Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

What is pH?

Answer 1

an expression of the hydrogen ion concentration

Question 2

How do you measure pH?

Answer 2

-log([H]+)

Question 3

Physiologically, what do acids and bases come from?

Answer 3

food and cellular metabolism

Question 4

Pathologically, what do acids and bases come from?

Answer 4

metabolic disease, decreased ventilation, vomiting, diarrhea, and renal insufficiency

Question 5

Define an acid.

Answer 5

something that donates a proton to a solution

Question 6

Do strong acids or weak acids disassociate well?

Answer 6

strong acids

Question 7

Do strong acids or weak acids have high concentrations of [H+]?

Answer 7

strong acids

Question 8

Define a base.

Answer 8

something that accepts a proton from a solution

Question 9

What is a buffer?

Answer 9

a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base that resists change in [H+]

Question 10

Is water an acid or a base?

Answer 10

it depends, it can be both

Question 11

What is the normal pH of blood?

Answer 11

7.35-7.45

Question 12

At what pH does acidemia occur?

Answer 12

<7.35

Question 13

At what pH does alkalemia occur?

Answer 13

> 7.45

Question 14

What is acidosis?

Answer 14

all of the physical processes and chemical reactions that result in an abnormally low pH

Question 15

What is acidemia?

Answer 15

low blood pH

Question 16

You cannot have acidemia without what?

Answer 16

acidosis

Question 17

What factors affect pH?

Answer 17

PCO2, strong ion difference, total weak non volatile acid

Question 18

What is strong ion difference?

Answer 18

the difference between the sums of concentrations of the strong cations and strong anions

Question 19

Is this alkalinizing or acidifying: increase in SID

Answer 19

alkalinizing

Question 20

Is this alkalinizing or acidifying: decrease in SID

Answer 20

acidifying

Question 21

An increase in total weak non volatile acid results in what (in relation to pH)?

Answer 21

metabolic acidosis

Question 22

A decrease in total weak non volatile acid results in what (in relation to pH)?

Answer 22

metabolic alkalosis

Question 23

Why is ventilation in charge of keeping the acid-base balance in check?

Answer 23

because the lungs are in charge of eliminating carbon dioxide which becomes bicarbonate acid in the lungs; we need to breath out the acid

Question 24

What is the Henderson-Hassalbalch equation?

Answer 24

pH = pK + Log([HCO3]/(0.03 x PCO2))

Question 25

pk is a constant, what is it?

Answer 25

6.1

Question 26

In the Henderson-Hassalbalch equation, what is pH related to?

Answer 26

bicarbonate and PCO2

Question 27

How do buffers work?

Answer 27

they exchange a strong acid or base for a weak one

Question 28

What are the buffer systems in the body?

Answer 28

bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

Question 29

Why is the bicarbonate buffer system important?

Answer 29

it is important for extracellular fluid because CO2 and HCO3 can be independently regulated and still function at a pH of 6

Question 30

Why is the phosphate buffer system important?

Answer 30

it is an important intracellular buffer because its pKa is 6.8 and can buffer tubular fluid effectively

Question 31

Why is the protein buffer important?

Answer 31

because proteins, especially hemoglobin can either accept or donate H+

Question 32

Is oxygenated or deoxygenated hemoglobin a better buffer for H+?

Answer 32

deoxygenated because its pKa is 8.2

Question 33

What is the isohydric principle?

Answer 33

buffers buffer the buffer

Question 34

What is the first line in defense to acid-base imbalance?

Answer 34

the chemical buffers: bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems

Question 35

What is the second line of defense to acid-base imbalance?

Answer 35

physiological buffers: lungs excreting CO2 and kidneys excreting H+

Question 36

To change acid-base imbalance, what needs to be altered?

Answer 36

PCO2 or HCO3

Question 37

In respiratory alkalosis, what happens to the pH and how is it compensated?

Answer 37

pH is increased, compensated by a decrease in renal H excretion and retention of HCO3

Question 38

In respiratory acidosis, what happens to the pH and how is it compensated?

Answer 38

pH is decreased, compensated by a increase in renal H excretion and retention of HCO3

Question 39

In metabolic acidosis, what happens to the pH and how is it compensated?

Answer 39

pH is decreased, compensated by decreasing PaCO2 and H+

Question 40

In metabolic alkalosis, what happens to the pH and how is it compensated?

Answer 40

pH is increased, compensated by an increase in PaCO2 and in H+