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Histology Pt. 2 > Stomach and Rumen Motility > Flashcards

Stomach and Rumen Motility Flashcards

1
Q

What is the esophagus considered?

A

a conduit from the mouth to the stomach

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2
Q

What is the cricopharyngeus muscle also known as?

A

the upper esophageal sphincter

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3
Q

What is the function of the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

keeps the esophagus closed except when swallowing, keeps air out, allows buildup of negative pressure in the esophagus, prevents reflux in the pharynx

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4
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

prevents acid reflux into the esophagus, normally kept closed until bolud needs to enter the stomach

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5
Q

During gastric distension, the lower esophageal sphincter contracts tighter. What controls this?

A

gastrin

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6
Q

As food reaches the lower esophageal sphincter, what tells it to relax and let the food enter?

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

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7
Q

What species uniquely has anti-peristaltic waves?

A

ruminants

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8
Q

What do anti-peristaltic waves do?

A

they push food back into the mouth

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9
Q

What is the striated muscle in the esophagus of the ruminants controlled by?

A

the myenteric plexus

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10
Q

What is mega-esophagus?

A

distension of the esophagus and pooling of food

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11
Q

What is the congenital cause of megaesophagus?

A

perisistent right aortic arch - constricts the esophagus

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12
Q

Aside from something congenital, what else can cause megaesophagus?

A

ack of vagal stimulation inhibiting coordinated peristalsis

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13
Q

What are the muscle layers of the stomach?

A

inner circular, oblique layer, and outer longitudinal

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of mucosa in the stomach?

A

esophageal, cardiac, fundus, and pyloric

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15
Q

What type of mucosa does the esophageal part of the stomach have?

A

non-glandular

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16
Q

What type of mucosa does the cardiac part of the stomach of?

A

glandular-mucous

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17
Q

What type of mucosa dpes the fundus part of the stomach have?

A

glandular - secretes HCL, enzymes, mucous

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18
Q

What type of mucosa does the pyloric part of the stomach have?

A

glandular- mucous, gastrin secreted

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19
Q

What is adaptive relaxation?

A

the stretching of the stomach wall that occurs as the organ fills during eating

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20
Q

Where does the peristaltic wave of the stomach begin?

A

mid-fundus

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21
Q

What is the peristaltic wave of the stomach controlled by?

A

the vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, and hormones

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22
Q

Explain the proocess of stomach churning action.

A

distension of the fundus activates stretch receptors, the myenteric plexus and vagus efferents then cause peristaltic contraction, the peristaltic wave reaches the pylorus causing the sphincter to breifly relax, chyme is expelled, it closes and the solid material moves towards the cranial part of the fundus

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23
Q

What is gastrin produced by and in response to what?

A

pyloric neuroendocrine cells in response to stretch or vagal stimulation secreted in bloood

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24
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

it stimulates stomach motility and stimulates chief cells and parietal cells

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25
Q

What do chief cells release?

A

pepsinogen

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26
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

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27
Q

What is secretin?

A

a hormone made when pH drops in the duodenum

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28
Q

What does secretin stop?

A

the release of acid in the duodenum

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29
Q

What is cholecystokinin?

A

a hormone made when fat enters the duodenum

30
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

it stops the stomach from sending more fat into the duodenum

31
Q

What is gastric emptying dependent on?

A

rate and strength of stomach peristalsis, degree of relaxation of pyloric valve, and fluidity of chyme

32
Q

What is the speed of stomach emptying mediated by?

A

Vagal tone - increased speeds it up, decreased slows it down

33
Q

What speeds up emptying of the stomach?

A

increased distension pressure in the stomach

34
Q

What can slow the emptying of the stomach?

A

stronger contraction of the pylorus

35
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter tighten in the presence of?

A

acid, amino acids, or fat in the duodenum

36
Q

What hormones is gastric emptying mostly mediated by?

A

cholecystokinin and secretin

37
Q

Order these diets in rates of emptying from fastest to slowest: high protein, high fat, high carbohydrates.

A

high CHO, high protein, high fat

38
Q

What is the hallmark symptom of pyloric stenosis?

A

projectile vomiting

39
Q

In adults, what is pyloric stenosis secondary to?

A

scarring of the pylorus

40
Q

What is pyloric stenosis in infants caused by?

A

atresia of myenteric complex in th epyoric area or improper formation of the duodenum

41
Q

What is eructation?

A

burping

42
Q

How does eructation in non-ruminants work?

A

peristalsis forces gas to the cardia of the stomach, pressure builds causing the lower esophageal sphincter to open, peristaltic waves force the gas back, the animal must consciously force the gas out

43
Q

What type of epithelium is in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

44
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

it absorbes water and volatile fatty acids

45
Q

What are the 3 types of ruminant stomach contractions?

A

mixing, eructation, and regurgitation

46
Q

How do mixing contractions work?

A

material is poured from the dorsal sac of the rumen to the ventral sac to the caudal dorsal blind sac and back again

47
Q

How long does it take mixing contractions to complete?

A

30-50 seconds

48
Q

How many mixing contractions can be heard every 2 minutes?

A

3

49
Q

What are mixing contractions interrupted by?

A

eructation or regurgitation contractions

50
Q

What is the purpose of eructation contractions?

A

to get rid of CO2 and some CH4

51
Q

What is the flow of contractions in eructation contractions?

A

contractions start in the caudal rumen and move forward from caudodorsal blind sac to the dorsal sac

52
Q

What is the effect of the eructation contractions?

A

it drops the fluid level around the cardia region so that gas is at the level of the esophageal sphincter

53
Q

What is the main criteria for eructation contractions to occur?

A

the cardia has to be free of fluid or froth so that the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and allows gas into the esophagus

54
Q

Where does the gas expelled during eructation contraction go?

A

out the mouth and in the lungs

55
Q

When do eructation contractions usually occur?

A

every 3-5 primary contractions

56
Q

What is bloat in ruminants?

A

the blockage of the esophagus that leads to build up of gasses in the rumen

57
Q

What are common causes of bloat?

A

tetanus of the esophagus or frothy bloat

58
Q

What is frothy bloat caused by?

A

feeding legume pasture or amylolytic bacteria and protozoa producing a slime with foaming properties

59
Q

Why is froth a problem?

A

during eructation, when the caudoventral sac relaxes the fluid level can drop but froth on the cardia region is interpreted as fluid and signals LES to remain tightly closed

60
Q

Why are ruminants especially susceptible to sulfur toxicity?

A

because when fed high sulfur diets, their bacteria produce H2S and during the eructation phase it gets into the lungs and leads to rapid death

61
Q

What is the purpose for regurgitation contractions?

A

to chew the cud

62
Q

How do regurgitation contractions work?

A

contraction of the mid dorsal sac forces ingesta to the cardia area, negative pressure created by an open upper esophageal sphincter causes the bolus to move past the lower esophageal sphincter and an anti-peristaltic contraction propels the bolus into the mouth

63
Q

How often do regurgitation contractions occur?

A

about every 1-2 minutes while ruminating

64
Q

If a cow eats a piece of hardware, how does it get to the reticulum?

A

rumen contractions eventually cause anything with higher density than water to move to the bottom of the reticulum

65
Q

If an object goes through a cows peritoneum what happens?

A

peritonitis, no rumen motility, and fever

66
Q

If an object goes through a cows diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity what happens?

A

pleuritis

67
Q

If an object goes through a cows diaphragm and into the pericardial sac what happens?

A

pericardial effusion leading to hardware

68
Q

How can you prevent hardware disease?

A

feed the cow a magnet

69
Q

How does the rumenoreticular groove reflex work?

A

Reticulum lifts up to form a groove to direct liquids directly from the esophagus into reticulo-omasal orifice – bypassing the rumen

70
Q

What is the purpose of the rumenoreticular groove reflex?

A

to bypass the rumen and get milk/colostrum into the abomasum quickly

71
Q

What can elicit the ruminoreticular groove reflex in adults?

A

highly hyperosmotic fluids, salty solutions, copper sulfate solutions, injecting vasopressin IV

72
Q

What is papillae development dependent on in calf and lamb rumen development?

A

butyrate produced from the fermentation of grains

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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