (4)
III oculomotorius (pupil constriction)
VII facialis (because of n. intermedius with chorda tympani & n. petrosus major and the lacrimal gland)
IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus
182
all cranial nerves which have sensory fibers (3+4)
Only sensory fibers:
I olfactorii
II opticus
VIII vestibulocochlearis
Mixed fibers:
V trigeminus
VII facialis (motor, sensory and parasymp.)
IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus
