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Histology Pt. 2 > Liver, Pancreas, and Intestine > Flashcards

Liver, Pancreas, and Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

How does the liver contribute to digestion?

A

it creates bile salts vital to fat digestion and absorption and eliminates toxins

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2
Q

How does the pancreas contribute to digestion?

A

it secretes enzymes involved in fat, CHO, and protein digestions and has secretions that neutralize stomach acid

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3
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

metabolism, secretion, storage, and innate immune defense

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4
Q

How does the liver metabolize lipids?

A

it oxidizes them for energy, and packages lipids/cholesterol for transport to other organs for energy

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5
Q

How does the liver use carbohydrates?

A

it uses them for a small amount of energy and stores some as glycogen

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6
Q

what does the liver secrete?

A

bile

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7
Q

What does the liver store?

A

lipids, vitamins A, D, and E, and glycogen

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8
Q

How does the liver participate in the innate immune defense?

A

it has kupfer cells that do phagocytosis

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9
Q

What does blood enter the liver through?

A

the hepatic artery and portal vein

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10
Q

How does blood exit the liver?

A

lobule central veins to hepatic veins to posterior vena cava

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11
Q

What is the portal triad made up of?

A

portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile ductule

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12
Q

What do the fenestrated capillaries of the liver allow for?

A

AA to flow into the bile duct and theb albumin to flow back out

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13
Q

What do quiescent cells do?

A

deposit fibrin

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14
Q

How does the liver utilize amino acids?

A

it uses them to make proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen, and clotting factors

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15
Q

How does the liver utilize carbohydrates?

A

it removes a small amount of glucose for its energy needs- insulin independent

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16
Q

How is the ruminant liver different in its uptake of carbohydrates?

A

it does not take up glucose, it takes up bulk of volatile fatty acids

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17
Q

How are fats brought to the liver?

A

they are absorbed into lacteals then go to the thoracic duct and then the left jugular and reach the liver by the hepatic artery

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18
Q

What is choleresis?

A

the secretion of bile

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19
Q

Where is the bile stored in most species?

A

in the gall bladder

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20
Q

When is bile released?

A

when high fat chyme reaches the duodenum

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21
Q

What does bile do?

A

provides bile salts necessary for fat absorption and an excretory pathway for water insoluble materials

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22
Q

What are bile salts made up of?

A

they are a conjugation of cholesterol acids with taurine or other amino acids

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23
Q

What stimulates bile secretion, gall bladder contraction, and relaxation of sphincter of oddi?

A

CCK-PKZ

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24
Q

What is phase 1 of the excretory/detoxification pathway in the liver?

A

oxidation of the compound

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25
Q

What is phase 2 of the excretory/detoxification pathway?

A

glucuronidation or sulfation to improve water solubility

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26
Q

What causes the brown color in feces?

A

stercobilin

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27
Q

What causes the yellow color of urine?

A

uurobilinogen

28
Q

What is cholesteral excreted into?

A

bile canaliculus

29
Q

What can cause the formation of gallstones?

A

excessive cholesterol secretion can exceed carrying capacity of bile causes cholesterol to precipitate and form gallstones especially if ungonjugated bilirubin combines with the cholesterol

30
Q

What can cause the formation of bilirubin stones?

A

bacteria break glucuronide off of the bilirubin

31
Q

Through what does the bile duct empty into that then empties into the pancreatic duct?

A

the major duodenal papilla

32
Q

What do the acini of the exocrine pancreas do?

A

they make enzymes

33
Q

What do the ducts of the exocrine pancreas do?

A

they add base

34
Q

What do alpha cells in the pancreas make?

A

glucagon

35
Q

What do beta cells of the pancreas make?

A

insulin

36
Q

What do delta cells of the pancreas make?

A

somatostatin

37
Q

What is the function of the exocrin pancreatic secretions?

A

the alkaline secretions neutralize acidity of chyme leaving the stomach and are a source of digestive enzymes

38
Q

How does secretin affect the pancreas?

A

it stimulates the secretion of more alkaline fluid

39
Q

What is the function of the pancreatic ducts?

A

they add Na, K, and HCO3 and remove Cl to create an alkaline secretion

40
Q

The pancreas secreats many inactive forms of enzymes, what activates most of them?

A

trypsin

41
Q

What stimulates the release of enteropeptidase from the duodenum?

A

CCK

42
Q

What does enteropeptidase do?

A

it activates trypsin

43
Q

What enzyme that the pancreas digests is fully active when secreted?

A

pancreatic amylase

44
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

breaks down starch, some glucose and dextrins

45
Q

What are the pancreatic fat/lipid digestion enzymes?

A

pancreatic lipase, pro-colipase, cholesterol esterase, pro-phospholipase A

46
Q

What does the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor do?

A

it is to keep any trypsinogen that might spontaneously cleave from digesting the gland

47
Q

What can cause pancreatitis?

A

activation of trypsinogen within acinar cells or ducts or activation of pro-phospholipase A within ducts

48
Q

How can activating trypsinogen within the acinar cells or ducts lead to pancreatitis?

A

it leads to the digestion of the pancreas, leakage of enzymes, and peritonitis

49
Q

What can cause extraluminal pancreatic duct obstruction?

A

neoplasia or scarring, fibrosis secondary to acute pancreatitis

50
Q

What can cause intraluminal blockage of the pancreatic duct?

A

blockage of the papilla or bile duct by call stones, scarring, liver flukes and other parasites

51
Q

What are symptoms of pancreatic insufficiency?

A

diarrhea and weight loss

52
Q

What are the cell types found in crypts?

A

regeneratibe stem cells, secretory crypt cells, paneth cells, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and M-cells

53
Q

What do most regenerative stem cells in crypts become?

A

secretory crypt cells

54
Q

What do secretory crypt cells secrete?

A

Na and Cl necessary for absorption of surgas/AA

55
Q

What happens to secretory crypt cells after 3-5 days?

A

they migrate up into the villus area and become a villus absorptive cells

56
Q

What are paneth cells?

A

highly secretory cells that contain lysozymes

57
Q

Where are paneth cells located?

A

at the base of the crypt next to regenerative stem cells

58
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucous - also move up the villi

59
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

they stay in crypts, and secrete secretin, CCK-PKZ, enteroglucagon, VIP, GIP, somatomedins, and others (some gastrin)

60
Q

What do M cells do?

A

they capture particales, antigens, pathogens and pas sthem to dendritic cells and lymphocytes within lymphoid follicles in the sub-mucosa

61
Q

What cells are found in the villus region?

A

villus absorptive cells, goblet cells, M or dome cells

62
Q

What do villis absorptive cells do?

A

actively secrete digestive enzymes and absorption

63
Q

Where are brunner’sglands located?

A

below the musclularis mucosa within the submucosa

64
Q

What do the ducts of the brunner’s glands empty into?

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

65
Q

What do brinner’s glands secrete?

A

mucoid and alkaline solution as protection against stomach acid

66
Q

What is the secretion from Brunner’s glands stimulated by?

A

secretin

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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