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Histology Pt. 2 > Autonomic Nervous System and Saliva > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System and Saliva Flashcards

1
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system is primarily in control of the gut?

A

the parasympathetic branch

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2
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

the brain of the gut; intrinsic control of gut movement and secretion

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3
Q

What are the sensory cells in the enteric nervous sensitive to?

A

stretch, osmolarity, pH, fats, glucose, amino acid concentrations, and noxious toxins

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4
Q

What kind of impulses can the sensory cells of the enteric nervous system send?

A

afferent information

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5
Q

Where do the sensory cells of the enteric nervous system send afferent information to?

A

back to the neurons of the myenteric plexus and to the spinal cord/brain via autonomic nerves

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6
Q

What do the efferent neurons of the enteric nervous system control?

A

GI smooth muscle contractility, affect blood flow, secretory epithelium output, neuroendocrine cells, and immune cells

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7
Q

What do ENS effector cells make?

A

neurotransmitters

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8
Q

What controls the voluntary muscle of the GI tract?

A

voluntary muscle

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9
Q

What is the simple somatic motor reflex important for in GI physiology?

A

prehension, masticatin, deglutination, regurgitation, voluntary eructation, and defecation

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10
Q

What is rest and digest referring to?

A

the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What is fight or flight referring to?

A

the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

How many neurons does the parasympathetic and sympathetic system need to complete the efferent message?

A

two - preganglionic fiber and postganglionic fiber

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13
Q

Where are the preganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

A

in the spinal cord from T2 to L3

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14
Q

What do axons of the preganglionic sympathetic nerve cell bodies exit the spinal cord via?

A

the sympathetic paravertebral chain

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15
Q

What are the two paths that the preganglionic sympathetic axons of the gut can take?

A

they can either enter the sympathetic chain and terminate where they meet the post ganglionic neuron, or they enter the white ramus and exit via a splanchnic nerve which terminates in a peripheral ganglia where they meet the post-ganglionic neuron

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16
Q

Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

A

in the medulla or sacral spinal cord

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17
Q

What do the axons of the preganglionic parasympathetic nerve cell bodies leave via?

A

cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves

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18
Q

Which cranial nerves do parasympathetic originate from?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X

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19
Q

What does the occulomotor nerve send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

the pupillary sphincters and ciliary body

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20
Q

What does the facial nerve send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

nasal, lacrimal, and mandibular glands

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21
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

the parotid gland and the posterior tongue

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22
Q

What does the vagus nerve send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

main inputs to visceral organs

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23
Q

What do the sacral segments of the spinal cord send parasympathetic fibers to?

A

the descending colon, rectum, bladder, and genitalia

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24
Q

How do the preganglionic axons of the vagus nerve travel to their target organs and what do they synapse with?

A

the preganglionic axon goes all the way to the organ, and within the gut it ends within the enteric nervous plexus and synapses with the post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons that reside within

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25
Q

Define receptor.

A

specialized protein complex on outer surface of cells that recognizes a specific chemical which is known as the ligand for the receptor

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26
Q

Define agonist.

A

ligand that binds receptor and triggers action inside of the cell

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27
Q

Define antagonist.

A

ligand that binds receptor and blocks action inside the cell

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28
Q

What is the name of the receptor that recognizes acetylcholine released from preganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?

A

nicotinic receptor

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29
Q

What can destroy ACH?

A

ACH-esterase

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30
Q

What can nicotinic receptors be blocked by?

A

curare (frog poison)

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31
Q

How do organophosphates affect ACH action?

A

they poison ACHesterase leading to prolonged action of acetylcholine

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32
Q

What are cholinergic nerves?

A

parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerves that release ACH

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33
Q

What is the name of the receptor that recognizes acetylcholine released from postganglionic parasympathetic nerves?

A

muscarinic receptor

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34
Q

What can block muscarinic receptors?

A

atropine or glycopyrolate

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35
Q

What are adrenergic nerves?

A

sympathetic post-ganglionic nerves that release norepinephrine

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36
Q

What does the adrenal gland mainly secrete?

A

epinephrine

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37
Q

What other things can sympathetic post-ganglionic fibers secrete?

A

neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and even ACH

38
Q

What is the norepinephrine released by sympathetic post-ganglionic nerves recognized by?

A

alpha or beta adrenergic receptors

39
Q

What are the target cells for postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers in the GI tract?

A

smooth muscle cells in GI wall, secretory epithelial cells, neuroendocrine cells within submucosa and mucosa, enteric nervous system cells

40
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle cells in the GI wall?

A

contractility and blood flow

41
Q

What do the secretory epithelial cells of the GI tract secrete?

A

mucous, enzymes, chloride secretion, and saliva

42
Q

What are parasympathomimetic drugs?

A

parasympathetic agonists

43
Q

What are some types of parasympathomimetic drugs?

A

nicotine, pilocarpine, and metacholine

44
Q

What does nicotine do?

A

activates nicotinic receptors

45
Q

What does pilocarpine and metacholine do?

A

activate muscarinic receptors

46
Q

What are cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

organophosphates

47
Q

What are some cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

neostigmine, pyridostigmine, ambenonium

48
Q

What do cholinesterase inhibitors do?

A

potentiate the affect of acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

49
Q

What are some anti-muscarinic drugs?

A

atropine, glycopyrolate, and scopolamine

50
Q

What do anti-muscarinic drugs do?

A

block the effect of acetylcholine on target cells, slow the gut, stop saliva secretion, and increase heart rate

51
Q

What are some sympathomimetic drugs?

A

phenylephrine, isoproterenol

52
Q

What do sympathomimetic drugs do?

A

activate alpha or beta receptors

53
Q

What is a sympathatic agonist drug?

A

propranolol

54
Q

What do sympathetic agonists do?

A

block beta 1 and 2

55
Q

What is in charge of the intrinsic control of the GI tract?

A

the enteric nervous system

56
Q

What are the 2 parts of the enteric nervous system?

A

myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus

57
Q

What is in charge of the extrinsic conrol of the GI tract?

A

the autonomic nervous system

58
Q

What does the parasympathetic control of the GI tract mainly do?

A

stimulates

59
Q

What does the sympathetic control of the GI tract mainly do?

A

inhibits

60
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A

in the gut wall submucosa and between the muscle layers from the esophagus to the anus

61
Q

What is the enteric nervous system composed of?

A

cell bodies with axons, dendrites, and receptors

62
Q

What does the enteric nervous system receive input from?

A

GI tract epithelial cells, sensory cells, other enteric nervous system neurons and the autonomic nervous system

63
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

from the esophagus to the anus between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers

64
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

it controls GI motility

65
Q

What are the stimulatory influences of the myenteric plexus?

A

increase tonic contraction and contraction frequency/intensity

66
Q

What are the inhibitory influences of the myenteric plexus?

A

decreased sphincter tone - pyloric sphincter, ileocecal sphincter, and lower esophageal sphincter

67
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus located?

A

in the mucosal layer from the esophagus to the anus

68
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus?

A

secretion by glands of the gut and epithelial cells of the gut, secretion of hormones by neuroendocrine cells, contraction of the muscularis mucosa to shorten or lengthen villi

69
Q

Approximately how many liters of saliva does a 20 kg dog secrete?

A

.3 liters/day

70
Q

Approximately how many liters of saliva does man secrete a day?

A

1.5 liters

71
Q

Approximately how many liters of saliva does a cow secrete a day?

A

60-180 liters

72
Q

What is the amount of saliva a cow secretes dependent on?

A

% forage indiet and moisture content of the diet

73
Q

What are the two types of salivary secretions?

A

mucous and serous

74
Q

Characterize mucous saliva secretion.

A

lubricating effect from mucin, hypotonic, poor buffer

75
Q

Characterize serous saliva secretion.

A

watery with digestive enzymes, strongly buffered but still hypotonic

76
Q

What is a major digestive enzyme in serous saliva?

A

amylase

77
Q

What type of saliva does the parotid gland secrete?

A

serous saliva

78
Q

What is the parotid salivary gland parasympathetically supported by?

A

the glossopharyngeal nerve

79
Q

What type of saliva does the submaxillary salivary gland secrete?

A

both mucous and serous saliva

80
Q

What is the submaxillary salivary gland parasympathetically supported by?

A

the facial nerve

81
Q

What type of saliva does the sublingual salivary gland secrete?

A

mucous saliva

82
Q

What is the sublingual salivary gland parasympathetically supported by?

A

the facial nerve

83
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

moisten and lubricate bolis, begin starch and fat digesiton, reduce osmolarity, buffer activity, and contains anti-bacterial substances

84
Q

What is the pH of non-ruminant saliva?

A

7

85
Q

What is the pH of ruminant saliva?

A

8.5

86
Q

What is the function of saliva in ruminants?

A

buffer acids produced in the rumen

87
Q

What is the secretion of the saliva dependent on in ruminants?

A

chewing action- the more chewing the more saliva (specifically the parotid gland)

88
Q

What can salivary secretion be blocked by in all species?

A

atropine and glycopyrolate

89
Q

What is slaframine slobbers?

A

Alkaloid made by black patch mold rhizoctonia leguminocola found in moldy legume haye (especially red clover) - has parasympathomimetic effects

90
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors are on salivary glands?

A

adrenergic receptors

91
Q

How can the sympathetic nervous system effect salivary secretions?

A

it can result in excessive salivation in some species or no secretions (cotton mouth) via circulating catecholamines from the adrenal gland

Histology Pt. 2 (52 decks)

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