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Physio > Synapses > Flashcards

Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

chemical synapses involve neurotransmitters that are released from the

A

presynaptic cell

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2
Q

with synpases ________ determines function

A

receptor

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3
Q

chemical synapses released from the presynpatic cell and bind receptors to____________ the post- synaptic cell

A

excite, inhibit, or modify

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4
Q

in chemical synpases >__ NT have been identified

A

100

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5
Q

pre- synaptic nerve terminals are filled with

A

synaptic vesicles

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6
Q

chemical synapses have __ conduction

A

one- way

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7
Q

what determines chemical synapse function?

A

the RECEPTOR not the NT

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8
Q

list the presynaptic events

A
  1. action potential
  2. depolarization
  3. Ca channels open
  4. Ca comes into cell
  5. exocytosis of vesicles with NT
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9
Q

presynaptic events-

AP arrival at the synaptic terminal causes

A

membrane depolarization

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10
Q

presynaptic events-

voltage gated __ channels open

A

Ca2+

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11
Q

presynaptic events-

Ca2+ enters the

A

synaptic terminal

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12
Q

presynaptic events-

__ of vesicles filled with NT

A

exocytosis

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13
Q

how long is the synpatic delay between the pre and post synaptic response?

A

0.5 ms

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14
Q

why is the synaptic cleft small

A

due to the slow diffusion across

this tries to limit the delay

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15
Q

the longer the pathway the

A

more the delay will be

ex. hearing vs seeing (swim meet reference)

due to the increase in synaptic cleft diffusion that must occure

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16
Q

why is there a synpatic delay?

A

calcium entry for exocytosis

across the synpatic cleft

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17
Q

calcium entry for exocytosis process

A

-presynaptic NT release
-diffusion in synaptic cleft
-postsynaptic receptor activation

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18
Q

how can one gauge the complexity of a reflex pathway (number of synpases)?

A

look at reflex speed

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19
Q

NT small molecules are __ acting

A

rapidly

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20
Q

NT small molecule examples

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine,
  • Serotonin (5-HT)
  • Histamine
  • Glycine
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
  • Nitric Oxide (NO)
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21
Q

NT small molecules elicit

A

acute responses

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22
Q

neuropeptides are __ molecules

A

larger, slower, more potent

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23
Q

substance p

is a neuropeptide

A
  • pain pathway
  • inflamation
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24
Q

there are __ neuropeptides produced and released

A

fewer

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25
Q

neuropeptides effects are

A

slower, more potent and more prolonged

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26
Q

examples of neuropeptides

A

LH, ACTH, GH, vasopressin, oxytocin, angiotensin
II, substance P

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27
Q

NT bind to receptors on the
__ cell to cause the response

A

post-synaptic

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28
Q

NT action terminated by (steps)-

A

-reuptake of NT by pre- synaptic membrane
-inactivation of NT by enzymes in synapse (ex Acetylcholinesterase)
-diffusion of NT away from synapse and receptors

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29
Q

what receptors directly affect ion channels?

A

ionotropic receptors

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30
Q

Binding of the ligand and the opening or closing the channel can

A
  1. change membrane potential
  2. stimulate contraction or relaxation
  3. stimulate secretion
  4. act as second messenger
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31
Q

what kind of receptors are G- protein couples receptors?

A

metabotropic receptors

32
Q

All 9 are GPCR, but they are coupled to different G-proteins leading to

A

production of different 2nd messengers

33
Q

what binds to alpha and beta receptors

SNS

A

norepinephrine

and epinephrine

34
Q

EPSPs due to

A

-open Na+and Ca+ channels
-close K+/Cl- channels

35
Q

there are __ different adrenoceptors that bind to Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (EPI)

A

9

36
Q

what determines the response produced?

A

the specific receptor

37
Q

IPSPs due to

A

-open Cl- channels
-open K+ channels
-close Na+

38
Q

discharge of one pre- synaptic neuron cannot

A

reach threshold

39
Q

EPSP is a

A

depolarization

40
Q

IPSP are a

A

hyperpolerization

41
Q

discharge of one pre- synaptic neuron is __ more positive than rest

A

+20 mV

42
Q

what causes almost no resistance to electric current flow through the soma?

A

the soma’s large diameter

43
Q

what is ALWAYS necessary to produce an Action Potential?

A

Summation of EPSP

44
Q

the soma’s large diameter allows for what to occur?

A

summation

45
Q

what is almost always necessary to produce an AP?

A

SUMMATION

46
Q

2 types of summation

A

spatial and temporal

47
Q

spatial summation is __ EPSPs or IPSPs from __ pre- synaptic neurons

A

simultaneous, multiple

ex. several studental email one teacher at the same time

48
Q

temporal summation is __ EPSPs or IPSPs from a __ pre- synaptic nerve terminal

A

successive, single

one student emails the teacher multiple time back to back

49
Q

excitability of a neuron changes due to synaptic input such as

A

-postsynaptic inhibition or excitation
-presynaptic inhibition
-presynaptic facilitation

50
Q

spatial summation adds in __

A

SPACE

51
Q

temporal summation adds in __

A

TIME

52
Q

presynaptic inhibition
or facilitation can be due to

A

axo-axonic synapses and amount of NT released into synapse

53
Q

what do axo-axonic synapses do?

A

change how much Ca enter the synpapse

54
Q

Axo-axonic signal to

A

another axon

not to a synapse

55
Q

Glutamate is an

A

EPSP

open Na=
Close Cl-

56
Q

Gaba is an

A

IPSP

open Cl-

57
Q

excitability of a neuron changes due to prolonged activation of

A

-synaptic fatigue
-long term potential (LTP)
-long term depression (LTD)

58
Q

excitability of a neuron due to changes in

A

membrane permeability, ion concentration, other chemicals

59
Q

post- synaptic excitation due to

A

-open Na+ channels
-close K+/Cl- channels

60
Q

post- synaptic inhibition due to

A

-open Cl-
-open K+

ex GABA

61
Q

presynaptic inhibition (axo- axonal synapse) neuron A decreases NT release by the

A

inhibition of neuron 1

causes IPSP before EPSP can reach the area and then threshold can not be met

62
Q

presynaptic inhibition (axo- axonal synapse) decreases Ca2+ entry and amount of excitatory NT released by neuron 1 so

A

neuron 2 has a smaller EPSP

63
Q

presynaptic facilitation (axo- axonal synapse) neuron A increases NT release by the

A

excitatory neuron 1

ex is glutamate

64
Q

presynaptic facilitation (axo- axonal synapse) occurs due to increased AP time leading to

A

increased Ca2+ entry and more NT released

65
Q

what is it called when each successive stimulus is identical but the response is getting smaller?

A

synaptic fatigue

66
Q

what causes synaptic fatigue?

A

presynaptic change

prolonged activation and less NT available

67
Q

LTP and LTD affects can causes changes in the synaptic strength that lasts for

A

days to weeks

68
Q

what occurs in the post synaptic neuron after a brief period of tapidly repeated stimulation of the presynaptic neuron?

A

enhanced stimulation

69
Q

LTP __ synaptic strength

potentiation

A

increases

70
Q

LTD __ synaptic strength

depression

A

decreases

71
Q

LTP is best studied at Glu which synapses in the

A

hippocampus (learning and memory)

72
Q

Glu can bind to __ receptors on the post- synaptic neuron

A

AMPA, NMDA

73
Q

examples of what can increase neuronal excitability

A

-hyperkalemia (<6)
-hypocalcemia
-alkalosis
-caffeine and theophylline
-up- regulation of receptors

74
Q

examples of what can decrease neuronal excitability

A

-hyperkalemia (>6)
-hypokalemia
-hypercalcemia
-acidosis
-anesthetics
-down- regulation of receptors
-hypoxia
-fatigue

75
Q

LTP occurs in response to __ synaptic activity

A

REPETITIVE

Physio (34 decks)

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