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Histology Pt. 2 > Stomach Secretions > Flashcards

Stomach Secretions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the digestive functions of saliva?

A

moisten and lubricate diet, buffering activity, add water to diet to make fluid more isotonic, being starch and fat digestion

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2
Q

How does secretin effect saliva?

A

it stimulates the addition of Na, K, and removal of Cl from saliva

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3
Q

What is the esophageal part of the stomach considered?

A

non-glandular

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4
Q

What type of epithelium is in the esophageal part of the stomach?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What does the esophageal part of the stomach extend to in the horse?

A

the margo plicatus

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6
Q

What are the glandular, non-acid secreting parts of the stomach?

A

the cardia and pyloric regions

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7
Q

What do the cells of the cardia make?

A

mucous

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8
Q

What do the glands of the pyloric region make?

A

mucous

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9
Q

What do the enteroendcrine cells of the pyloric region secrete?

A

gastrin

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10
Q

What is the glandular, acid secreting part of the stomach?

A

the fundic portion

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11
Q

What types of cells are located in the fundic portion of the stomach?

A

mucous secreting cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells

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12
Q

What do parietal cells make?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

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13
Q

What do chief cells make?

A

pesinogen, rennin, and other enzymes

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14
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells release?

A

various endocrine and paracrine hormones

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15
Q

Where are mucous cells found?

A

in gastric puts interspersed throughout columnar epithelium of gastric glands

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16
Q

What is the function of mucous in the stomach?

A

protect the stomach from acids and enzymes

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17
Q

What is intrinsic factor vital for?

A

the absorption of vitamin B12

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18
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

a proteolytic enzyme pre-cursor

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19
Q

What happens when pepsinogen comes in contact with acid made by parietal cells?

A

it is cleaved to form pepsin

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20
Q

What does peptin do?

A

cleaves proteins at aromatic amino acids

21
Q

What is the secretion of pepsinogen stimulated by?

A

gastrin

22
Q

Where are entero-endocrine cells found?

A

at the base of gastric glands in mostly fundus an pyloric regions

23
Q

What can entero-endocrine cells make?

A

glucagon, somatostatin, histamine

24
Q

What are G-cells?

A

specialized enteroendocrine cells found in the pyloric stomach area that release gastrin

25
Q

What are G-cells stimulated by?

A

rising pH of chyme, stretch of stomach, vagal stimulation, and peptides/amino acids stimulate chemoreceptors within the mucosa

26
Q

What is the function of parietal cells aside from making HCl and intrinsic factor?

A

transfer Cl into the lumen of the gastric glands and remove Na and K from the gastric gland lumen fluid making the SID more negative and lowering the pH

27
Q

During active acid secretion from the stomach, what is the pH of the blood?

A

alkaline

28
Q

What stimulates acid secretion?

A

vagus nerves, gastrin, and histamine

29
Q

What causes the corteex to activate vagal efferent pathways to stimulate acid secretion?

A

thought, smell, or taste of food

30
Q

What turns on histamine release?

A

gastrin

31
Q

How does histamine stimulate acid secretion?

A

it acts on H2 receptors on parietal cells to simulate acid secretion

32
Q

What do gastrin and histamine raise the level of before acid production?

A

intracellylar cyclic AMP levels

33
Q

What suppresses gastrin production?

A

acid

34
Q

What hormones have a minor role in inhibiting acid production?

A

VIP, GIP, Eteroglucagon, CCK-PKZ

35
Q

Since secretin does not inhibit acid production, what does it do?

A

it works on the pancreas, Brunner’s glands, and salivary glands to enhance alkaline secretions production

36
Q

Where is prostaglandin E1 and 2 and PGI2 produced by?

A

mucosal cells of the stomach and intestine

37
Q

What is prostaglandin E1 and 2 and PGI2 produced in response to?

A

excessively low pH and damage to mucosa

38
Q

What do prostaglandin E1 and 2 and PGI2 do?

A

increases mucus production, decrease H2 mediated acid secretion, inhibits gastrin secretion, increases blood flow to help renew and repair cells

39
Q

How do NSAIDs cause ulcers?

A

they block PGE1 and PGI2 to decrease mucus production, increase acid production, and decrease blood flow to damaged mucosa

40
Q

What are the type of cells that line the horses stomach?

A

non-glandular stratified squamous epithelium and glandular epithelium

41
Q

What does the non-glandular epithelium of the horse’s stomach get protection from?

A

prostaglandin E and I2

42
Q

What does the glandular eptihelium of the horse’s stomach get protection from?

A

it secretes a mucus-Na bicarbonate layer that serves to protect the stomach lining by preventing acid from getting direct contact with it

43
Q

What is special about acid production in horses?

A

it happens continuosly

44
Q

If you were to find horse bots, where in the stomach would you find them?

A

in the non glandular part

45
Q

Where are stomach ulcers usually found in swine?

A

in the cardia of the stomach

46
Q

What are common symptoms associated with stomach ulcers in swine?

A

anemia and melena (dark stool)

47
Q

What nutritional factors can lead to stomach ulcers in swine?

A

finely ground feed (particularily corn), restricted availability of water or feedm low vitamin E and selenium

48
Q

What bacteria is associated with ulcers across species?

A

helicobacter

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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