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Histology Pt. 2 > Overview of respiratory system > Flashcards

Overview of respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What processes does respiration allow?

A

movement of air, diffusion, transportation, tissue delivery and return

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2
Q

How does air get from the nares to the principle bronchi?

A

nares to nasal conchae to pharynx to larynx to trachea to principle bronchi

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3
Q

What species has the most pliable nostrils?

A

the horse

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4
Q

What is achieved in the upper respiratory tract?

A

warm air to body temp, add water vapor to saturate to 100% humidity, trap inhaled substances

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5
Q

What do the coiled turbinate bones allow for?

A

they create laminar (slow) flow

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6
Q

What are the specialized structures of the upper respiratory system?

A

nasolacrimal duct, vomeronasal organ, paranasal sinuses, auditory tube and guttural pouches

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7
Q

What happens as airways branch?

A

the cross sectional area is increased

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8
Q

More area means decreased _______.

A

resistance

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9
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the process of inhaling and exhaling air so that the animal acquires O2 and eliminates CO2

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10
Q

What are the mechanical forces of ventilation?

A

the respiratory muscles

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11
Q

What causes negative pressure ventilation?

A

the diaphragm and intercostal muscle during inhilation

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12
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

total amount of air that we breathe in or out

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13
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

the total volume of air breathed per minute

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14
Q

What is Ve and what determines it?

A

the total volume breathed in a minute, and tidal volume multiplied by respiratory frequency

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15
Q

What is Vd?

A

dead space (ventilation wasted)

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16
Q

What does the dead space help in eliminating?

A

heat

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17
Q

What are the three types of dead space?

A

equipment, anatomic, alveolar

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18
Q

What is an example of equipment dead space?

A

endotracheal tube

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19
Q

What is an example of anatomic dead space?

A

nostril/mouth to the terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

Does anatomic dead space change or remain constant?

A

for the most part, the dead space is fixed

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21
Q

What type of dead space does alveolar dead space add to?

A

anatomic dead space

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22
Q

What is the alveolar ventilation equation?

A

total ventilation - dead space ventilation = alveolar ventilation

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23
Q

How do you measure physiologic dead space?

A

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

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24
Q

How do you measure tidal volume?

A

Vt = alveolar ventilation (Va) + dead-space ventilation (Vd)

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25
Q

How do you measure minute ventilation?

A

multiple tidal volume by f

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26
Q

How many breaths does it take to get rid of old air?

A

15-17 breaths

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27
Q

What does the secondary respiratory symbol ‘a’ stand for?

A

arterial

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28
Q

What does the secondary respiratory symbol ‘A’ stand for?

A

alveolar

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29
Q

What does the secondary respiratory symbol ‘V’ stand for?

A

venous

30
Q

What does the dot above a primary symbol indicate?

A

quantity measured with respect to time

31
Q

What does a bar above a secondary symbol indicate?

A

mean or mixed sample

32
Q

What does a prime after a secondary symbol indicate?

A

the end of a structure; end of inspiration or expiration

33
Q

What does the normal respiratory cycle compose of?

A

a period of inspiration and expiration

34
Q

What species’ respiratory cycle has two periods of inspiration and expiration?

A

the horse

35
Q

How would you define a complementary breathing cycle?

A

deep rapid inspiration and expiration

36
Q

What is the predominant type of breathing?

A

abdominal

37
Q

Describe abdominal breathing.

A

the movement of the abdominal cavity during inspiration and expiration

38
Q

What happens during peritonitis (breathing-wise)?

A

the animal will switch to costal breathing because the pain in the animal is in the viscera

39
Q

Describe costal breathing.

A

the movement of the ribs during inspiration and expiration

40
Q

What happens during pleuritis of the animal is predominantly costal breathing?

A

the animal will switch to abdominal breathing because it is painful to breathe with the ribs

41
Q

Eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

42
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

43
Q

Hyperpnea

A

increased depth and rate of breathing

44
Q

Polypnea

A

rapid, shallow breathing (similar to panting)

45
Q

Apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

46
Q

Trachypnea

A

increased frequency of breathing

47
Q

Bradypnea

A

decreased frequency of breathing

48
Q

Define respiratory frequency.

A

number of respiratory cycles/minute

49
Q

What increases respiratory frequency?

A

pregnancy, digestive tract fullness, lying down, diseases

50
Q

What factors decrease respiratory frequency?

A

low temperature, sleeping

51
Q

Define breath sound.

A

sound due to air movement through tracheobronchial tree - turbulent air flow

52
Q

Define adventitious sound.

A

extrinsic to normal breath sounds; abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds

53
Q

What are some adventitious sounds?

A

crackles or wheezes

54
Q

What causes crackles?

A

edema or exudates

55
Q

What causes wheezes?

A

airway narrowing

56
Q

Can you hear the sound of air passing through bronchioles?

A

no

57
Q

What is residual volume?

A

the amount of air left in the lung after the most forceful expiration

58
Q

What are capacities?

A

the combination of volumes

59
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

the extra volume that can still be inhaled after normal inspiration

60
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

the extra volume can still be expired after normal expiration

61
Q

How do you measure inspiratory capacity?

A

Vt + IRV

62
Q

How do you measure functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

ERV + RV

63
Q

How do you measure vital capacity (VC)?

A

IRV + Vt + ERV

64
Q

How do you measure total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

IRV + Vt + ERV + RV

65
Q

What is the only source of O2 during apnea?

A

Functional residual capactiy

66
Q

What affects functional residual capacity?

A

position, sex, physiologic conditions, lung diseases

67
Q

What are specific restrictive lung diseases?

A

fibrosis, muscular diseases, sarcoidosis, chest wall deformities

68
Q

What are symptoms of restrictive lung diseases?

A

restricted inspiration, VC, TLC, RV and FRC decreased, parenchymal disease

69
Q

What are specific obstructive lung diseases?

A

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma

70
Q

What are symptoms of obstructive lung diseases?

A

difficulty in expiration, VC decreased, TLC, RV, FRC increased, inflammation in the bronchioles, smooth muscle contraction upon expiration

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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