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Physio > Insulin and glucagon > Flashcards

Insulin and glucagon Flashcards

1
Q

alpha cells secrete __

A

glucAgon

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2
Q

the endocrine pancreas contains __

A

islets of langerhans

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3
Q

delta cells secrete __

A

somatostatin

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3
Q

beta cells secrete __

A

insulin

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4
Q

in the golgi, proinsulin is cleaved to form __

A

C peptide and insulin

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4
Q

somatostain in islets of langerhans acts as an __

A

inhibit

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4
Q

when insulin is first formed it is made as __

A

proinsulin

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5
Q

Insulin secretion is associated with __

A

energy abundance

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6
Q

insulin is composed of two __, connected by disulfide bonds

A

amino acid chains

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7
Q

when is functional activity of the insulin molecule lost?

A

A and B chains

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8
Q

Proinsulin and C peptide have virtually no __ activity

A

insulin

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9
Q

what hormones produced by the digestive system work to stimulate insulin before plasma glucose is elevated?

A

incretins

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10
Q

incretins include

A

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)

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10
Q

__ glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion

A

> 3.9 mmol/L

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11
Q

when __ closes this causes the release of insulin

A

sulfonylurea receptor (SUR)

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12
Q

normal fasting blood glucose

A

80-90

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13
Q

insulin secretion rises when blood glucose rises above __

A

100

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14
Q

GLUT-4 in the membrane causes fast increased glucose uptake especially by __

A

muscle cells and adipocytes

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15
Q

slower (10-15 min) glucose uptake changes enzyme activity leading to changes in __

A

metabolism

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16
Q

slower (hours-days) glucose uptake changes __

A

gene expression and growth

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17
Q

insulin promotes __ uptake

A

muscle glucose

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18
Q

insulin stimulates a metabolism __ effect

A

anabolic

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19
Q

resting muscle membrane only __ permeable to glucose

A

slightly

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20
Q

insulin stimulation increases __ transport

A

glucose

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20
Q

insulin increases __ storage in skeletal muscles

A

glycogen

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21
Q

insulin increases __ and inhibits __

A

protein synthesis, protein degradation

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21
Q

Insulin and Growth Hormone Interact __
to Promote Growth

A

Synergistically

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22
Q

insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose (as glycogen) by the __

A

liver

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23
Q

insulin in the liver causes an increase in __ uptake and __ synthase

A

glucose, glycogen

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24
Q

insulin inhibits __

A

gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

insulin promotes conversion of excess glucose into __

A

fatty acids

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25
Q

insulin promotes fat __

A

synthesis and storage

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25
Q

3 major targets of insulin

A

-muscle
-liver
-adipose tissue

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25
Q

insulin is inhibited from being released from the __

A

liver

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25
Q

increased blood free amino acids increases insulin which leads to __ and decrease in insulin

A

somatostatin

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26
Q

increased blood free fatty acids increases insulin which leads to __ and decrease in insulin

A

fasting

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26
Q

insulin is released into __ for storage

A

muscle and adipose tissue

27
Q

increased blood glucose leads to increased insulin secretion, causing decreased blood glucose and __

A

insulin secretion

28
Q

what has an inverse relationship to blood glucose?

A

glucagon

28
Q

glucagon is a hormone of __

A

starvation

29
Q

sulfonylurea drugs close the __ in beta cells, causing a depolarization

A

Na+/K ATPase

29
Q

glucagon in the liver increases blood glucose by stimulating __

A

glycogenolysis

30
Q

glucagon in the liver increases blood glucose by inhibiting __

A

glycogen synthesis

30
Q

glucagon in the liver increases blood glucose by increasing blood __ levels to provide more substrates for gluconeogenesis

A

fatty acid and ketoacid

30
Q

primary target of glucagon is the __

A

liver

30
Q

glucagon secretion is stimulated by

A

-hypoglycemia
-epinephrine
-vagus nerve

31
Q

glucagon in the liver increases blood glucose by increasing __

A

gluconeogenesis

32
Q

diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by __ due to insufficient insulin or cellular resistance

A

hyperglycemia

32
Q

type 2 diabetes is __

A

hyperinsulinemia

32
Q

type 1 diabetes is __

A

hypoinsulinemia

32
Q

type 1 diabetes __ of cases and type 2 __ of cases

A

10%, 90%

32
Q

3 P’s of diabetes mellitus

A

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

33
Q

type 1 diabetes symptom

A

weight loss

33
Q

type 2 diabetes symptom

A

tingling, pain or numbness in hands/ feet

33
Q

Approximately 25% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
initially present in diabetic __

A

ketoacidosis

34
Q

normal fasting glucose levels

A

100 mg/ dL

34
Q

diabetes fasting glucose levels

A

126 mg/dL

35
Q

pre- diabetes fasting glucose levels

A

100-125 mg/dL

35
Q

casual plasma glucose ≥__ milligrams/dL

A

200

35
Q

normal 2 hour post-prandial glucose levels

A

140 mg/dL

36
Q

pre-diabetes 2 hour post-prandial glucose levels

A

140-199 mg/dL

36
Q

diabetes 2 hour post-prandial glucose levels

A

200 mg/dL

36
Q

A1C normal glucose levels

A

<5.6%

37
Q

A1C pre-diabetes glucose levels

A

5.7-6.4%

38
Q

A1C diabetes glucose levels

A

≥6.5%

39
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1 destruction of pancreatic __ cells

A

beta

40
Q

type 1 diabetes risk factors

A

-genetic
-environmental triggers (viral infections, chemical toxins)
-usually <40, non- obese

41
Q

type 1 diabetes beta cells are destroyed __

A

slowly

41
Q

type 1 diabetes also known as __

A

insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM)

42
Q

manifestations of type 1 diabetes hyperglycemia leads to

A

-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-glucosuria
-weight loss
-malaise and fatigue
-hyperkalemia

43
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis increased lipolysis to fatty acids to produce __

A

ketoacids

43
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis is due to cellular __

A

starvation

44
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis cellular starvation can be due to __

A

insulin deficiency, catabolic hormone excess

44
Q

pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

-osmotic diuresis and dehydration
-metabolic acidosis
-fluid and electrolyte imbalance

44
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis most occurs in diabetes type __

A

1

45
Q

important causes of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

-reduced insulin intake
-occlusion of insulin pump catheter
-infection
-pregnancy
-major trauma
-surgery

45
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis causes by things that increase __

A

glucagon, catecholamines, cortisone and
growth hormone

46
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms

A
46
Q

type 2 diabetes fasting hyperglycemia despite availability of __

A

insulin

46
Q

type 2 diabetes risk factors

A

-family history
-obesity
-physical inactivity
-race/ ethnicity
-women (gestational)
-hypertension

46
Q

diabetes ketoacidosis symptoms

A

-fruity breath
-nausea
-dehydration
-tachycardia
-lethargy
-coma
-polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
-kussmaul respirations

46
Q

acidosis depressed __ function due to blocking inward current of Na+ and Ca2+

A

neuronal

46
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis mild, moderate and severe pH ranges

A

7.25-7.3, 7.0-7.25, <7.0

47
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis due to __ of insulin receptors in target tissues and insulin __

A

downregulation, resistance

47
Q

Insulin resistance is part of a cascade of disorders that are called __

A

metabolic syndrome

47
Q

type 2 diabetes early on has __ due to insulin resistance

A

hyperinsulinemia

47
Q

periodontal disease exacerbates diabetic complications such as __

A

-poor glycemic control
-cardiovascular complications

47
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis later can lead to __ cell dysfunction with impaired secertion

A

beta

47
Q

metabolic syndrome can be due to these things

A

-obesity
-insulin resistance
-fasting hyperglycemia
-lipid abnormalities
-hypertension

48
Q

diabetes mellitus linked to __ disease

A

periodontal

49
Q

control of periodontal infection may improve __ control

A

glycemic

Physio (34 decks)

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