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Histology Pt. 2 > Ventilation and Associated Factors > Flashcards

Ventilation and Associated Factors Flashcards

1
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760 mmHg, referred to as 0

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2
Q

The higher the altitude, the _____ the pressure.

A

lower

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3
Q

What is the density of water close to the density of?

A

blood

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4
Q

What is gauge pressure?

A

the pressure measured against zero atmospheric pressure

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5
Q

How do you measure absolute pressure?

A

gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

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6
Q

What is the total pressure equal to according to Dalton’s law of partial pressures?

A

the sum of individual gasses in a mixture

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7
Q

What does the difference in partial pressures allow for?

A

diffusion across the blood-gas membrane

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8
Q

What is the label for airway or pleural pressure?

A

cm H2O/mmHg

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9
Q

What is the label for pressure in blood vessels?

A

mmHg

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10
Q

True or False: the pressure in the pleural cavity is usually negative.

A

True

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11
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

P1V1=P2V2

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12
Q

What does Boyle’s law mean?

A

pressure and volume are inversely related; when one increases, the other decreases

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13
Q

What is Charle’s law?

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2

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14
Q

What does Charle’s law mean?

A

the volume of a gas is directly proportionate to the temperature

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15
Q

What is the ideal gas law?

A

PV=nRT

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16
Q

What does P stand for in the ideal gas law?

A

gas pressure (atm)

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17
Q

What does V stand for in the ideal gas law?

A

Volume (L)

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18
Q

What does n stand for in the ideal gas law?

A

moles of gas

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19
Q

What does R stand for in the ideal gas law?

A

the universal gas constant: 8,3145 J/mol K

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20
Q

What does T stand for in the universal gas law?

A

Temperature (degrees K)

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21
Q

Why is intrapleural pressure negative?

A

to allow for the alveoli to expand

22
Q

Which part of the respiratory cycle is active?

A

inspiration

23
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

the diaphragm flattens, the inspiratory muscle contract, and the thoracic cavity expands

24
Q

What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?

A

it becomes more negative (-4 to -6 mmHg)

25
Q

What happens to the alveolar transmural pressure during inspiration?

A

it increases

26
Q

What happens to the alveoli during inspiration?

A

they expand at Palv = -1 mmHg

27
Q

When does air stop flowing during inspiration?

A

When Palv = 0 mmHg

28
Q

What is the passive phase of respiration?

A

expiration

29
Q

What happens to the body during expiration?

A

the diaphragm returns to dome shape, the inspiratory muscles relax, the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract, and the thoracic cavity returns back to normal size

30
Q

What happens to the intrapleural pressure during expiration?

A

it is less negative (-6 mmHg to -4 mmHg)

31
Q

What happens to the alveolar transmural pressure gradient during expiration?

A

it decreases

32
Q

What happens to the alveoli during expiration?

A

they return by elastic recoil (Palv = + 1 mmHg)

33
Q

When does air stop expiring?

A

when Palv = 0 mmHg

34
Q

What is Paw?

A

pressure within the airways

35
Q

What is Ppl?

A

pressure within the pleural cavity

36
Q

What happens if Ppl increases?

A

the lungs will not expand

37
Q

What promotes the recoil affect of alveoli?

A

the rebound of stretched elastin and collagen

38
Q

What reduces surface tension in alveoli?

A

surfactants hydrophilic and phobic moieties

39
Q

The smaller the diameter of the alveoli, the higher the ________.

A

pressure

40
Q

How is pressure reduced in small alveoli?

A

surfactant molecules being close to one another

41
Q

What prevents collapsing of alveoli?

A

alveolar interdependence and surfactant

42
Q

What alters alveolar interdependence?

A

emphysema

43
Q

How is compliance measured?

A

change in volume over change in pressure

44
Q

Compliance is the opposite of _____.

A

elasticity

45
Q

Define compliance.

A

the ease with which something could be stretched

46
Q

Define elasticity.

A

the tendency to come back to the original size/shape

47
Q

What disease causes compliance to decrease?

A

fibrosis

48
Q

What disease causes compliance to increase?

A

emphysema

49
Q

Characterize emphysema

A

high lung volume and small pressure change - widened alveoli

50
Q

What is hysteresis?

A

when the lung has inflated the surfactant molecules inflate, and it takes effort to open the alveoli

51
Q

What is Poisuelle’s Law?

A

R = (8nl/pir^4)

52
Q

When r is decreased by 1/2, what happens to the new R?

A

it is increased by 16 fold

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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