Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology Pt. 2 > Mare Reproduction > Flashcards

Mare Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are some demands placed on an equine theriogenologist?

A

seasonal breeding patterns of mares, commercial emphasis on early born foals, breeding during ventral transition, managing the stallion book, breed registry requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the central control of reproductive anatomy controlled by?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the structure of the ovary in the mare?

A

reverse cortical to medullary arrangement meaning the medulla is on the outside except at the ovulation fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are the ovaries located in the mare?

A

caudal to the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: Follicles stop growing during pregancy in the mare.

A

False, there is significant follicular growth during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some common ovarian abnormalities in the mare?

A

hemorrhagic anvulatory follicles and granulosa theca cell tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles form?

A

the mare grows a large follicle but does not ovulate and fills with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When do hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles happen most often?

A

when changing out of breeding season into anestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the structures of the uterine tube?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

a structure that covers the ovulation fossa to try and catch the oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

the longest portion of the uterine tubes that is plicated and the site for fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the ciliated epithelium in the ampulla?

A

it propels the oocyte down the ampulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

a sperm reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the utero-tubal papilla in the uterine tubes allow for?

A

one way traffic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What clinical issue can occur in the uterine tubes?

A

oviductal blockage by an oocyte that can lead to inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of uterus does the mare have?

A

simple, bicornate uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the size of the uterus based on?

A

physiology and parity - gestation and seasonal influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus cornual junction and where is it located?

A

the base of the horns for implantation embryo fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does uterine flaccidity lead to?

A

edema which leads to estrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What stimulates uterine tone?

A

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What clinical issue is associated with the uterus?

A

endometritis and uterine fluid acumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What part of the uterus can be used as an indicator of uterine health?

A

glandular endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an important barrier in the mare repro tract?

A

the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of folds does the cervix have?

A

longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the cervix respond to hormones?

A

it increases its collagen and connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the glandular epithelium of the cervix produce?

A

copious mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What can trauma to the cervix cause?

A

infertility/pregnancy loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the vagina start and end?

A

from the fornix to the labia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Is the equine vagina glandular or aglandular?

A

aglandular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Upon exposure to air, what can happen to the mares vagina?

A

it becomes hyperemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What clinical issues are associated with the mares vagina?

A

vaginal trauma, vestibular trauma, varicose veins, and fistulas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the three barriers of infection in the mare’s repro tract?

A

cervix, vestibule, and vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens when the vestibule is not a full ring?

A

a pneumovagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What type of tissue is the vulva?

A

elastic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does dorsal displacement of the vulva lead to?

A

loss of barrier which leads to pneumovagina which leads to fecal contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the clitoris homologous to in the stallion?

A

the penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where does bacteria tend to accumulate in the mare?

A

in the clitoral siinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a sign from the clitoris that a mare is in estrus?

A

winking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What type of breeders are mares?

A

long day polyestrous breeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the natural breeding season for horse mares?

A

april to september/october

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the natural breeding season for pony mares?

A

may to september/octover

42
Q

When does puberty usually occur in the mare?

A

around 15 months of age

43
Q

What is puberty described as?

A

age of first estrus, age of first ovulation, and age at which the female can support pregnancy without deleterious effects

44
Q

What are the hormone trends that lead to cyclicity and ovulation?

A

decrease in sensitivity to low E2, increase in GnRH to increase in FSH to increase in E to a surge of LH which leads to ovulation

45
Q

What factors influence puberty?

A

body size (fat), environmental cues (season of birth and photoperiod), and social cues from other females

46
Q

What is the length of the estrous cycle in mares?

A

19-22 days

47
Q

What are the hormone trends during estrus?

A

increased estradiol, decreased progesterone, then decreased FSH and increased LH

48
Q

How long does estrus usually last?

A

4.5-8.9 days (mean 6.5 days)

49
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

24-48 hours before the end of estrus

50
Q

What does the dominant follicle in estrus produce?

A

E2 and inhibin

51
Q

What does multiple ovulations in an estrus cycle usually lead to?

A

twins

52
Q

What are some examples of abnormal estrous behavior?

A

seasonal transition and ovarian tumors

53
Q

What are some behavioral signs of estrus?

A

peeing, raising tail, clitoral winking, and squatting

54
Q

Aside from behavioral signs, what are some other methods of detecting estrus?

A

trans-rectal palpation of the reproductive tract and ultrasound examination of the preproductive tract, and hormone estimations

55
Q

What hormone is usually used to detect estrus?

A

progesterone

56
Q

What is the progesterone dominant phaase?

A

the luteal phase

57
Q

What happens to P4 serum concentration after ovulation?

A

it rises rapidly (peak 8-16 ng/ml)

58
Q

How many follicular waves occur during diestrus?

A

one to two

59
Q

What is the corpus luteum sensitive to after day for of diestrus?

A

PGF2 alpha

60
Q

What structure cannot be palpated in mares?

A

the corpus luteum

61
Q

What are some ways to manipulate the estrous cycle?

A

inducing early cyclicity, ovulation, CL regression/luteolysis or prolonging the luteal phase and sudden withdrawal

62
Q

How is early cyclicity induced?

A

photoperiod and pharmacological manipulation (domperidone and sulpiride)

63
Q

How is ovulation induced?

A

using a GnRH agonist (desloredin) or an LH agonist (HCG)

64
Q

How is CL regression/luteolysis induced?

A

prostaglandin analogues (dinoprost tromethamine, cloprostenol)

65
Q

How is the luteal phase and sudden withdrawal induced?

A

progesterone compounds

66
Q

What are some behaviors/events of early conceptus/embryo?

A

early transport through the oviduct (PGE production), mobility of the equine embryo (production of PGs), formation of a glycoprotein capsule, and maternal recognition of pregnancy signal

67
Q

What are events that happen in a pregnant mare post fixation?

A

fixation at the corpus-cornual junction, orientation of the embryo, shedding/loss of the capsule, embryonic development (amnion, allantois, yolk sac), and a visible heart beat

68
Q

When is the heart beat visible?

A

by day 22-23

69
Q

Where do unicornuate twin conceptuses fix and when?

A

on the ventral aspect of the base of the uterine horne at 26 days of gestation

70
Q

What is the first step of endometiral cup formation?

A

trophopblast invades from the chorionic girdle at 30-35 days

71
Q

What hormone is produced during endometrial cup formation?

A

eCG

72
Q

What is the purpose of eCG?

A

it is for pregnancy maintenance, it is like LH

73
Q

When does endometrial cup formation peak?

A

at 55-60 days

74
Q

When does endometrial cup formation decline?

A

after 120-150 days of gestation

75
Q

What are some clinical issues associated with endometrial cup formation?

A

embryo/fetal loss after endometrial cup formation and retained endometrial cups

76
Q

After ovulation what happens to progesterone?

A

it increases rapidly and then decreases

77
Q

Without eCG what happens to progesterone levels after ovulation?

A

it will continue to decrease and the pregnancy will terminate

78
Q

What influence does eCG have on progesterone levels?

A

the primary corpus luteum is stimulated and P4 increases, as eCG continues to increase, accessory CL develops and P4 increases until about day 100

79
Q

After day 100 of pregnancy, what structure assumes the role of P4 production?

A

the placenta

80
Q

Aside from progesterone, what other hormones are associated with pregnancy?

A

estrogens and their conjugates, relaxin, oxytocin, glucocorticoids, prolactin and growth hoormone, and fetal hormones

81
Q

When is relaxin released during pregnancy?

A

near to parturition for relaxing the cervix

82
Q

What is the function in glucocorticoids in pregnancy?

A

it initiates parturition

83
Q

What is the function of prolatin and growth hormone in mares?

A

for mammary development

84
Q

What fetal hormones are a factor in pregnancy?

A

steroids, P4 and E2 precursors, insulin, T3, and T4

85
Q

What hormone is not present in mares that is present in most other species?

A

placental lactogen

86
Q

How long does it take for placentation to occur?

A

slowly - can take up to 150 days

87
Q

What type of placentation of occurs in mares?

A

epitheliochorial, diffuse placentation

88
Q

What is diffuse placentation?

A

when the placenta attaches to every part of the uterus

89
Q

What type of organ is the placenta in the mare?

A

an endocrine organ

90
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

to protect the fetus from the immune system of the mare and secretes growth factors and nutrients

91
Q

When does the placenta need to come out?

A

immediately after parturition

92
Q

How long does gestation usually take in mares?

A

330 - 365+ days

93
Q

Why is induction of parturition unpopular?

A

because the fetus matures late

94
Q

The ____ determines the day of parturition, the _____ determines the hour.

A

fetus, mare

95
Q

What is the first stage of labor and how long does it take?

A

fetal positioning (30 minutes to hours)

96
Q

What is the seond stage of labor and how long does it take?

A

expulsion of the fetus (20-30 minutes)

97
Q

What is the third stage of labor and how long does it take?

A

expulsion of the placenta (15 minutes to 3 hours)

98
Q

What are the three post partum events that a mare goes through?

A

rapid expulsion of the placenta, involution of the uterus, and return to estrus

99
Q

What is ‘foal heat’?

A

the first estrus cycle after foaling - usually 7 days after foaling

100
Q

When will we breed a mare during her ‘foal heat’?

A

If she did not have a dystocia, there was not a retained fetal membrane, and if she is not over 12 years of age

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions