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Mechanisms of membrane transport Flashcards

1
Q

2 mechanisms of membrane transport

A

passive and active

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2
Q

characteristics of passive transport

A

-no energy required
-down gradients (H->L)

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3
Q

characteristics of active transport

A

-energy required
-*up gradients (L-> H)

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4
Q

types of passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, bulk flow

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5
Q

types of active transport

A

*active transporters
bulk (vesicular) transport

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6
Q

molecules in fluid are continuously and randomly bouncing around known as

A

random thermal motion

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7
Q

formula for rate of movement for passive transport

A

alpha (T)/ (M)
T= temp.
M= mass

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8
Q

what is directly related to rate of movement?

A

temperature

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9
Q

what is inversely related to the rate of movement?

A

mass

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10
Q

if temperature increase rate of movement will

A

increase

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11
Q

if mass increase the rate of movement will

A

decrease

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12
Q

diffusion is the movement of substances other than __ down a gradient

A

water (ΔC, ΔE, high to low)

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13
Q

diffusion net movement stops at

A

equilibrium

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14
Q

with diffusion __ is continuous

A

random movement

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15
Q

diffusion is substance __

A

specific

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16
Q

passive transport move the system toward

A

equilibrium

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17
Q

what two factors affect mass or energy flow

A

driving force and resistance

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18
Q

increasing resistance will __ mass or energy flow

A

lower

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19
Q

increasing driving force will __ mass or energy flow

A

increase

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20
Q

two types of diffusion

A

simple and facilitated

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21
Q

simple diffusion characteristics

A

-hydrophobic/ lipophilic
-directly through phospholipid bilayer
-slower
-unregulated
-does not require plasma membrane

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22
Q

simple diffusion transports (substance)

A

hydrophobic/ lipophilic

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23
Q

facilitated diffusion transports (substance)

A

hydrophilic/ lipophobic

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24
Q

facilitated diffusion characteristics

A

-hydrophilic/ lipophobic
-requires channels or carriers
-faster
-regulated (specificity, saturation, competition)
-requires plasma membrane

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25
Q

facilitated diffusion requires

A

-channels or carriers
-plasma membrane

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26
Q

Is facilitated of simple diffusion faster?

A

facilitated

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27
Q

SDR (simple diffusion rate)=

A

alpha (ΔG)(T)(A)/ (R)(D)
ΔG= gradient, T= temp., A= surface area, R= resistance, D= diffusion distance

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28
Q

simple diffusion rate is regulated by changing

A

ΔC (concentration)

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29
Q

FDR (facilitated diffusion rate) ions=

A

alpha (ΔG)(T)(#channels)(P open)

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30
Q

FDR (facilitated diffusion rate) molecules=

A

alpha (ΔG)(T)(#carriers)(P active)

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31
Q

facilitated diffusion is regulated by changing

A

change in R (resistance)

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32
Q

__ occurs in facilitated diffusion but not simple diffusion

A

saturation

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33
Q

osmosis is the movement of H2O across a plasma membrane __ a (free H2O) gradient

A

down

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34
Q

water movement via osmosis facilitated by

A

aquaporins

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35
Q

free H2O=

A

alpha 1/ solute

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36
Q

the more solute that’s dissolved the __ free water that you will have

A

less

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37
Q

water permeability can be

A

regulated

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38
Q

osmosis is not at

A

equilibrium

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39
Q

osmosis in not ______ _______

A

substance specific

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40
Q

only __ substances determine H2O movement via osmosis

A

impermeable

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41
Q

the total (free) solute concentration of a solution is known as its

A

osmolarity

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42
Q

when looking at osmolarity you look at

A

permeable and impermeable solute

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43
Q

1 Osm= __ of glucose

A

1 M (one molecule)

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44
Q

one osmol= 1 mol of

A

solute particles

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45
Q

1 Osm= __ sodium chloride

A

2 M (dissociates into 2 ions)

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46
Q

Isosmotic- bathing solution Osm

A

=cytosolic Osm

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47
Q

Hyperosmotic- bathing solution Osm

A

> cytosolic Osm

BRRR Bath

bathing is greater

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48
Q

Hyposmotic- bathing solution Osm

A

<cytosolic Osm

hypo < cy**to **

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49
Q

tonicity determines the direction of H2O movement via

A

osmosis

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50
Q

tonicity defined by the number of

A

impermeable substances only

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51
Q

isotonic bathing solution- concentration of impermeable solute

A

=cell cytosol

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52
Q

cells in an isotonic bathing solution will have

A

no net Δ volume

53
Q

hypotonic bathing solution- concentration of impermeable solute

A

<cell cytosol

hypo <cyto

54
Q

cells in a hypotonic bathing solution will

A

gain water and swell

blOw up hypO

55
Q

hypertonic bathing solution- concentration of impermeable solute

A

> cell cytosol

hyper BRR Bath

56
Q

normal ECF and cytosol is __ mOsm of nonpenetrating solute

A

300

57
Q

cells in a hypertonic bathing solution wil

A

lose water and shrink

hypeR shRink

58
Q

under normal circumstances, ECF Osm. is __ to cell cytosol

A

isotonic

59
Q

list of permeable solutes

A

ethanol, fatty acids, O2, CO2, steroids, urea (passive), glucose (dextrose)

60
Q

list of impermeable solutes

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, protein (due to active transporters)

61
Q

Why is urea listed as permeable

A

due to passive diffusion

62
Q

why is glucose listed as permebale?

A

due to action of insulin

63
Q

any cell may or may not be permeable to

A

glucose or urea

64
Q

if a cell is permeable to urea or glucose depends on

A

-cell type (RBC always perm.)
-chemical signals present at time (liver and muscle cells only perm. to glucose when insulin is present)

65
Q

when might you see glucose being impermeable?

A

in someone with diabetes

66
Q

If somone has glucose that is impermebale this causes

A

effects on water movement

can be caused by diabetes

67
Q

when do you assume glucose and urea are impermeable?

A

single cell and identity not provided

68
Q

when do you assume glucose and urea are permeable?

A

asked about whole body over time

69
Q

when looking at osmolarity and tonicity together for each problem assume that

A

-cells= RBC
-impermeable substances inside cell
-composition of bathing solution

70
Q

hypertonic solutions causes RBC to

A

shrivel

71
Q

isotonic solution causes RBC to

A

remain normal

72
Q

hypotonic solution causes RBC to

A

swell and burst

blOw up

73
Q

When solving mOsm problems do not forget to

A

convert mmol or mol to Osmol

NaCl 1 mol 150 = 300 Osmol

74
Q

the osmolarity of the extracellular and intracellular spaces is

A

equal

75
Q

water is __ of body weight in kg

A

60%

76
Q

what is the most abundant molecule in the body?

A

water

77
Q

60% of BW is water, how much of this is in the extracellular fluid?

A

20% BW, 1/3

78
Q

2 types of active transport

A

-active transport with membrane proteins*
-bulk (vesicular) transport

79
Q

the volume of water in the intracellular and extracellular spaces is

A

unequal

80
Q

60% of BW is water, how much of this is in the intracellular fluid?

A

40% BW, 2/3

81
Q

the 20% of the extracellular fluid is further divided into interstitial fluid which is how much BW and ECF?

A

15% BW, 75% ECF

82
Q

the 20% of the extracellular fluid is further divided into plasma which is how much BW and ECF?

A

5% BW, 25% ECF

83
Q

pounds to kg

A

lbs divided by 2.2

84
Q

active transporters classified based on

A
  1. number of substances transported
  2. direction of substances transported
  3. energy source for transport
85
Q

In total body water problems what must you do first?

A

lbs to KG

lb/2.2 =Kg

86
Q

How do you find the totals in a totol body water problem?

A

kg times the percentage converted to decimal

60% =.6

87
Q

A man weighs 176 pounds what is his TBW, ICF, ECF, ISF, and plasma?

use calculator

A

176lbs /2.2 = 80kg
80kg x 0.6= 48kg TBW
80kg x 0.4 = 32 ICF
80kg x 0.2 =16 ECF
80kg x 0.15=12 ISF
80kg x 0.05=4 plasma

88
Q

A women weighs 132 pounds what is his TBW, ICF, ECF, ISF, and plasma?

use calculator

A

176lbs /2.2 = 60kg
60kg x 0.6= 36 kg TBW
60kg x 0.4 = 24 kg ICF
60kg x 0.2 = 12 kg ECF
60kg x 0.15= 9 kg ISF
60kg x 0.05= 3 kg plasma

89
Q

What are the classification of active transporters based on ?

A

-number of substance
-direction
-source of energy

90
Q

what kind of active transporter only moves one substance?

A

uniporter

91
Q

what type of tranporter is this?

Glu is moving againist concentration

A

active uniport

she stated she would have to give more info on a problem

92
Q

what kind of active transporter moves substances in the same direction?

A

symporters/ cotransporter

93
Q

what kind of active transporter moves substances in different directions?

A

antiporter/ countertransporter

94
Q

energy released from one substance down a gradient is used to pump a second substance up the gradient known as

A

secondary active transport

95
Q

If a transporter uses energy directly from ATP break down it is?

A

primary active

96
Q

_________ are found in all cells/

A

primary active transporters

97
Q

energy comes directly from ATP breakdown known as

A

primary active transport

98
Q

example of primary active transport

A

sodium- potassium pump

99
Q

the sodium- potassium pump maintains __ and __ concentration differences

A

Na+ (3 out), K+ (2 in)

Salty banana

100
Q

sodium and potassium both go __ their gradient in the sodium potassium pump

A

UP (against)

101
Q

other examples of uniport primary active transport

A

calcium pump, hydrogen pump

102
Q

example of a secondary active transport antiporter

A

Na+/ Ca2+ exchanger

103
Q

the sodium- potassium pump establishes a negative membrane potential known as

A

electrogenic

104
Q

Na+K+ pump is ____________

A

expensive

needs a lot of energy

105
Q

electrogenic means

A

it creates energy

this cause membrane potential

106
Q

example of a secondary active transport symporter

A

Na+/ glucose symporter

glucose in this case is moving up

107
Q

What type of active transport is this?

A

secondary active symport

108
Q
A

secondary active symport

109
Q

What type of active transport is this?

A

secondary active anitport

110
Q

vesicular transport/ bulk characteristics

A

-move large substances
-gradient independent
-requires energy

111
Q

What are the two types of bulk/veicular transport?

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

112
Q

through endocytosis and exocytosis the cell modifies composition of the

A

plasma membrane

113
Q

exocytosis characteristics

A

-removes substances
-vesicle fuses membrane
-adds membrane to plasma membrane

114
Q

with which type of bulk/vescular transport is membrane added to the plasma membrane?

A

exocytosis

115
Q

with which type of bulk/vescular transport is membrane removed from the plasma membrane?

A

endocytosis

116
Q

with which type of bulk/vescular transport is vessicle formed?

A

endocytosis

117
Q

with which type of bulk/vescular transport does vessicle fuse?

A

exocytosis

118
Q

endocytosis characteristics

A

-substances into cell
-forms vesicle
-removes membrane from plasma membrane

119
Q

what are the 3 forms of endocytosis?

A

pinocytosis
receptor mediated
phagocytosis

120
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis characteristics

A

-all cells, all the time
-specific

121
Q

pinocytosis characteristics

A

-all cells, all the time
-nonspecific

122
Q

2 types of vesicular transport/ bulk

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

123
Q

3 forms of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

124
Q

phagocytosis characteristics

A

-phagocytes only
-foreign substances
-immune system

125
Q

what type of endocytosis is found only in phagocytes?

A

phagocytosis

126
Q

what type of endocytosis is found in all cells, all the time and in non specific?

A

pinocytosis

127
Q

pinocytosis is _________ ECF

A

drinking

128
Q

what is the difference in the distribution of water and solutes in the plasma and ISF?

A

only difference is that the plasma has more protiens

129
Q

what is the order of protein (largest to smallest) in body water?

A

ICF> plasma > ISF

Physio (34 decks)

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