Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards
What ribs present as the boundaries of the diaphragm?
the top of the 13th rib and the bottom of the 7th
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
the organs from the first rib until the diaphragm
What does the thorax contain?
the organs in the thoracic cavity plus the intrathoracic abdominal structures
What is the anticlinal vertebrae and why?
the 11th thoracic vertebrae because it points straight up and down
What is the costadiapgragmatic line of pleural reflection?
where the pleura reflects at the level of the diaphragm, it does not follow the diaphragm
What are the muscles of inspiration?
the external intercostals
What direction do the external intercostal fibers go?
caudo-ventrally to cranio-dorsally
What are the muscles of expiration?
the internal intercostals
What direction do the internal intercostal fibers go?
caudo-dorsally to cranio-ventrally
What is the significance of the costadiaphragmatic recess?
lungs do not extend beyond that point
What are the boundaries for auscultation for lung sounds?
bottom of the 5th rip to the top of the 11th rib then cranially to the top of the 5th rib
Where should a thoracentesis be performed?
between the 7th and 10th intercostal space, cranial to the ribs and at an angle towards the body wall
If a thoracentesis is performed horizontally, what can happen?
the lungs can be punctured
If a thoracentesis is performed from the 1st to the 6th intercostal space, what can happen?
the heart can be punctured
What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
it is the dead space, it cannot be used for gas exchange
What are the structures in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
nose, mouth, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchiole
What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
it is where gas exchange occurs
What are the structures in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and the alveolus
What is the function of the arrangement of the meati in the respiratory system?
it allows for laminar flow of air, humidification and warming, and prevents dust from getting into the lungs
What is the function of the epiglottis?
it covers the larynx to protect the airways during eating
What type of epithelium is typical respiratory epithelium?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells interspersed
What type of cell junctions are in TRE?
tight junctions, adherens, desmosomes, and hemidesmososmes
What are the cell types within TRE?
goblet cells, basal cells, ciliated cells, neuroendocrine cells, and brush cells
What is the function of goblet cells?
to secrete mucous
Where are the goblet cells located in the TRE?
on the apical side
Where are the nuclei in goblet cells located?
near the basal lamina
What is the function of the basal cells?
they are for the repair of damaged TRE
Where are basal cells located?
near sensor nerves, close to the basal lamina
What is the function of the ciliated cells?
they function as escalator cells
What are the ciliated cells made up of?
cilia and many microvili
What is the function of neuroendocrine cells?
they are for sensing and growth and secrete hormones and chemicals
What are brush cells for?
sensory
What are brush cells innervated by?
the trigeminal nerve
What are structures commonly seen in the microscopic anatomy of the nose?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, hyaline cartilage, serous and sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, and immune cells
What are the structures commonly seen in the microscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity?
TRE, thin walled veins and glands, nerves, lymphatic nodules, P450 enzymes
Where is the olfactory region located?
in the dorso-caudal portion of the nasal cavity
What type of epithelium is located in the olfactory region?
thick high pseudostratefied epithelium with immotile cilia
What type of cells are in the olfactory region?
olfactory, supporting, basal
What is the pigmentation of the olfactory region?
lipofuscin
What is the function of the olfactory cells in the olfactory region?
they secrete a solution that enhances the solubility of the odorant molecule and cleanses the cilia
What are the support cells of the olfactory region also known as?
the sustentacular cells
What is the structure of the support cells of the olfactory region located?
they have a wide apical side and a narrow basal side
What is the function of the basal cells in the olfactory region?
to regenerate olfactory cells and sustentacular cells
