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Histology Pt. 2 > Nutrition Review and Other Random Shit From Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Nutrition Review and Other Random Shit From Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of monosaccharides?

A

altoses and ketoses

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2
Q

What are the types of disaccharides?

A

maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose

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3
Q

When is maltose released?

A

during starch digestion

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4
Q

When is cellobiose released?

A

during cellulose digestion

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5
Q

What can cellobiose be broken down by?

A

only by microbes

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6
Q

Where is lactose found?

A

exclusively in milk

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7
Q

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?

A

glycogen is very similar to ammylopectin, it is just more branchedd

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8
Q

What are plant cell walls made up of?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and lignin

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9
Q

What percentage of the cell wall is cellulose?

A

50%

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10
Q

What is capable of breaking up the cellulose linkage?

A

cellulase

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11
Q

Where is cellulase found?

A

only in cellulolytic bacteria which is why cows and horses are so dependent on bacteria

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12
Q

What percentage of the cell wall is hemicellulose?

A

15-30%

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13
Q

What is capable of breaking up the hemicellulose linkage?

A

hemicellulases

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14
Q

What are hemicellulases only present in?

A

bacteria

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15
Q

What percentage of the cell wall are pectins?

A

5-10%

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16
Q

What are the function of pectins?

A

they act as cement between the other structural carbohydrates of non-woody portions of plant cell walls

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17
Q

What are pectins broken down by?

A

pectic enzymes

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18
Q

What percentage of the cell wall is made up of lignin?

A

20-30%

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19
Q

What is lignin degraded by?

A

nothing that vertebrates or their bacteria have

20
Q

What percentage of the cell wall components do ruminants utilize?

A

90% of cellulose and pectin, 50-90% of hemicellulose, and 5% of lignin

21
Q

What percentage of pectin do non-ruminants utilize?

A

60-80%

22
Q

How much gross energy can you get from proteins?

A

5.7 kcal/gram

23
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, lysine, leucine

24
Q

In addition to the essential amino acids, what else do cats need?

A

taurine

25
Q

How much gross energy can you get from lipids?

A

9.4 kcal/g

26
Q

What is the flow of the birds GI tract?

A

crop to proventriculus to gizzard to small intestine to large intestine

27
Q

What do the villi of the small intestine privide?

A

increased surface area

28
Q

What are the layers of the small intestine?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

29
Q

What is the mucosal layer of the small intestine composed of?

A

intestinal absorptive cells, basement membrane, lamina propria, venules, arterioles, lymph

30
Q

Where is the submucosal nerve plexus located?

A

in the submucosa layer of the small intestine

31
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus located?

A

in the muscularis layer of the small intestine

32
Q

What is deglutination?

A

swallowing

33
Q

How do dogs, cats, and birds eat?

A

they move their head and jaws to manipulate food into the mouth

34
Q

How do ruminants eat?

A

they use their tongue, swallow fast, and chew later

35
Q

How do horses eat?

A

very precisely

36
Q

How do rabbits teeth grow?

A

their incisors, premolars, and molars continue to erupt and grow throughout their life; they have no true roots

37
Q

What can malocclusion and spurs in rabbits cause?

A

slobbers, matted coat, inapettance, lack of caecotrophy, halitosis, flystrike, GI disturbance

38
Q

Which part of rodent dentition permanently grows?

A

the incisors

39
Q

During deglutination, what do the pharyngeal receptors send afferents via?

A

cranial nerves 5, 9, and 10

40
Q

During deglutination, what does the medulla send efferents along?

A

cranial nerves 7, 9, 10, and 12

41
Q

What can cause problems with swallowing?

A

aspiration pneumonia, palate paresis, milk fever cows, guttural pouch infection, medullary tumors, cleft palate, rabies

42
Q

How can aspiration pneumonia cause problems with swallowing?

A

failure to close the glottis

43
Q

How can palate paresis cause problems with swallowing?

A

it causes food to come out of the nostrils because the nasopharynx cannot close

44
Q

How can milk fever cause problems with swallowing?

A

it leads to low muscle function

45
Q

How can guttural pouch infections cause problems with swallowing?

A

it leads to damage to CN 9, 10, and 12

46
Q

How can medullary tumors lead to problems with swallowing?

A

it leads to damage to CN 5, 7, 9, 10, and 12

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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