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Physio > Skeletal muscles and reflexes > Flashcards

Skeletal muscles and reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

in skeletal muscle the dark band is the __ band

A

A

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2
Q

in skeletal muscle the light band is the __ band

A

I

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3
Q

what is the functional unit of cardiac and skeletal muscles?

A

sarcomere

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4
Q

A- bands (dark) make up the entire length of __ filaments

A

thick

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5
Q

I- bands (light) includes only __ filaments

A

thin

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6
Q

the myosin (thick) filaments has multiple cross- bridges where __ can bind to the __ molecule

A

heads, G- actin

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7
Q

myosin also functions as an __ enzyme

A

ATPase

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8
Q

H- zone contains only __ filaments

A

thick

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9
Q

Z-line is where the __ filaments are anchored

A

thin

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10
Q

when sarcomeres shorten during contraction what happens?

A

-zone of overlap increases
-I- band decreases
-H- zone decreases

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11
Q

M-line links the central regions of the __ filaments

A

thick

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12
Q

sarcomeres __ during contraction

A

shorten

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13
Q

thin filaments are composed of __

A

actin

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14
Q

____ bands do not shorten

A

A

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15
Q

why does A- band not change in size during contraction?

A

same length as the thick filaments

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16
Q

thin filaments have G- actin molecules and the active site binds __

A

myosin

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17
Q

thin filaments contain __ which bind to actin, tropomyosin and calcium

A

tropomyosin and troponin

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18
Q

tropomyosin

A

covers the binding site on actin

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19
Q

troponin

A
  • where Ca+ binds
  • 3 globular proteins
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20
Q

thick filament composed of __

A

myosin

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21
Q

dystrophin- glycoprotein complex provides __ for sarcomeres

A

scaffolding

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22
Q

with excitation the alpha motor neuron releases ACh which binds to a __ ACh receptor on the muscle fiber

A

nicotinic

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23
Q

dystrophin protein connects what in the sarcolemma?

A

thin filaments to glycoproteins

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24
Q

examples of muscular dystrophies

A

-duchenne
-beckers
-myotonic
-oculopharyngeal
-limb girdle

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25
Q

what are two x-linked muscular dystrophies?

A
  • duchenne (mild)
  • beckers (severe)

issue with protien distropin

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26
Q

distropin connects to

A
  • ECM
  • Sacrogylcan complex
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27
Q

what inhibits the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction?

A

botulinum toxin A

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28
Q

Muscle have what type of receptors and what is the neurotrasmitter used to activate these?

A

nicotinic, Ach

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29
Q

Muscle T-Tubles let

A

message get to the middle of the cell

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30
Q

the action potentional at the neuron and at the muscle happen during

A

the latent phase

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31
Q

for contraction to occur, the intracellular __ in the muscle fiber must increase

A

calcium

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32
Q

muscle twitch has what 3 phases?

A

latent, contraction, relaxation

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33
Q

in resting muscle, what prevents a strong bond between the myosin head and G- actin molecules?

A

tropomyosin

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34
Q

what happens when troponin binds to cytosolic Ca2+?

A

tropomyosin pulled from myosin binding site, allow for power stroke

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35
Q

what covers up the myosin binding site on actin?

A

tropomyosin

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36
Q

in muscle calcium is released from the __

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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37
Q

what causes the muscle action potential?

A

Na+ into the cell
K+ out of the cell

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38
Q

what portion of SR contacts the T- tubules?

A

terminal cisternae

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39
Q

powerstroke is done

A

by myosin it pulls thin toward the center

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40
Q

what is a modified ER that sequesters Ca2+?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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41
Q

what invaginates the sarcolemma?

A

transverse (T) tubules

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42
Q

duchenne and beckers both have issues __ protein

A

dystrophin

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43
Q

during muscle contraction the AP travels down the membrane, down T-tubules, & activates
voltage-sensitive __ on the T- tubules

A

dihydropyridine (DHP) receptors

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44
Q

duchenne and beckers is __ linked

A

X

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45
Q

in muscle contraction after AP travels down and activates receptors __ channels are opened on the SR

A

calcium (ryanodine receptors)

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46
Q

dystrophin links the protein complex to the __

A

ETC matrix

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47
Q

during muscle contraction the intracellular structure of __ ensures spread of AP throughout the cell

A

myocytes

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48
Q

dihydropyridne is activted

A

1st

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49
Q

ryandoine is activated

A

2nd

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50
Q

dihydropyridne is a

A

detector of voltage

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51
Q

where is ryanodine located?

A

in the SR

it is a Ca+ channel

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52
Q

what is necessary for contraction?

A

ATP

and Ca+

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53
Q

ATP binding to the myosin head breaks the __

A

cross- bridge (connects actin and myosin)

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54
Q

what causes the crossbridge to break?

A

ATP binding to Myosin head

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55
Q

Release of inorganic phosphate from the myosin head provides energy for the __

A

POWER STROKE

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56
Q

What cause the POWER STROKE?

A

release of inorganic phosphates

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57
Q

Energy released from ATP hydrolysis by the myosin head provides energy for __

A

cocking of myosin head

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58
Q

what causes the myosin head to reset

A

ATP Hydrolysis

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59
Q

AP occurs during which phase?

A

latent

60
Q

during the power stroke the myosin head pulls actin toward __

A

center of sarcomere (shortens)

61
Q

what 2 receptors are important in contraction?

A

-ryanodine receptor (in SR)
-DHP receptor (in t- tubule)

62
Q

both __ metabolism produce ATP for muscle fibers

A

aerobic and anaerobic

63
Q

contribution of each in a specific muscle fiber depends on __

A

-metabolic enzymes in cell
-intensity of exercise

64
Q

another source of ATP is __

A

phosphocreatine

65
Q

how is phosphocreatine useful in getting more ATP?

A

can remove a phosphate group from it and add it to ADP to make ATP

66
Q

Creatine Kinase can be a

A

marker for muscle cell death

heart attack (heart muscle death markers)

67
Q

ATP hydrolysis is breaking of ATP to create

A

ADP+Pi+energy

68
Q

when muscles are resting they build up a lot of __

A

phosphocreatine

69
Q

Ca2+-ATPase leads to __

A

relaxation

70
Q

myosin ATPase leads to __

A

contraction

71
Q

in working muscle phosphocreatine+ADP creates __

A

creatine+ATP

72
Q

fatigued muscles have decreased __

A

tension generation

73
Q

Measurement of Creatine Kinase (CK) levels in the blood is done to determine if
damage to __

A

muscle tissue

74
Q

fatigued muscles take longer to __

A

contract

75
Q

fatigued muscles relax more __ and may not completely relax

A

slowly

76
Q

theories for fatigued skeletal muscles

A

-change in membrane potential
-decreases ACh
-decreased blood flow
-central fatigue
-increased metabolic byproducts
-depleted glycogen

77
Q

what both must be present for cross- bridge cycling?

A

calcium and ATP

78
Q

ATP binds myosin, decreases its affinity for __ and the two seperate

A

actin

79
Q

myosin and actin are tightly bound in the __ state

A

rigor

80
Q

myosin head moves in the direction of the __ and ATP is __

A

Z line, hydrolyzed

81
Q

myosin binds to the next actin (one closer to Z line) and __ occurs

A

power stroke

82
Q

__ is released and actin and myosin resume the brief rigor state

A

ADP

83
Q

in relaxation of skeletal muscle __ intracellular concentration decreases

A

Ca2+

84
Q

in relaxation of skeletal muscle the __ motor neuron stops firing

A

alpha

85
Q

in relaxation of skeletal muscle what moves to cover actin’s myosin binding site?

A

tropomyosin

86
Q

in relaxation of skeletal muscle what on the SR removes calcium from the cytosol?

A

calcium ATPases

87
Q

in relaxation of skeletal muscle what slides back to its original resting place

A

actin (sarcomere returns to normal)

88
Q

Type 1 muscle fiber is ______ twitch

A

slow

89
Q

Type 2 A and B are ______ twitch

A

fast

90
Q

what color is type 1 muscle fibers?

A

red

91
Q

what color are type 2A muscle fibers?

A

red

92
Q

what color are Type 2B Fibers?

A

white

93
Q

type one fibers use

A

oxidative

94
Q

type 2A use

A

oxidative-glycolytic

95
Q

Type 2B use

A

glycolytic

96
Q

what are the smallest muscle fibers? (size)

A

type 1

97
Q

what is the largest muscle fibers?

A

type 2B

98
Q

what muscle fiber is slowest to fatigue?

A

type 1

99
Q

what muscle fiber is fast to fatigue?

A

type 2B

100
Q

sacrompenia

A

decrease in muscle cell size with age

101
Q

Human Jaw muscle are what type of fibers?

A

mix of type 1 and 2

102
Q

Isometric is when the muscle

A

length does not change

103
Q

Isotonic is when the

A

force is great enough to move the load

104
Q

if and isometric contaction is stronger enough it can

A

cause a isotonic

this does not always happen

105
Q

do the sacromeres shorten in isometric contraction

A

YES

106
Q

contraction of whole muscle is

A

graded

107
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

alpha motor neuron and muscle fiber it innervates

108
Q

what are ways to increase muscle strength?

A
  1. increase number of muscle fibers contracting
  2. increase frequency of fiber activation
109
Q

increaseing the number of motor units that are active is

A

spatial summation

110
Q

what type of fibers are recuited first?

A

the smallest (type 1)

less likley to fatigue

111
Q

what type of fibers are recuited last?

A

glycolitic fibers (type 2B)

largest and fastest to fatigue

112
Q

jaw motor units are restricted to

A

specific area

allows for speaclized movemnents

113
Q

with an increase in frequency of activiation of muscle fibers you can get

A

tetanus

114
Q

when does tetanus occur?

A

during latent period

115
Q

if there is such a high frequency of AP if can cause

A

fused tetanus where there is no relaxation and the tension is much higher

116
Q

every AP causes

A

Ca+ release

117
Q

What causes an increased force (tetanus)

A
  1. Increase Ca+ causes increased # of crossbridges
  2. ealry AP already stretch so next can just shorten the fibers
118
Q

optimal length

A

best degree of overlap between the thick and thin filaments

119
Q

at the optimal length this allows for

A
  • greatest # of crossbridges
  • maximum tension
120
Q

velocity of the muscle contraciton depends on the

A
  • load a fiber is contracting against
  • fiber type
121
Q

1a fibers is sensory for the

A

muscle spindle

122
Q

1 b fibers are sensory for the

A

golgi tendon

123
Q

A-gamma fibers are

A

motor for the ends of the infrafusal within the spidle

124
Q

1B and 1A fibers are

A
  • fast
  • mylinated
  • sensory
125
Q

what are the sensory fibers for the infrafusal muscle fibers and what do they sense?

A
  • 1A
  • change in mucsle length (stretch)
126
Q

A-Gamma contract

A

infrafusal fibers so they mimic the extrtafusal

127
Q

Muscle spindle/ stretch reflex flow chart

A
  1. stretching of the muscle
  2. 1a fiber take info to spinal cord
  3. Alpha (LMN) and A-gamma fibers are activated
  4. A cause contraction of extrafusal A-gamma causes contraction of intrafusal

Alpha also cause inhibition of antagonist muscle

128
Q

Muscle spindle/stretch reflex

A
  • tonic
  • immdeiate response
  • cause muscle tone
129
Q

If you had no A-gamma fibers

A
  • information would be lost
  • intrafusal would not contract
130
Q

Golgi tendon organ reflex

A
  • sense force
  • within tendon
  • mechanoreceptors
131
Q

Golgi tendon organ reflex if active will

A

inhibit

it is protective

132
Q

Golgi tendon organ reflex flow

A
  1. excess tension
  2. 1B fibers take info to spinal cord
  3. an inhibtory NTs is released (ex. GABA)
  4. neuron is inhibited
  5. relaxation occurs
133
Q

Control of masticaiton is a mix of

A

voluntary(reflex) and subconsious

134
Q

When it comes to biting most people are

A

bilateral(favor one side)

135
Q

Central Pattern generator is located in the

A

brainstem (pons and medulla)

136
Q

Central Pattern generator helps to

A

activate and inactivate opener and closers in jaw

137
Q

Central Pattern generator can not

A

adjust

138
Q

what helps to modify the bite for in the mouth

A

reflexes

139
Q

Areas that are in higher regions can regulate the frequency of CPG such as

A

corticobulbar pathway

140
Q

Jaw opening is cause by

A

pain ( inhibits alpha motor neuron)

141
Q

Jaw jerk is

A

a stretch reflex (similar to a doctor hitting the knee reflex)

142
Q

Bite force needed starts with the

A

CPG it activates muscles

143
Q

When we bite down and “meet food” in the mouth this is

A

iosmetric

144
Q

bite force flow

A
  1. activation by CPG
  2. come in contact with food (isometric)
  3. intrafusal stretching signals further closing (EFF)
  4. Feedback from the spindles cause isotonic
145
Q

protection from muscle spindle (jaw)

A

(cracking a nut) once you have biting through the force is now greater tha the load this cause there to be more slack in the spindle and decrease activation

146
Q

when running what keeps the mandible in place?

A

stretch to the spidle causes reflex to close jaw

Physio (34 decks)

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