Overview of respiratory system Flashcards
What processes does respiration allow?
movement of air, diffusion, transportation, tissue delivery and return
How does air get from the nares to the principle bronchi?
nares to nasal conchae to pharynx to larynx to trachea to principle bronchi
What species has the most pliable nostrils?
the horse
What is achieved in the upper respiratory tract?
warm air to body temp, add water vapor to saturate to 100% humidity, trap inhaled substances
What do the coiled turbinate bones allow for?
they create laminar (slow) flow
What are the specialized structures of the upper respiratory system?
nasolacrimal duct, vomeronasal organ, paranasal sinuses, auditory tube and guttural pouches
What happens as airways branch?
the cross sectional area is increased
More area means decreased _______.
resistance
What is ventilation?
the process of inhaling and exhaling air so that the animal acquires O2 and eliminates CO2
What are the mechanical forces of ventilation?
the respiratory muscles
What causes negative pressure ventilation?
the diaphragm and intercostal muscle during inhilation
What is tidal volume?
total amount of air that we breathe in or out
What is minute ventilation?
the total volume of air breathed per minute
What is Ve and what determines it?
the total volume breathed in a minute, and tidal volume multiplied by respiratory frequency
What is Vd?
dead space (ventilation wasted)
What does the dead space help in eliminating?
heat
What are the three types of dead space?
equipment, anatomic, alveolar
What is an example of equipment dead space?
endotracheal tube
What is an example of anatomic dead space?
nostril/mouth to the terminal bronchioles
Does anatomic dead space change or remain constant?
for the most part, the dead space is fixed
What type of dead space does alveolar dead space add to?
anatomic dead space
What is the alveolar ventilation equation?
total ventilation - dead space ventilation = alveolar ventilation
How do you measure physiologic dead space?
anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space
How do you measure tidal volume?
Vt = alveolar ventilation (Va) + dead-space ventilation (Vd)
How do you measure minute ventilation?
multiple tidal volume by f
How many breaths does it take to get rid of old air?
15-17 breaths
What does the secondary respiratory symbol ‘a’ stand for?
arterial
What does the secondary respiratory symbol ‘A’ stand for?
alveolar
What does the secondary respiratory symbol ‘V’ stand for?
venous
What does the dot above a primary symbol indicate?
quantity measured with respect to time
What does a bar above a secondary symbol indicate?
mean or mixed sample
What does a prime after a secondary symbol indicate?
the end of a structure; end of inspiration or expiration
What does the normal respiratory cycle compose of?
a period of inspiration and expiration
What species’ respiratory cycle has two periods of inspiration and expiration?
the horse
How would you define a complementary breathing cycle?
deep rapid inspiration and expiration
What is the predominant type of breathing?
abdominal
Describe abdominal breathing.
the movement of the abdominal cavity during inspiration and expiration
What happens during peritonitis (breathing-wise)?
the animal will switch to costal breathing because the pain in the animal is in the viscera
Describe costal breathing.
the movement of the ribs during inspiration and expiration
What happens during pleuritis of the animal is predominantly costal breathing?
the animal will switch to abdominal breathing because it is painful to breathe with the ribs
Eupnea
normal quiet breathing
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Hyperpnea
increased depth and rate of breathing
Polypnea
rapid, shallow breathing (similar to panting)
Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
Trachypnea
increased frequency of breathing
Bradypnea
decreased frequency of breathing
Define respiratory frequency.
number of respiratory cycles/minute
What increases respiratory frequency?
pregnancy, digestive tract fullness, lying down, diseases
What factors decrease respiratory frequency?
low temperature, sleeping
Define breath sound.
sound due to air movement through tracheobronchial tree - turbulent air flow
Define adventitious sound.
extrinsic to normal breath sounds; abnormal sounds superimposed on breath sounds
What are some adventitious sounds?
crackles or wheezes
What causes crackles?
edema or exudates
What causes wheezes?
airway narrowing
Can you hear the sound of air passing through bronchioles?
no
What is residual volume?
the amount of air left in the lung after the most forceful expiration
What are capacities?
the combination of volumes
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
the extra volume that can still be inhaled after normal inspiration
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
the extra volume can still be expired after normal expiration
How do you measure inspiratory capacity?
Vt + IRV
How do you measure functional residual capacity (FRC)?
ERV + RV
How do you measure vital capacity (VC)?
IRV + Vt + ERV
How do you measure total lung capacity (TLC)?
IRV + Vt + ERV + RV
What is the only source of O2 during apnea?
Functional residual capactiy
What affects functional residual capacity?
position, sex, physiologic conditions, lung diseases
What are specific restrictive lung diseases?
fibrosis, muscular diseases, sarcoidosis, chest wall deformities
What are symptoms of restrictive lung diseases?
restricted inspiration, VC, TLC, RV and FRC decreased, parenchymal disease
What are specific obstructive lung diseases?
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma
What are symptoms of obstructive lung diseases?
difficulty in expiration, VC decreased, TLC, RV, FRC increased, inflammation in the bronchioles, smooth muscle contraction upon expiration
