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Veterinary anatomy in latin > Veterinary anatomy: peripheral nervous system > Flashcards

Veterinary anatomy: peripheral nervous system Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

systema nervosum periphericum

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2
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and where do they originate from?

A

the cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the undersurface of the brain

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of

A

cranial and spinal nerves,
the autonomic nervous system,
and the ganglia

the autonomic nervous system is that part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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4
Q

Cranial nerves

A

nervi craniales

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5
Q

what nerves comprise the vagal group?
where do they exit the skull?

A

nerves IX, X, and XI form the vagal group
(glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory)

exit the skull through the foramen jugulare
(in eq, su its called foramen lacerum)

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6
Q

cranial nerve I

latin
english
type of fiber

A

nn. olfactorii
olfactory nerve(s) I
sensory

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6
Q

where is the primary cortical olfactory area

A

the piriform lobe of the cerebrum

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7
Q

cribriform plate

A

lamina cribrosa

of os ethmoidale

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8
Q

cranial nerve II

latin
english
type of fiber
originates?

A

n. opticus
II optic nerve
sensory

originates from optic chiasm

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9
Q

the optic nerve transmits visual information from the photoreceptors of the retina through what to what

A

through the optic canal to the thalamic nuclei in interbrain from the photoreceptors of the retina

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10
Q

where is the visual cerebral cortex located?

A

in occipital lobe of the cerebrum

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11
Q

cranial nerve III

latin
english
type of fiber
originates?

A

n. oculomotorius
III oculomotor nerve
motor and parasympathetic sensory fibres

from the tegmentum of the midbrain

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12
Q

which foramen does cranial nerve III pass through?

A

passes through the fissura orbitalis in car, eq

or foramen orbitorotundum in Ru, su

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13
Q

which foramen does cranial nerve II pass through?

A

foramen optici/opticum according to some sources

but definitely canalis opticus

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14
Q

what does cranial nerve I innervate?

A

olfactory epithelium -> olfactory bulb of the cerebrum

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15
Q

what does cranial nerve III control?

A

most of the eye’s movements, including constriction of the pupil
and maintaining an open eyelid

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16
Q

cranial nerve IV

latin
english
type of fiber
originates?

A

n. trochlearis
IV trochlear nerve
motor

arises from tegmentum of the midbrain

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17
Q

what does cranial nerve IV innervate?

A

a dorsal oblique muscle of the eye

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18
Q

which foramen does cranial nerve IV pass through?

A

arises from tegmentum of the midbrain and

passes through the fissura orbitalis in car, eq

or foramen orbitorotundum in Ru, su

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19
Q

cranial nerve V

latin
english
type of fiber
originates?

A

n. trigeminus
V trigeminal nerve
mixed (motor & sensory) fibres arise from hindbrain

+symphathetic fibres to the cranial glands

originates from hindbrain

consists of 3 branches & is the largest cranial nerve

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20
Q

what does cranial nerve V innervate?

A

sensation in the face and deeper tissues of the face,
certain motor functions (chewing) and

carries symphathetic fibres to the cranial glands

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21
Q

what 3 branches does cranial nerve V consist of?

A

n. ophthalmicus
n. maxillaris
n. mandibularis

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22
Q

ophthalmic nerve

latin
related to which cranial n.?
function?
divide into? (3)

A

n. ophthalmicus

V-1

carries sensory information from the upper rostral portion of the head

(forehead, the frontal sinus, the horns, the eye, the nose and parts of the meninges)

divides into
n. frontalis
n. lacrimalis
n. nasociliaris

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23
Q

maxillary nerve

latin
related to which cranial n.?
function?
divide into? (3)

A

n. maxillaris

V-2

carries sensory information from the cheeks, the nares, the eyes, the horn in bo, upper teeth and gums, nasal mucosa, the roof of the pharynx, the sinuses, and the meninges

divides into
n. infraorbitalis
n. pterygopalatinus
n. zygomaticus

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24
Q

mandibular nerve

latin
related to which cranial n.?
function?

A

n. mandibularis

V-3

consists of sensory and motor fibers and carries sensory information from the lower lip and teeth, gums, jaw, external and middle ear, and meninges

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25
Q

the mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve divides into what nerves?
(8-9)

A

n. alveolaris inferior
n. auriculotemporalis
n. buccalis

n. masticatorius
n. massetericus
n. mentalis

n. pterygoideus: lateralis et medialis

n. lingualis

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26
Q

cranial nerve VI

latin
english
type of fiber

A

n. abducens
VI abducent nerve
motor

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27
Q

which foramen does the ophthalmic nerve pass through?

A

Orbital fissure
(fissura orbitalis; Car, eq)

Orbitorotundum foramen
(for. orbitorotundum; Ru, su)

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28
Q

which foramen does the maxillary nerve pass through?

A

foramen rotundum, car eq
(fissura orbitalis according to another source)
foramen orbitorotundum, su bo

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29
Q

which foramen does the mandibular nerve pass through?

A

for. lacerum; su, eq

for. ovale; Car, Ru

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30
Q

function of cranial nerve VI?

A

controls the movement of a lateral rectus muscle of the eye
(abducts the eye)

and partly controls the retractor bulbi muscle of the eye

(injury of the nerve produces inability to deviate the eyeball laterally)

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31
Q

where does cranial nerve VI originate and through what foramen does it exit the cranium?

A

Abducens originates in the pons

fissura orbitalis in Car, eq
for. orbitorotundum in Ru, su

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32
Q

cranial nerve VII

latin
english
type of fiber

originates?
innervates?

A

n. facialis
VII facial nerve
both motor and sensory
(and parasympathetic because of n. petrosus major and the lacrimal gland)

originates medulla oblongata

innervates the muscles of the face and the tongue, glands, eyes and the ears

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33
Q

intermedial nerve

latin
type of fiber
originates from where?
innervates what?

A

n. intermedius
sensory & parasympathetic
originates from cranial nerve VII (facial)

Together with the facial nerve, intermediate nerve goes to the facial canal and forms a chorda tympani.

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34
Q

n. facialis divides into what nerves other than the intermediate? (name min. 4)

A

n. auriculopalpebralis
n. auricularis caudalis

n. petrosus major
n. stapedius

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35
Q

which foramen does cranial nerve VII pass through? (3)

where does it originate?

A

porus/meatus acusticus internus
canalis n. facialis
for. stylomastoideum

originates from the pons

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36
Q

cranial nerve VIII

latin
english
type of fiber

A

n. vestibulocochlearis
VIII vestibulocochlear nerve
sensory

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37
Q

function of cranial nerve VIII?

A

transmits sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain

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38
Q

cranial nerve VIII divides into?

A

n. vestibularis
n. cochlearis

vestibular and cochlear nerves

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39
Q

which foramen does cranial nerve VIII pass through?

where does it originate?

A

porus/meatus acusticus internus

arises from the pons

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40
Q

cranial nerve IX

latin
english
type of fiber

A

n. glossopharyngeus
IX glossopharyngeal nerve
both motor and sensory & parasympathetic

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41
Q

function of cranial nerve IX? (min.3)

A

carries taste information from the tongue,
sensory info from the middle ear,
and assists in swallowing.

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42
Q

cranial nerve IX divides into? (3)

A

n. tympanicus

ramus lingualis
ramus pharyngeus

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43
Q

which foramen does cranial nerve IX pass through?

where does it originate?

A

for. jugulare in Car & Ru
foramen lacerum in ru & su

originates from the medulla oblongata

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44
Q

cranial nerve X

latin
english
type of fiber

where does the vagus originate?

A

n. vagus
X vagus nerve

is the most important nerve of the autonomic nervous system

both motor & sensory
& parasympathetic fibres

medulla oblongata

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45
Q

dorsal and ventral vagal trunk

A

truncus vagalis: dorsalis et ventralis

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46
Q

cranial nerve X divides into? (9-10)

A

ramus auricularis,
ramus meningeus,

n. laryngeus cranialis
n. laryngeus recurrens

rami pharyngei,
rami esophagei

rami cardiaci,
rami bronchales

truncus vagalis: dorsalis et ventralis

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47
Q

where does cranial nerve X originate?
which foramen does it pass through?

A

originates from the medulla oblongata

for. jugulare; Car, Ru
for. lacerum; su, eq

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48
Q

the vagal nerve meets the symphathetic trunk to form what in the neck

A

truncus vagosympathicus

the vagosymphathetic trunk

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49
Q

cranial nerve XI

latin
english
type of fiber

A

n. accessorius
XI accessory nerve
motor

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50
Q

which foramen does cranial nerve XI pass through?

A

for. jugulare; Car, Ru
for. lacerum; su, eq

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51
Q

cranial nerve XI divides into? (2)

A

ramus internus which communicates with the vagal nerve;

ramus externus which courses caudoventrally to supply trapezius, sternocephalic and brachiocephalic muscle

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52
Q

cranial nerve XII

latin
english
type of fiber

A

n. hypoglossus
XII hypoglossal nerve
motor

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53
Q

which foramen does cranial nerve XII pass through?
in eq?

A

canalis n. hypoglossi

In eq passes through the guttural pouch.

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54
Q

function of cranial nerve XII?

A

Innervates extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

and also controls swallowing.

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55
Q

translate spinal nerves

where are the spinal roots located?

A

nervi spinales

within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column.

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56
Q

latin for Dorsal and ventral spinal roots

A

radix: dorsalis et ventralis

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57
Q

what are spinal nerves formed by?

where are they found?

A

Dorsal and ventral spinal roots (radix: dorsalis et ventralis)
unite to form a spinal nerve (bilaterally). short (<1 cm)

The spinal nerves are found within the intervertebral foramen, from which they exit the vertebral canal.

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58
Q

what is the the spinal nerve enveloped by?

A

connective tissue

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

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59
Q

translate spinal ganglion

where are they located?

A

ganglion spinale

in the dorsal root in the vertebral canal

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60
Q

Howm any spinal nerve pairs do the following species have
ca
fe
eq
ru
su

A

ca: 35-36 pairs (C8, T12-13, L7, S3 and C5)
fe: 31 pairs
eq: 44 pairs
Ru: 36 pairs
su: 39 pairs

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61
Q

dorsal roots are composed of?

A

afferent (sensory) axons

are associated with receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, joints, viscera and

the unipolar cell bodies are in spinal ganglia

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62
Q

ventral roots are composed of?

A

efferent (motor) axons

that innervate skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles and glands;

cell bodies are located in the spinal cord

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63
Q

spinal roots divide into four primary branches:

A

ramus meningeus
rami communicantes

ramus: dorsalis et ventralis

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64
Q

translate meningeal branch of spinal root

function?

A

ramus meningeus

After leaving the spinal canal, the meningeal branch reenters the canal to give sensory innervation to the meninges. This branch is small.

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65
Q

function of the communicating branches of the spinal roots?

A

rami communicantes connect to the sympathetic trunk

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66
Q

function of the ventral branch of the spinal root?

A

ramus ventralis

is the largest branch,
innervates the hypoaxial muscle
(muscle ventral to the transeverse process of vertebral column) and skin.

It also supplies the fore- and hindlimb by forming brachial and lumbosacral plexuses.

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67
Q

function of the dorsal branchof the spinal root?

A

ramus dorsalis

smaller than ventral branch,
supplies to the epaxial muscle
(muscle around the vertebral column) and skin.

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68
Q

latin for cervical plexus

Cervical nerves are mostly what type?

A

plexus cervicalis

sensory nerves

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69
Q

what do cervical nerves C1 and C2 innervate? (3-4)

A

the external ear,
masseter muscle,
muscle of the neck and throat region

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70
Q

what do cervical nerves C3 and C4 innervate?

and C5…C7 ventral cervical nerves?

A

supply the neck muscles

also the neck

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71
Q

latin for phrenic nerve

what does it form from?
function?

A

n. phrenicus

forms from C5…C8 (in fe C4…C7)

innervates the diaphragm
motoric stimulation of breathing

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72
Q

latin for brachial plexus

what is it formed by?

function?

location?

A

plexus brachialis

is formed by the anastomoses of the ventral branches of C6…C8 and
T1 (small Ru), or T1 and T2 (bo, eq, ca)

innervates the forelimb, and partially the lateral wall of the thorax and abdomen

cranially from the first rib, between scalene muscles

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73
Q

name the 12 cranial nerves in english

A

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharangeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

74
Q

what 12 nerves come off the brachial plexus?

A

(n. subclavius)
n. suprascapularis
n. subscapularis

n. axillaris
n. musculocutaneus

nn. pectorales craniales
nn. pectorales caudales

n. thoracodorsalis
n. thoracicus longus
n. thoracicus lateralis

n. radialis
n. medianus
n. ulnaris

75
Q

latin for suprascapular nerve

runs?
innervates?

pathology?

A

n. suprascapularis

is strong nerve

runs caudolaterally from the plexus to the cranial margin of the neck of the scapula, around which it winds to the lateral aspect of the bone

supplies the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
(paralysis causes sweeny in eq)

76
Q

subscapular nerve, latin

how many?

innervates?

A

n. subscapularis

arises with 2…4 weak branches from the cranial part of the plexus,
supplies the subscapularis muscle

77
Q

musculocutaneous nerve, latin

runs where?
innervates?

A

n. musculocutaneus

long mixed nerve,
runs parallel to the median nerve,

craniolaterally supplies the
coracobrachial, brachial and biceps brachii muscles

78
Q

latin for axillary loop

formed by what nerves?

species pecularities? (2)

A

ansa axillaris

formed by musculocutaneous and axillary nerves (median according to König)

around the axillary artery in Un

This loop does not exist in dogs.

79
Q

the musculocutaneous nerve gives off a cutaneous branch called?
which innervates?

A

n. cutaneus antebrachii medialis

innervates the skin on the medial aspect of the antebrachium
(in eq to the fetlock joint)

80
Q

latin for cranial pectoral nerves
run where?
how many?
innervate? (2)

A

nn. pectorales craniales
pass with cranial humeral circumflex artery
are 3…5 small branches and
supply the superficial pectoral muscle and subclavian muscle (Un);

81
Q

caudal pectoral nerves in latin
runs where?
innervate? (2)

A

nn. pectorales caudales

strong nerves, run caudoventrally

supply the deep pectoral muscles and cutaneus trunci muscle

82
Q

thoracodorsal nerve

innervates?

A

n. thoracodorsalis

passes caudally,
supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle

83
Q

long thoracic nerve

innervates?

A

n. thoracicus longus

strong nerve, passes horizontally and

supplies m. serratus ventralis thoracis

84
Q

lateral thoracic nerve

arises from?
innervates?

A

n. thoracicus lateralis

mixed nerve,
arises from caudal part of the brachial plexus,

supplies Musculus cutaneus trunci including the skin;
some fibres join with adjacent intercostal nerves

85
Q

axillary nerve

innervates? (4)
where does it divide?

A

n. axillaris

mixed nerve,
passes caudolaterally and
supplies the teres major, teres minor, subscapular and deltoideus muscles;

divides under the deltoideus muscle

86
Q

the axillary nerve produces a cutaneous branch called?
which innervates?

A

n. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis
(& n. cutaneus brachii lateralis cranialis)

innervates an area of the skin of brachium and antebrachium

87
Q

radial nerve

where does it run?

innervates? (4)

A

n. radialis

passes with deep brachial artery, then to
craniolateral aspect of limb.

supplies the triceps brachii, anconeus muscle, m. tensor fasciae antebrachii, extensor muscles of the forearm

88
Q

latin for lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve

is a branch of what nerve?

innervates?

and divides into

A

n. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis

a branch of the radial nerve

innervates the lateral skin of the forearm to the tip of the limb (except for eq)

divides into nn. digitales dorsales communes

88
Q

selective injury of the radial nerve causes

A

the most significant gait abnormalities in all species

89
Q

latin for dorsal common digital nerves

arise from what nerve?

A

nn. digitales dorsales communes

arise from n. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis

which is a branch of n. radialis

90
Q

median nerve

innervates? (3-4)

A

n. medianus

strongest mixed nerve in plexus,
passes with brachial and median artery,

supplies the deep and superficial digital flexor muscles, round pronator muscle and part of the skin on the palmar aspect;

91
Q

in fe the median nerve pass with what through what?

A

in fe n. medianus passes with brachial artery through the supracondylar foramen

92
Q

Subclavian nerve

innervates?

A

n. subclavius

innervates the respective muscle in ungulates

93
Q

the median nerve divides at the carpal joint into (2)

A

nn. digitales palmares communes I-III

& n. digitalis palmaris I abaxialis; Car

94
Q

ulnar nerve latin

where does it run?
innervates what?

A

n. ulnaris

mixed nerve, runs caudal to median nerve with ulnar collateral artery,

supplies the flexor muscles and part of the skin of the forearm
and the lateral side of manus

95
Q

the ulnar nerve produces what branches (3)

A

ramus dorsalis

ramus palmaris (gives off the common palmar digital nerve IV)

n. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis

96
Q

the common palmar digital nerve IV in latin

what nerve does it arise from?

A

n. digitalis palmaris communis IV

ramus palmaris of the ulnar nerve

97
Q

latin for Thoracic nerves

how many pairs are there?

A

nn. thoracici

13…18 pairs, depending on species

(T3…T12 do not form plexuses)

98
Q

the thoracic nerves form dorsal and ventral branches. what are these in latin?

what do the ventral branches supply?

A

rami dorsales (are mixed and smaller ones)

nn. intercostales are the ventral branches

(supply muscles in between ribs, abdominal muscles, mammary glands and skin in this area)

99
Q

last ventral branch of the thoracic nerves forms?

consists of?
supplies what?

A

n. costoabdominalis

consists of motor fibres and supplies the psoas muscles

100
Q

define dermatome

A

the area of skin which each spinal nerve innervates.

They overlap and usually slope ventrocaudally.

A dermatome is named after its spinal nerve.

101
Q

what is Paravertebral anaesthesia?

A

anaesthetising the dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal nerves

A method of blocking sensory and motor innervation to the flank, peritoneum and some viscera

102
Q

where do you administer anasthetic is you need to anaesthetise the paralumbar fossa

A

T13 (i.e. inject the space after the last rib)

103
Q

where do you administer anasthetic is you need to anaesthetise the abdominal wall for a caesarian section

A

L1 and L2

104
Q

where do you administer anasthetic is you need to anaesthetise the cranial and medial udder

A

L2 and L3

105
Q

latin for Lumbar plexus

what forms it?
what does it innervate?

A

plexus lumbalis

formed by the lumbar and first sacral spinal nerves

supplies the abdominal and pelvic area,
mammary gland, cranial and medial thigh muscles and skin,
crus, tarsus and metatarsus

106
Q

what 6 nerves come off the lumbar plexus?

A

n. iliohypogastricus
n. ilioinguinalis

n. obturatorius
n. genitofemoralis

n. femoralis
n. cutaneus femoris lateralis

107
Q

iliohypogastric nerve, latin

innervates?

A

n. iliohypogastricus

supplies the abdominal muscles and skin;

108
Q

in species with 7 lumbar vertebra what is doubled

A

the iliohypogastric nerve

so its n. iliohypogastricus: cranialis et caudalis

(cats, dogs etc)

109
Q

n. iliohypogastricus divides into? (2)

A

ramus cutaneus: lateralis et medialis

110
Q

ilioinguinal nerve

innervates?

A

n. ilioinguinalis

supplies the skin and muscles of abdomen

111
Q

n. ilioinguinalis divides into? (2)

A

ramus cutaneus: lateralis et medialis

112
Q

genitofemoral nerve

what structure does it pass through?
innervates?

A

n. genitofemoralis

passes through the inguinal canal
(genital branch with external pudendal artery)

supplies the mammary gland, skin surrounding the vulva,
prepuce and scrotum of males

113
Q

n. genitofemoralis divides into? (2)

A

ramus: genitalis et femoralis

114
Q

lateral cutaneous femoral nerve

runs with what?
innervates?

A

n. cutaneus femoris lateralis

passes proximally with deep circumflex iliac artery

supplies the skin over the distal thigh and stifle joint
and greater psoas muscle

115
Q

femoral nerve

originates from?
innervates? (5)
passes by what structure?

A

n. femoralis

strongest mixed nerve in plexus,
originates from L3-L6

supplies the iliopsoas, quadriceps,
sartorius and pectineus muscles
and skin of the medial surface;

passes next to the pecten of the pubic bone

116
Q

saphenous nerve, latin

arises form what nerve?
enters what structure?
innervates? (4)

A

n. saphenus

is mixed nerve (in ca only sensory),
arises from femoral nerve,
enters the femoral canal

supplies the medial muscles and skin of the medial aspect of the
crus, tarsus and metatarsus

117
Q

obturator nerve, latin

arises from?
enters what structure?
innervates what? (5)

A

n. obturatorius

arises from L4-S1,
enters the foramen obturatum

supplies adductor, pectineus, gracilis and obturator muscles, innervates limb adduction muscles

118
Q

Sacral plexus

formed by what?
located where?

A

plexus sacralis

formed by the ventral branches of the last 3
lumbar and first 2 sacral nerves

located in the pelvic cavity

119
Q

last 3 pairs of sacral nerves innervate what (3)

A

the rectum, anus and perineum

120
Q

which 6 nerves belong to the sacral plexus?

A

n. gluteus cranialis
n. gluteus caudalis

n. ischiadicus
n. cutaneus femoris caudalis

n. pudendus
nn. rectales caudales

121
Q

cranial gluteal nerve

innervates? (3)

A

n. gluteus cranialis

is short nerve

supplies m. gluteus medius et profundus & m. tensor fasciae latae

122
Q

caudal gluteal nerve

innervates? (3)

A

n. gluteus caudalis

supplies extensors of the hip
so m. gluteus superficialis and
the vertebral heads of hamstring muscles

123
Q

caudal cutaneous femoral nerve

innervates?

A

n. cutaneus femoris caudalis

runs subcutaneously,

supplies the skin on the lateral and caudal aspects of the thigh and hip joint

124
Q

sciatic nerve

exits where?
innervates? (4 + 1)

A

n. ischiadicus

the thickest mixed nerve of the body.
Exits through foramen ischiadicum majus

with muscular branches innervates the deep gluteal, internal obturator, quadriceps, and gemelli muscles.

The sensory fibres supply also the capsule of the hip joint.

125
Q

what 2 nerves arise off the sciatic nerve?

A

n. tibialis
n. peroneus [fibularis] communis

126
Q

tibial nerve

runs where?
innervates what? (4)

A

n. tibialis

runs caudally

supplies the biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, semitendinous and semimembranous muscles

127
Q

n. tibialis divides into? (2-3)

A

n. cutaneus surae caudalis
n. plantaris: medialis et lateralis

128
Q

common peroneal [fibular] nerve

innervates?

A

n. peroneus [fibularis] communis

runs ventrally down the crus
passses proximal to fibula, palpatable (könig)

supplies mainly the skin on the dorsal & lateral aspects of the knee region

129
Q

n. peroneus communis divides into? (2-3)

A

n. cutaneus surae lateralis &
n. peroneus: superficialis et profundus

supe innervates skin on dorsal aspect of leg & deep between muscles

130
Q

pudendal nerve, latin

carries what type of fibers?
innervates what? (5-9)

A

n. pudendus

associated with the internal pudendal artery

carries motor, sensory and parasympathetic fibres

supplies urethral, ischiocavernous, bulbocavernous muscles,
perineum, rectum,

in males penis and in females clitoris, vulva, and caudal part of udder (bo, eq)

131
Q

the parasympathetic fibres of n. pudendus help to form? (2)

A

nn. pelvini &
plexus pelvinus

132
Q

caudal rectal nerves

innervate? (3)

A

nn. caudales rectales

are mixed nerves sometimes overlapping the pudendal nerve

supply the anal muscles,
bulbospongious muscle,
and perineal skin around the anus

133
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

systema nervosum autonomicum

134
Q

what is the ANS

A

is a component of the peripheral nervous system

regulates involuntary physiologic processes

It contains three anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

135
Q

The integrating centres for the ANS are located in the? (3)

A

spinal cord, medulla oblongata and the hypothalamus.

136
Q

The functions of hypothalamus is

A

to work as the principle coordinating centre for the ANS

it also links centres with other parts of the CNS

137
Q

ANS consists of what type of fibers for what function?

A

motor neurons to control smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

and additionally sensory fibers for monitoring visceral organs and blood vessels , which provide information for the CNS

138
Q

the efferent pathway, from the CNS to a visceral organ is composed of?

A

two multipolar neurons:

the first neuron in the pathway is a preganglionic neuron with a cell body in the CNS (brain or spinal cord)

the second neuron is postganglionic and is located in a cluster of nerve cells (called an autonomic ganglion) in the PNS

139
Q

Most of the ganglia for the sympathetic part of the ANS are located?

The ganglia for the parasympathetic part are located?

A

Thoracolumbar outflow: ganglia Just outside the spinal cord on both sides of it.

Craniosacral: ganglia for the parasympathetic part are located near or in the organs they connect with.

140
Q

two neurotransmitters are used to communicate within the autonomic nervous system:

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine

141
Q

nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called?

A

cholinergic fibers

142
Q

what neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic division utilize?

A

acetylcholine

143
Q

nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called?

A

adrenergic fibers

144
Q

what neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division utilize?

A

generally norepinephrine

145
Q

all preganglionic fibres use what transmitter?

A

acetylcholine

146
Q

Sympathetic part

& alt. name for this

A

pars sympathica

the adrenergic system

147
Q

what length are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic NS?
where are they found?

A

they are relatively short

are found within the grey matter of the lateral horns of the spinal cord

148
Q

what is the sympathetic trunk?

A

Are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.

The sympathetic trunk lies just lateral to the vertebral bodies for the entire length of the vertebral column.

It allows nerve fibres to travel to spinal nerves that are superior and inferior to the one in which they originated.

149
Q

latin for sympathetic trunk

A

truncus sympathicus

150
Q

latin for sympathetic trunk ganglia

+ alt. eng name

A

ganglia trunci sympathici

also called paravertebral ganglia

(are synapses of preganglionic with postganglionic neurons)

151
Q

sympathetic axons exit the spinal cord via the?

A

ventral root of the spinal cord

this allows the formation of the sympathetic trunk via rami communicantes which are myelinated

152
Q

splanchnic nerves are formed form what type of fibers

A

preganglionic fibres form splanchnic nerves

153
Q

greater splanchnic nerve, latin

arises from what area?
runs into where?
ends where?

A

n. splanchnicus major

arises from the thoracic region
runs into the abdominal cavity
and ends in celiac ganglion and the adrenal glands

154
Q

lesser splanchnic nerve

arises from what area?
ends where?

A

n. splanchnicus minor

arises from thoracic and lumbar ganglions
ends in renal and celiac ganglions

155
Q

lumbar splanchnic nerves

A

nn. splanchnici lumbales

between lumbar and celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglion

156
Q

name 3 splanchnic nerves

A

n. splanchnicus major
n. splanchnicus minor
nn. splanchnici lumbales

157
Q

cranial cervical ganglion, latin

location?

A

ganglion cervicale craniale

close to the internal carotid artery

158
Q

cervicothoracic [stellate] ganglion

location?

A

ganglion cervicothoracicum [stellatum])

in the first intercostal space

159
Q

celiac ganglia

location?

A

ganglia celiaca

paired, on both sides of celiac artery

160
Q

cranial mesenteric ganglion

location?

A

ganglion mesentericum craniale

unpaired, at the origin of cranial mesenteric artery

161
Q

caudal mesenteric ganglion

location?

A

ganglion mesentericum caudale

unpaired, at the origin of caudal mesenteric artery

162
Q

Parasympathetic part

A

pars parasympathica

& alt. name for this cholinergic system

163
Q

where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS?

A

the preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and
within the lateral horns of 2 or 3 sacral segments of the spinal cord

these together are referred to as craniosacral outflow

164
Q

preganglionic fibers of the cranial outflow of the parasympathetic division accompany the PNS motor neurons of what cranial nerves?

A

oculomotor nerve (III),
facial nerve (VII),

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
and the vagus nerve (X)

165
Q

preganglionic fibers of the sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division accompany the PNS motor neurons of?

A

of spinal nerves.
These nerves emerge through the ventral roots of the spinal cord:

nn. pelvini
originate in S2…S3,

contain efferent and afferent fibres for the pelvic viscera

166
Q

what length are preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are relatively long,
postganglionic fibres are therefore very short

167
Q

What type of fibers do the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve consist of:

A

V-1 ophthalmic sensory
V-2 maxillary sensory
V-3 mandibular both

168
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

muscarinic receptors function in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, mediating innervation to visceral organs.

169
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

within the central nervous system and at the neuromuscular junction

170
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through fissura orbitalis/ f. orbitorotundum?

A

III oculomotorius
IV trochlearis

VI abducens

171
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through porus/meatus acusticus internus?

A

VII facialis
& VIII vestibulocochlear

172
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through f. jugulare / f. lacerum?

A

IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus
XI accessorius

173
Q

Which nerve passes through forman ovale?

A

mandibularis

174
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the tegmentum of midbrain?

A

III oculomotorius
IV trochlearis

175
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from medulla oblongata?

A

6-12

VI abducens
VII facialis
VIII vestibulocochlearis
IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus
XI accessorius
XII hypoglossus

176
Q

Which cranial nerves come off the pons?

A

according to some materials V-VIII

177
Q

where does trigeminus originate?

A

hindbrain:
sensory fibers from pons
motor fibers from medulla oblongata

178
Q

name the cranial nerves and their branches that innervate the ears (5)

A

V trigeminus: n.mandibularis further branches into n.auriculotemporalis and n.temporalis that innervate the ear

VII facialis: branch auriculopalpebralis, n. auricularis caudalis & n. stapedius

VIII vestibulocochlearis

IX glossopharyngeus: branch n.tympanicus

X vagus: ramus auricularis

179
Q

cranial nerves and their branches that innervate the eyes (not lids) (5)

A

II opticus: optic nerve
III oculomotorius: most movements, pupil constriction
IV trochlearis: dorsal oblique muscle
V trigeminus: n. ophthalmicus: n.nasociliaris + n.infratrochlearis (conjunctiva)
VI abducens: lateral rectus + retractor bulbi

180
Q

cranial nerves and their branches that innervate the tongue (5)

A

V trigeminus: n. mandibularis
VII facialis
IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus
XII hypoglossus

181
Q

all cranial nerves which have parasympathetic fibers (4)

A

III oculomotorius (pupil constriction)
VII facialis (because of n. intermedius with chorda tympani & n. petrosus major and the lacrimal gland)

IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus

182
Q

all cranial nerves which have sensory fibers (3+4)

A

Only sensory fibers:
I olfactorii
II opticus
VIII vestibulocochlearis

Mixed fibers:
V trigeminus
VII facialis (motor, sensory and parasymp.)
IX glossopharyngeus
X vagus

Veterinary anatomy in latin (29 decks)

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