Nutrition Review and Other Random Shit From Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the types of monosaccharides?
altoses and ketoses
What are the types of disaccharides?
maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose
When is maltose released?
during starch digestion
When is cellobiose released?
during cellulose digestion
What can cellobiose be broken down by?
only by microbes
Where is lactose found?
exclusively in milk
What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?
glycogen is very similar to ammylopectin, it is just more branchedd
What are plant cell walls made up of?
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and lignin
What percentage of the cell wall is cellulose?
50%
What is capable of breaking up the cellulose linkage?
cellulase
Where is cellulase found?
only in cellulolytic bacteria which is why cows and horses are so dependent on bacteria
What percentage of the cell wall is hemicellulose?
15-30%
What is capable of breaking up the hemicellulose linkage?
hemicellulases
What are hemicellulases only present in?
bacteria
What percentage of the cell wall are pectins?
5-10%
What are the function of pectins?
they act as cement between the other structural carbohydrates of non-woody portions of plant cell walls
What are pectins broken down by?
pectic enzymes
What percentage of the cell wall is made up of lignin?
20-30%
What is lignin degraded by?
nothing that vertebrates or their bacteria have
What percentage of the cell wall components do ruminants utilize?
90% of cellulose and pectin, 50-90% of hemicellulose, and 5% of lignin
What percentage of pectin do non-ruminants utilize?
60-80%
How much gross energy can you get from proteins?
5.7 kcal/gram
What are the essential amino acids?
phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, lysine, leucine
In addition to the essential amino acids, what else do cats need?
taurine
How much gross energy can you get from lipids?
9.4 kcal/g
What is the flow of the birds GI tract?
crop to proventriculus to gizzard to small intestine to large intestine
What do the villi of the small intestine privide?
increased surface area
What are the layers of the small intestine?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
What is the mucosal layer of the small intestine composed of?
intestinal absorptive cells, basement membrane, lamina propria, venules, arterioles, lymph
Where is the submucosal nerve plexus located?
in the submucosa layer of the small intestine
Where is the myenteric nerve plexus located?
in the muscularis layer of the small intestine
What is deglutination?
swallowing
How do dogs, cats, and birds eat?
they move their head and jaws to manipulate food into the mouth
How do ruminants eat?
they use their tongue, swallow fast, and chew later
How do horses eat?
very precisely
How do rabbits teeth grow?
their incisors, premolars, and molars continue to erupt and grow throughout their life; they have no true roots
What can malocclusion and spurs in rabbits cause?
slobbers, matted coat, inapettance, lack of caecotrophy, halitosis, flystrike, GI disturbance
Which part of rodent dentition permanently grows?
the incisors
During deglutination, what do the pharyngeal receptors send afferents via?
cranial nerves 5, 9, and 10
During deglutination, what does the medulla send efferents along?
cranial nerves 7, 9, 10, and 12
What can cause problems with swallowing?
aspiration pneumonia, palate paresis, milk fever cows, guttural pouch infection, medullary tumors, cleft palate, rabies
How can aspiration pneumonia cause problems with swallowing?
failure to close the glottis
How can palate paresis cause problems with swallowing?
it causes food to come out of the nostrils because the nasopharynx cannot close
How can milk fever cause problems with swallowing?
it leads to low muscle function
How can guttural pouch infections cause problems with swallowing?
it leads to damage to CN 9, 10, and 12
How can medullary tumors lead to problems with swallowing?
it leads to damage to CN 5, 7, 9, 10, and 12
