Microscopic Anatomy of Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the function of the vomero nasal organ?

Answer 1

chemoreception of liquid borne substances, sexual behavior, maternal instinct, fetal interaction with amniotic fluid

Question 2

Where is the vomero nasal organ located?

Answer 2

in the mucosa of the ventral portion of the nasal septum

Question 3

What is the structure of the vomero nasal organ?

Answer 3

crescent shaped, tubular, blind-ended, and paired with endothelial ducts

Question 4

How is the vomero nasal organ supported?

Answer 4

with hyaline cartilages

Question 5

What does the vomero nasal organ open into?

Answer 5

the incisive ducts which ends as the incisive papilla

Question 6

What type of cells does the medial epithelium of the vomero nasal organ have?

Answer 6

neuro-sensory cells, sustentacular cells, and basal cells

Question 7

How does the muco-ciliary escalator function?

Answer 7

the cilia beat in one direction to move the mucous towards the pharynx (forward power stroke)

Question 8

How to the cilia get back into position for the muco-ciliary escalator to function?

Answer 8

they have a backward recovery stroke

Question 9

What is the prominent cell organelle in the muco-ciliary escalator and what is its function?

Answer 9

the mitochondria to power it

Question 10

What is the structure of the cilia?

Answer 10

9 + 2 microtubule arrangement: 2 microtubules in the middle, 9 microtubules on the outside

Question 11

What binds to the outside microtubules?

Answer 11

nexin

Question 12

What is primary cilia dyskinesia?

Answer 12

a defect in the muco-ciliary escalator

Question 13

What are common indications that a patient has primary cilia dykinesia?

Answer 13

respiratory and middle ear infections, situs inversus totalis, situs ambiguous, reproductive failures

Question 14

What causes primary cilia dyskinesia?

Answer 14

there is a defect in genes coding for the dynein protein - autosomal recessive genetic order

Question 15

What are the regions of the pharynx?

Answer 15

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Question 16

What is dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

Answer 16

the soft palate pushes up against the nasopharynx disallowing proper respiration

Question 17

What is laryngeal hemiplegia?

Answer 17

the recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged in some way causig all of the muscles except the cricothyroideus to function properly

Question 18

What type of epithelium make up the nasopharynx and the larynx?

Answer 18

TRE

Question 19

What are the lamina propria mucosae of the the nasopharynx and larynx made up of?

Answer 19

loose connective tissue and sero mucus glands

Question 20

Except for the oral part and the tip of the epiglottis, what type of epithelium is the epiglottis and vocal folds made up of?

Answer 20

non-keratinized stratified squamous

Question 21

What type of glands are in the epiglottis and vocal folds?

Answer 21

none

Question 22

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis and the vocal folds made up of?

Answer 22

elastic cartilage

Question 23

What type of epithelium is in the trachea?

Answer 23

TRE

Question 24

What type of epithelium is in the bronchi?

Answer 24

TRE

Question 25

What type of epithelium is in the bronchiole?

Answer 25

ciliated simple columnar to cuboidal

Question 26

What type of epithelium is in the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 26

ciliated cuboidal cells (club cells)

Question 27

What type of epithelium is in the alveoli?

Answer 27

squamous

Question 28

What is the trachea made up of?

Answer 28

c-shaped hyaline cartilage, trachealis muscle, longitudinal elastic fibers, sero-mucous glands, loose connective tissue

Question 29

What is the hyaline cartilage in the trachea made up of?

Answer 29

chondrocytes, matrixx, and type II collagen fibers

Question 30

What happens if the cartilage in the trachea is defective?

Answer 30

collapsing trachea increasing the airway resistance

Question 31

What is the microscopic anatomy of the bronchii?

Answer 31

cartilage in plates and pieces, goblet cells, glands, and smooth muscle

Question 32

What is the microscopic anatomy of the bronchiole?

Answer 32

sometimes goblet cells, smooth muscle, no glands or cartilage

Question 33

What is the function of club cells?

Answer 33

secrete glycosaminoglycan and metabolize xenobiotics; act as a stem cell