Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology Pt. 2 > Acid Base Physiology > Flashcards

Acid Base Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The lower the H concentration, the _____ the pH.

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define strong acid/base.

A

a compound is a strong acid or strong base if it completely dissociates when placed into water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does pKa=pH?

A

when half of the weak acid is in the non-dissociated form and half is in the dissociated form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define weak acid/base.

A

a compound is a weak acid or weak base if it does not disassociate entirely when placed into water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can weak acids or bases act as when acids or bases are introduced?

A

buffers to slow the change in pH when acids or bases are introduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the law of electroneutrality?

A

in any solution the number of positive charges must equal the number of negative charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If SID is positive, what must be increased to electrically offset it?

A

OH must increase in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If SID is negative, what must be increased to electrically offset it?

A

H must increase in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the major buffers of blood?

A

bicarbonate, plasma proteins, hemoglobin, and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the goal for H concentration to stay?

A

it must stay at 40 nM/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What controls blood charge or SID?

A

strong ions, pCO2/HCO3, and other anions in the blood (protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the major strong ions in blood?

A

Na, Cl, K, Ca, and PO4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What ‘other’ anions affect blood charge?

A

albumin and hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal arterial pH?

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If the net charge of blood is positive, what is it considered?

A

alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If the net charge of blood is negative, what is it considered?

A

acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If net charge is less than +2.5x10^-7, what will there be?

A

physiologic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If net charge is less than +2.5x10^-7, what will the pH be?

A

below 7.4 but above 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If net charge is greater than +2.5x10^-7, what will there be?

A

physiologic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If net charge is greater than +2.5x10^-7, what will the pH be?

A

above 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do the lungs contribute to plasma composition?

A

through ventilation and perfusion they provide CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do the tissues contribute to plasma composition?

A

through perfusion, metabolism, and transport, they provide CO2 and strong ions to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does the gut contribute to plasma composition?

A

through absorption and secretion they provide strong ions to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does the kidney contribute to plasma composition?

A

through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion they provide strong ions to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the liver contribute to plasma composition?

A

through synthesis and degradation it provides protein to plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the normal pCO2 level in arterial blood?

A

40 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the normal HCO3 level in arterial blood?

A

24 mEq/L

28
Q

If pH is less than 7.35 what is that considered?

A

clinical acidosis

29
Q

If pH is greater than 7.45 what is that considered?

A

clinical alkalosis

30
Q

What is the normal pH of venous blood?

A

7.36

31
Q

What is the normal pCO2 level in venous blood?

A

46 mmHg

32
Q

What is the normal HCO3 level in venous blood?

A

27 mEg/L

33
Q

What is the first thing to rule out when determining the cause of acidosis?

A

a respiratory cause

34
Q

How do you know if acidosis is due to a respiratory cause?

A

if pCO2 is greater than 45 mmHg or HCO3 is greater than 28 mEq/L

35
Q

If it is not respiratory acidosis, then what must it be?

A

metabolic acidosis

36
Q

What could metabolic acidosis be due to?

A

a more negative than normal SID or a higher concentration of negatively charged plasma proteins or hemoglobin in the blood than normal

37
Q

What anions can cause SID to be too negative?

A

not enough Na, Ca, or Mg or too much Cl, lactate, urate, HPO4, or NEFA

38
Q

If SID is not the cause of the metabolic acidosis, what is?

A

most likely a high concentration of albumin, immunoglobulin, or a high packed cell volume or hemoglobin

39
Q

What are the physiologic causes of too low SID?

A

diarrhea, renal failure, diabetes/ketosis, rhabdomyolysis, toxins, excess anions in the diet, poor tissue perfusion

40
Q

How can diarrhea cause too low SID?

A

the gut fails to absorb secreted Na

41
Q

How can renal failure cause too low SID?

A

Na is not reabsorbed and PO4 is not being secreted

42
Q

How can diabetes/ketosis cause too low SID?

A

it leads to a build up of ketones and NEFA

43
Q

How can rhabdomyolysis cause too low SID?

A

phosphate, sulfate, uric acid, and lactic acid is released from damaged muscle into the blood stream

44
Q

How can poor tissue perfusion cause too low SID?

A

it can lead to a build-up of lactate

45
Q

What is the first thing to rule out when determining the cause of alkalosis?

A

a respiratory cause

46
Q

How do you know if alkalosis is due to a respiratory cause?

A

if pCO2 is less than 35 mmHg or HCO3 is less than 21 mEq/L

47
Q

If it is not respiratory alkalosis, then what is it?

A

metabolic alkalosis

48
Q

What could metabolic alkalosis be due to?

A

too positive SID or a low concentration of negatively charged proteins

49
Q

What anions can cause SID to be too positive?

A

too much Na, Ca, Mg, and K or excessive Cl loss

50
Q

What would cause too low levels of negatively charged blood proteins?

A

albumin, immunoglobulin too low, or PCV/hemoglobin too low

51
Q

What physiologic causes can cause SID to be too positive?

A

vomiting, hyperaldosteronism, thiazide diuretics, excess diet cations

52
Q

How can vomiting cause SID to be too positive?

A

loss of stomach Cl from the body

53
Q

How can hyperaldosteronism cause SID to be too positive?

A

it causes increased retention of Na

54
Q

How can thiazide diuretics cause SID to be too positive?

A

they block Na-Cl co-transport which leads to a net loss of Cl

55
Q

What physiologic causes can cause HA to be too low?

A

liver failure, hypogammaglobulinemia, anemia, or excessive administration of saline IV

56
Q

If an animal is experiencing acidosis, how does K act?

A

intracellular K is dumped into the blood causing hyperkalemia to be seen in the animal but the acidosis is compensated for

57
Q

If an animal is experiencing alkalosis, how does K act?

A

K is reabsorbed from the blood to lower the pH which causes hypokalemia but the alkalosis is compensated for

58
Q

If a patient has respiratory acidosis, how does the body compensate?

A

the kidneys secrete more Cl and the tubular reabsorption of Na and K increase

59
Q

What will the urine be pH-wise if a patient is compensating for respiratory acidosis?

A

acidic

60
Q

If a patient has metablic acidosis from diarrhea, how does it respiratorily compensate?

A

increased respiration to lower pCO2 and HCO3 to make the blood charge more positive

61
Q

If a patient has metablic acidosis from diarrhea, how does it metabolically compensate?

A

the kidneys secrete more Cl and reabsorption of Na and K improves leading to more positive charges in the blood

62
Q

If a pateint has respiratory alkalosis, how does the body metabolically compensate for it?

A

kidneys secrete less Cl and reabsorption of Na and K decreases leading to more negative charges in the blood

63
Q

When compensating for respiratory alkalosis, what will the urine be pH-wise?

A

alkaline

64
Q

How is the anion gap calculated?

A

([Na]+[K]) - ([Cl]+[HCO3])

65
Q

What is the normal anion gap?

A

8-16 mM/l

66
Q

What does an anion gap below normal suggest?

A

acidosis

67
Q

What does an anion gap above normal suggest?

A

alkalosis

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions