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Physio > Ventilation > Flashcards

Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

the visceral pleura attaches to the surface of the __

A

lung

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2
Q

intrapleural pressure is a __ pressure

A

subatmospheric

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2
Q

pleural space contains a very thin layer of pleural fluid under __

A

negative pressure

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3
Q

parietal pleura covers the surface of the __

A

chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum

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4
Q

intrapleural pressure ensures the lungs are held to the chest wall and move during __

A

inspiration and expiration

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5
Q

pleural effusion makes lung expansion difficult so the person will breathe __

A

shallow and fast

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5
Q

A __ is excess fluid in the pleural space

A

pleural effusion

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5
Q

the right lung has __ lobes

A

3

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6
Q

the left lung has __ lobes

A

2

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6
Q

greater ventilation of alveoli and blood flow into the capillaries in zone __ compared to other zones

A

3

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6
Q

each lung has zones that differ in the amount of __ and __ that they receive

A

air (ventilation; V) and blood (perfusion; Q)

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7
Q

respiratory system divided into 2 functional zones

A

conducting and respiratory zone

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8
Q

normally most lungs are zones __

A

3 and 2

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9
Q

the amount of air in the
conducting zone is __ mL

A

150

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10
Q

large increase in __ as you move deeper into the conducting zone and exchange surfaces

A

surface area

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11
Q

the __ of tubes decreases as you move down but the __ of each increases

A

diameter, number

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12
Q

airways have a decrease in __ and an increase in __ as you move along the airways

A

cartilage, smooth muscle

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13
Q

in the conducting zone smooth muscle alters __ to airflow

A

resistance

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13
Q

in the conducting zone cartilage prevents its __

A

collapse

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13
Q

in the conducting zone there are __ receptors

A

Beta 2 and muscarinic

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14
Q

the conducting zone is where air is __

A

warmed, humidified and filtered

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15
Q

the conducting zone has allergen activation for __

A

asthma

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16
Q

the respiratory zone has a greater surface area to optimize __

A

gas exchange

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17
Q

velocity=

A

flow/ cross

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18
Q

Total cross-sectional area greatly increases in
the respiratory zone, so __

A

velocity of air flow is low

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19
Q

cell types in alveoli-

A
  1. type I cells (simple squamous epithelial)
  2. type II alveolar (produce surfactant)
  3. macrophages
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19
Q

The typical transit time at rest for an erythrocyte through an alveolar capillary is __

A

0.75 seconds

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19
Q

alevoli are smalller at the __ compared to the __

A

base, apex

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20
Q

The basement membrane of the endothelium and of the alveolar epithelium are __

A

fused

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21
Q

gas exchange is usually completed in __

A

0.25 seconds

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21
Q

during exercise when the capillary time is faster, there is still time for gas exchange to reach __

A

diffusion equilibrium

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22
Q

to move air into/ out of the lung neurons in the medulla and pons control their __

A

alpha motor neurons

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22
Q

respiratory muscles are __ muscles

A

skeletal

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23
Q

in the respiratory zone there are __

A

respiratory bronchioles and then alveoli

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23
Q

inspiratory muscles include __

A

diaphragm, external intercostals

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24
Q

with inspiratory muscles contraction decreases __

A

Palv

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25
Q

what is at the end of the conducting zone?

A

terminal bronchioles

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25
Q

with inspiratory muscles contraction __ the size of the thorax and lungs

A

increases

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26
Q

expiratory muscles contraction __ the size of the thorax and lungs

A

decreases

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26
Q

expiratory muscles used for __ only

A

forced expiration

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27
Q

expiratory muscles increases __

A

Palv

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28
Q

expiratory muscles includes __

A

internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

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29
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

-sternocleidomastoid
-scalenes
-external intercostals
-diaphragm

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30
Q

what is the primary inspiratory muscle?

A

the diaphragm

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31
Q

the diaphragm increases the size of the __ and reduces the __ in the thorax/ lungs

A

thoracic cavity, pressure

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32
Q

muslces of active expiration-

A

-internal intercostals
-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transversus abdominis
-rectus abdominis

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33
Q

expiratory muscles only contract with __ expiration

A

active

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34
Q

the abdominal muscles push abdominal contents __

A

up aganist the diaphragm

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35
Q

the internal intercostals __ the ribs

A

depress

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36
Q

boyles law if pressure increases then __ decreases and vice versa

A

volume (P1V1=P2V2)

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37
Q

for air to enter the lungs the pressure in the alevoli must be __ than atmospheric pressure

A

lower

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37
Q

chest wall and lung both wish to recoil __

A

apart

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38
Q

chest __ recoil

A

outward

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38
Q

for air to leave the pressure is the alevoli must the __ than atmospheric pressure

A

higher

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38
Q

lungs and chest wall are __

A

elastic

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39
Q

lung __ recoil (due to alevoli)

A

inward

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40
Q

The elastic recoil of the lungs favors a __ in lung volume or compression

A

decrease

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41
Q

the elastic recoil of the chest wall favors an __ in lung volume or expansion

A

increase

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42
Q

the __ overcomes that recoil to keep the two attached

A

intrapleural fluid

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43
Q

PTP=

A

Palv- Pip

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44
Q

If PIP = PATM, then PTP is __

A

0

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45
Q

when PTP is 0 there is no longer force to keep the lungs __

A

open (pneumothorax)

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45
Q

When Palv < Patm, air flows __ the lungs

A

into

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46
Q

half the energy for inspiration is stored in __

A

elastic recoil

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46
Q

Inspiratory Muscles contract and the VOLUME of the thorax (and lungs) __

A

increases

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47
Q

during expiration the stored potential energy is released and overcomes __

A

airway resistance

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48
Q

expiration begins after inspiration when __

A

Patm=Palv

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48
Q

c. when Palv= Patm no difference in pressure, no difference in __

A

flow

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49
Q

a. As air enters the lungs, Palv begins to __ again

A

increase

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49
Q

b. air flow continues until __

A

Palv=Patm

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50
Q

Because volume has increased, the pressure in the lungs __

A

decreases

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51
Q

with expiration in relaxed breathing, it is a __ process due to the relaxation of inspiratory muscles

A

passive

52
Q

with expiration the thorax and lungs __ in volume

A

decrease

53
Q

with expiration because volume decreases the __ increase

A

lung pressure

54
Q

As soon as Palv > Patm, air flows down pressure gradient and __ of the lungs

A

out

55
Q

As air leaves the lungs, __ decreases

A

Palv

56
Q

when Palv= Patm, air flow __

A

stops

57
Q

compliance=

A

Δvolume/Δpressure

57
Q

compliance is the ability of the lung to __

A

stretch

58
Q

high compliance lung stretches __

A

easily

59
Q

low compliance __ for lung to stretch

A

difficult

60
Q

Alveoli in the base of the lungs are __ compliant and undergo __ expansion during inspiration

A

more, greater

60
Q

opposite of compliance is __

A

elasticity

60
Q

high elasticity=

A

easy recoil

60
Q

lungs with lower compliance require a large __ pressure to increase volume

A

transpulmonary

60
Q

obstructive lung disease elastic fibers destroyed and __ compliance

A

increased

61
Q

obstrutive lung disease will breathe __ to reduce the work of breathing

A

deep and slowly

62
Q

restrictive lung disease will breathe __ to reduce the work of breathing

A

shallow and fast

63
Q

restrictive lung disease has __ compliance

A

decreased

64
Q

example of obstructive lung disease

A

emphysema

64
Q

surface tension accounts for a__ of pulmonary elasticity

A

2/3

64
Q

example of restrictive lung disease

A

pulmonary fibrosis

65
Q

surface tension is the force that occurs at any gas- liquid interface due to __ forces between liquid molecules

A

cohesive

65
Q

fluid covering alveoli exerts a constant force favoring __

A

contraction

66
Q

liquid has a __ attraction for itself and alveoli are covered with a __ layer of fluid

A

strong, thin

67
Q

the law of LaPlace describes the relationship between __

A

surface tension and radius of an alveolus

68
Q

If two alveoli are connected and the surface tension of each is equal, the pressure in the __ alveolus is greater

A

small

68
Q

P=

A

2T/r

69
Q

surfactant reduces surface tension and __ pressure between alveoli of different sizes

A

equalizes

70
Q

what is secreted by type II alveolar cells?

A

pulmonary surfacant

71
Q

surfactant spreads over the fluid lining of the alveolar surface to disrupt __

A

surface tension forces

71
Q

pulmonary surfactant decreases __ and increases __

A

surface tension, compliance

72
Q

Surfactant is primarily made up of __

A

phospholipids

73
Q

Surfactant is particularly important for reducing surface tension in __

A

small alveoli

74
Q

surfactant decreases the likelihood of __

A

alevolar collapse

74
Q

Surfactant production is increased with __

A

-hyperinflation (sighing and yawning)
-exercise
-Beta- adrenergic agonists

75
Q

Surfactant decreases the work of __

A

inspiration

76
Q

Some components of surfactant are components of __

A

innate immunity

77
Q

Multiple pathologies are associated with decreases in surfactant production

A

-infant respiratory distress disease
-acute respiratory distress syndrome
-chronic smoking

78
Q

air flow=

A

Patm-Palv/ Resistance

79
Q

determinants of resistance-

A

-radius of bronchi
-viscosity of substance
-tube length

80
Q

bronchodilation is EPI on __

A

B2

81
Q

bronchodilation __ decreases and __ increases

A

O2, CO2

81
Q

bronchoconstriction increases __ and decreases __

A

O2, CO2

82
Q

airways with the smallest radius have the highest __ resistance

A

individual

82
Q

bronchoconstriction includes __

A

histamine

83
Q

pulmonary function tests- lung volumes

A
  1. inspiratory reserve volume
  2. tidal volume
  3. expiratory reserve volume
  4. residual volume
  5. anatomic dead space
83
Q

airway with the smallest radius have the smallest __ resistance

A

total

83
Q

Pathologies that increase airway resistance - OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES

A

asthma, emphysema, bronchitis

84
Q

bronchoconstriction ACh on __

A

muscuniric

85
Q

__ ml of Anatomic dead
space per pound of ideal
body weight

A

1

86
Q

anatomic dead space is the __ zone of the respiratory system

A

conducting

86
Q

physiologic dead space=

A

anatomic DS+ alveolar DS

87
Q

healthy person has little or no __ dead space

A

alveolar

88
Q

someone with low cardiac ouput may have a lot of alevolar dead space due to low __ and thus higher __ ratio

A

perfusion, V/Q

89
Q

lung capacity has a __ of volumes

A

combination

90
Q

histamine is released by?

A

basophils and mast cells

91
Q

vital capacity is all the __ you can move

A

air

92
Q

normal respiratory rate is __ breaths/min

A

12-20

93
Q

minute, pulmonary or total ventilation=

A

tidal volumex respiration rate

94
Q

alveolar ventilation=

A

(tidal volume- dead space volume)x respiration rate

95
Q

it is better to breathe __ instead of faster

A

deeper

96
Q

measuring expiratory flow reflect air flow within large airways to test __

A

resistance

97
Q

forced expiration volume is the fraction of FVC expired during the __

A

first second

97
Q

forced vital capacity is the volume of air forcibly expired after __

A

maximal inhalation

98
Q

Normal FEV1/FVC=

A

0.8

98
Q

hypernea is increased rate or volume due to higher __

A

metabolism

99
Q

eupnea is __ quiet breathing

A

normal

99
Q

hyperventilation is increased rate or volume __ increased metabolism

A

without

99
Q

FEV1 reflect flow in __ airways

A

large

100
Q

example of hyperpnea

A

exercise

101
Q

examples of hyperventilation

A

emotions, blowing up a balloon

102
Q

hypoventilation is decreased __ ventilation

A

alveolar

102
Q

examples of hypoventilation

A

shallow breathing; asthma; restrictive lung disease

102
Q

example of tachypnea

A

panting

102
Q

tachypnea is __ breathing rate

A

rapid

102
Q

dyspnea is __ breathing; air hunger

A

difficulty

103
Q

dyspnea due to various __ or hard exercise

A

pathologies

103
Q

obstructive diseases are due to __ airway resistance

A

increased

103
Q

obstructive disease examples

A

-asthma
-emphysema
-bronchitis
-cytstic fibrosis

103
Q

obstructive diseases primarily impacts __

A

expiration

103
Q

normal breathing takes __ of total body energy

A

3-5%

103
Q

individuals with obstructive diseases breathe __

A

slow and deep

104
Q

restrictive disease example

A

-pulmonary fibrosis

104
Q

restrictive diseases primarily impacts __

A

inspiration

104
Q

individuals with restrictive diseases will breathe __

A

fast and shallow

104
Q

in atopic asthma chronic inflammation can lead to impaired __ response, edema and __ airway responsiveness

A

mucociliary, increased

104
Q

in atopic asthma an allergen leads to an inflammatory response that causes __ that obstructs airflow

A

bronchospasms

104
Q

atopic asthma is __ mediated

A

IgE

104
Q

atopic asthma is a type __ hypersensitivity reaction

A

I

105
Q

atopic asthma quick- relief medications

A

B2 agonists, anticholingeric agents

105
Q

restrictive diseases due to __ lung compliance

A

decreased

105
Q

atopic asthma long- term medications

A

inhaled corticosteroids, long- acting bronchodilators

106
Q

cystic fibrosis is a autosomal __ disorder

A

recessive

106
Q

nonatopic asthma can occur from __

A

respiratory infections, exercise, aspirin, etc.

106
Q

with cystic fibrosis there is a defective __ ion transport

A

chloride

106
Q

with cystic fibrosis there is a mutation in __ ion channel

A

CFTR

106
Q

cystic fibrosis treatments

A

-antibiotics
-chest PT
-mucolytic agents
-pancreatic enzyme replacement

106
Q

with cystic fibrosis mutation results in abnormally __ mucus that obstructs airways

A

thick

106
Q

cystic fibrosis lungs are prone to infection so patient become __

A

antibiotic resistant

106
Q

emphysema is destruction of __ fibers

A

elastic

107
Q

emphysema has enlargement of airspaces due to destruction of airspace __

A

walls

107
Q

with restrictive respiratory disease increase in __ fibers decrease lung compliance

A

collagen

107
Q

with restrictive respiratory disease low compliance makes it more difficult to __

A

inhale

108
Q

restrictive respiratory disease signs and symptoms

A

-increased respiratory rate
-chronic cough
-polycythemia due to hypoxia

109
Q

Normally the enzyme __ inactivates elastase before it can destroy the elastic fibers

A

α1-anti- trypsin

109
Q

restrictive diseases are pulmonary problems that limit lung __

A

expansion

109
Q

with restrictive respiratory disease patient breathes __

A

fast and shallow

Physio (34 decks)

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