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Physio > Excitation, Conduction, and Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Excitation, Conduction, and Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of the circulatory system

A

-heart
-blood vessels
-the blood

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2
Q

Cardiovascular function is regulated by __ factors and __ nerves

A

endocrine, autonomic

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3
Q

what are most common with cardiovascular disease?

A

atherosclerosis and hypertension

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3
Q

Cardiovascular function is strongly impacted by __ function

A

renal

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4
Q

systemic circulation

A

-supply O2 and nutrients
-remove waste

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4
Q

atrioventricular valves of the heart

A

-tricupsid (RA/RV)
-mitral/ bicuspid (LA/LV)

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4
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

-add O2
-remove CO2

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4
Q

atrioventricular valves PA>PV causes

A

opening

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4
Q

atrioventricular valves PA<PV causes

A

closing

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5
Q

semilunar valves of the heart

A

-pulmonary trunk (RV)
-aortic (LV)

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6
Q

what loop carries oxygen rich blood to systemic capillaries and oxygen poor to the heart?

A

systemic

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6
Q

semilunar valves PV>Part causes

A

opening

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7
Q

semilunar valves PV<PArt causes

A

closing

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7
Q

what loop carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich back to the heart?

A

pulmonary

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8
Q

cardiovascular loops exchange between __ occurs at capillaries

A

plasma and interstitial fluid

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8
Q

cardiovascular loops considered a __ system

A

closed

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9
Q

cardiovascular loops blood supply to tissues in __ arrangement

A

parallel

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10
Q

cardiovascular loops __ have parallel arrangement

A

vessels and capillary

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11
Q

types of arteries

A

-elastic (heart)
-muscular (distribution)
-arterioles (capillaries)

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11
Q

what artery regulates BP?

A

arterioles

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12
Q

function of arteries

A

-carry blood to tissue capillaries from heart
-regulate BP

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13
Q

types of capillaries

A

-continuous
-fenestrated
-sinusoid

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13
Q

function of veins

A

-cary blood to heart from tissue capillaries
-reservoir of blood

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14
Q

resistance is the measure of friction that impedes __

A

flow

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14
Q

types of veins

A

-large (heart)
-medium (collection)
-venules (capillaries)

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14
Q

function of capillaries

A

-site of exchange

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15
Q

flow is the __ of fluid moved in a given amount of time (ml/min)

A

volume

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15
Q

pressure (hydrostatic) is the force exerted by __ in a tube (mm Hg)

A

fluid

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16
Q

f ΔP is constant and resistance increases, flow __

A

decreases

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16
Q

poiseuille’s law

A

R= 8nl/πr^4

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16
Q

blood viscosity if affected by __

A

blood volume and number of RBC

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16
Q

3 factors that contribute to cardiovascular resistance

A

-viscosity
-length
-radius

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16
Q

vasodilated vessels increase __ and decrease __

A

r, R

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17
Q

Vasoconstricted vessels decrease __ and increase __

A

r, R

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18
Q

what is the main contributor to minute-to-minute control of resistance in the vascular
system?

A

blood vessel radius (r)

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19
Q

small changes in __ lead to big changes in __

A

r, R

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20
Q

__ of vessel is a major determinant of flow

A

diameter

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21
Q

the tricuspid and mitral valve are support by __ muscle when closed

A

tendineae/ papillary

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21
Q

a small amount of arterial __ can have a surprisingly large effect

A

occlusion

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21
Q

heart valves open/ close due to __

A

pressure gradients

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22
Q

heart valves function to keep blood moving in __ direction

A

one

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23
Q

at no time are all __ open

A

valves

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23
Q

conductive muscle fibers __ of myocytes

A

1%

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23
Q

conductive muscle fibers are made up of __ cells

A

autorhythmic and pacemaker

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24
Q

conductive muscle fibers spontaneously generate __ that lead to a heart beat

A

AP

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25
Q

conductive muscle fibers contract very __

A

weakly

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26
Q

conductive muscle fibers located in __ system of heart

A

conduction

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27
Q

contractile muscle fibers __ of myocytes

A

99%

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27
Q

cardiac muscle functional unit is __

A

sarcomere

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28
Q

contractile muscle fibers myocyte types

A

atrial and ventricular

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28
Q

contractile muscle fibers contract and generate __

A

heart beat

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28
Q

cardiocytes are __ cells

A

striated

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29
Q

cardiac muscle similar to __ muscle

A

skeletal

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29
Q

cardiocytes are connected by __

A

intercalated discs

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30
Q

cardiac muscle is composed of

A

-interlocking plasma membrane
-gap junctions
-desmosomes

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31
Q

cardiac muscles are __ linked

A

mechanically, chemcially, and electrically

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32
Q

two syncyticums in the heart

A

atrial and ventricular

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33
Q

Arteries supplying the myocardium are the __ arteries

A

coronary

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34
Q

blood flowing through the coronary arteries in the __ blood flow

A

coronary

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35
Q

coronary arteries exit from behind the __

A

aortic valve cusps

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35
Q

systole=

A

contraction

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36
Q

cardiac cycle events

A
  1. atrial systole
  2. ventricular systole/ atrial diastole
  3. ventricular diastole
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36
Q

Most of the cardiac veins drain into a single large vein, the __

A

coronary sinus

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36
Q

diastole=

A

relaxation

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36
Q

the coronary sinus empties into the __

A

right atrium

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37
Q

heart muscles __ before systole can occur

A

depolarize

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38
Q

pacemaker cells spontaneously generate AP leading to __

A

contraction

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38
Q

excitation of heart conduction system pathway

A

SA node-> internodal pathways-> AV node-> bundle of His-> down bundle branches-> up purkinje fibers

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38
Q

pacemaker cells are __ myocardium/ conduction system of the heart

A

1%

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38
Q

in general, pacemaker cells have __ action potential conduction velocities

A

high

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38
Q

what is the exception to having a high action potential conduction velocity?

A

AV node

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38
Q

heart muscles __ before diastole can occur

A

repolarize

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38
Q

ventricular excitation begins with __

A

atrial relaxation

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38
Q

the pacemaker cells with the fastest rate of __ drives the heart

A

discharge

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39
Q

atrial excitation begin with __

A

SA node

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39
Q

atrial excitation completion ends with __

A

AV node

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40
Q

P wave of EKG is

A

atrial depolarization

41
Q

QRS complex of EKG is

A

ventricular depolarization/ atrial repolarization

41
Q

T wave of EKG is

A

ventricle repolarization

42
Q

AR cells do not have a steady __

A

resting membrane potential

42
Q

Ca2+ (T) channels in pacemaker=

A

transient voltage gated Ca2+ channels

42
Q

what drives the heart?

A

SA node

42
Q

F type channels in pacemaker=

A

voltaged gated Na+

42
Q

channels of AP-
Ca2+ (L)=

A

long lasting voltage gated Ca2+ channel

42
Q

channels of AP-
K+ channel=

A

voltage gated K+ channel

42
Q

slide 38

A
42
Q

__ of myocardium is contractile cells

A

99%

42
Q

contractile cells depolarize by signal from __ cells

A

AR

42
Q

phase 4 AP

A

resting Vm

43
Q

phase 0 AP

A

depolarization spike

44
Q

phase 1 AP

A

partial repolarization

44
Q

phase 2 AP

A

plateau

44
Q

phase 3 AP

A

repolarization

44
Q

phase 0 fast voltage gated Na+ channel __

A

opens

44
Q

phase 1 fast voltage gated Na+ channels __

A

close

44
Q

phase 2-
-transient __ channels close
-L-type __ channels open

A

K+, Ca2+

44
Q

phase 3-
-L-type __ channels close
-slow __ channels open

A

Ca2+, K+

45
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 1-
action potential enters from __ cell

A

adjacent

45
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 2-
-voltage gated L- type __ channels open and enters the cell

A

Ca2+

45
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 3-
Ca2+ induces Ca2+ release through __ channels

A

ryanodine receptor (RyR)

46
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 4-
local release causes Ca2+ __

A

spark

46
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 5-
summed Ca2+ sparks create a Ca2+ __

A

signal

46
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 6-
Ca2+ ion bind to __ to initiate contraction

A

troponin

46
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 7-
__ occurs when Ca2+ unbinds from troponin

A

relaxation

47
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 8-
Ca2+ is pumped back into the __ for storage

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 9-
Ca2+ is exchanged with __

A

Na+

49
Q

ECC in cardiocytes step 10-
Na+ gradient is maintained by the __

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

49
Q

cardiac muscle contractions are __

A

graded

49
Q

in cardiac muscle, contractile response to a __ AP is graded

A

single

49
Q

In “resting” state, AP-induced sarcoplasmic release of Ca++ in cardiac cells __ saturate troponin sites

A

DOES NOT

49
Q

cardiac muscle strength of contraction depends on __

A

Ca2+

49
Q

substances that alter the force of contraction of cardiocytes by changing Ca2+ are called __

A

inotropic agents

49
Q

inotropic agents change __ of the heart

A

contractility

50
Q

+ inotropic agents __ contractility

A

increase

51
Q
  • inotropic agents __ contractility
A

decrease

52
Q

example of + inotropic agents

A

sympathetuc NS/ epinephrine

53
Q

atrial systole __ filling occurs

A

active

53
Q

in cardiac cycle valves open and close __ due to ΔP

A

passively

53
Q

example of - inotropic agents

A

B1 blocker

54
Q

in cardiac cycle blood flows down __

A

ΔP

54
Q

what does not effect heart contractility?

A

parasympathetic NS

54
Q

between beats __ filling occurs

A

passive

55
Q

artial diastole/ early ventricular systole __ contraction occurs

A

isovolumetric

55
Q
  1. between beats
    Pressure A __ Pressure Veins
    Pressure A __ Pressure V
    Pressure V __ Pressure Arteries
A

<
>
<

55
Q
  1. atrial systole
    Pressure A __
    Pressure A __ Pressure Veins
    Pressure A __ Pressure V
    Pressure V __ Pressure Arteries
A

increased
>
>
<

56
Q

late ventricular systole __ phase

A

ejection

57
Q

during passive filling __ of blood for contraction loaded into ventricles

A

80%

58
Q

during active filling __ of blood for contraction loaded into ventricles

A

20%

58
Q
  1. atrial diastole/ early ventricular systole
    Pressure A __
    Pressure V __
    Pressure A __ Pressure Veins
    Pressure A __ Pressure V
    Pressure V __ Pressure Arteries
A

decreased
increased
<
<
<

59
Q

period of isovolumetric __ creates an increase in pressure v

A

contraction

60
Q
  1. late ventricular systole
    Pressure A __ Pressure Veins
    Pressure A __ Pressure V
    Pressure V __ Pressure Arteries
A

<
<
>

61
Q

during the ejection phase equal volume of blood eject into both __

A

circulations

62
Q

late ventricular diastole phase of __ filling begins

A

passive

62
Q
  1. early ventricular diastole
    Pressure V __
    Pressure A __ Pressure Veins
    Pressure A __ Pressure V
    Pressure V __ Pressure Arteries
A

decreased
<
<
<

63
Q

pressure/ volume loops is the change in __ volume and pressure

A

left ventricle

63
Q
  1. later ventricular diastole
    Pressure A __ Pressure Veins
    Pressure A __ Pressure V
    Pressure V __ Pressure Arteries
A

<
>
<

64
Q

period of isovolumetric __ pressure in V decreases

A

relaxation

64
Q

End Diastolic Volume (EDV) __ ml

A

135

65
Q

Stroke Volume (SV) volume of blood __

A

ejected

65
Q

End Systolic Volume (ESV) __ ml

A

65

66
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)=

A

EDV-ESV

67
Q

Stroke Volume (SV) __ ml/beat

A

70

67
Q

Stroke Volume (SV) is around __%

A

52

67
Q

first heart sound due to the closure of __ valves

A

mitral and tricuspid

68
Q

ejection fraction=

A

SV/EDV

69
Q

heart sounds (lub dub) due to __ closures

A

valve

69
Q

second heart sound due to the closure of __ valves

A

semilunar (aortic and pulmonary)

70
Q

failure of valves to open completely known as __

A

stenosis

70
Q

failure of valves to close properly known as __

A

insufficiency or prolapse

71
Q

CO is the amount of blood pumped out of each __ in 1 minute

A

ventricle

72
Q

CO=

A

HRxSV

73
Q

normal resting CO= 70 beats/ minx 70 ml/ beat=

A

5 L/min

74
Q

during intense exercise CO can increase up to __ L/min

A

30-35

75
Q

CO increased by __

A

-physical activity
-metabolic status
-drugs

76
Q

CO decreased by __

A

-blood loss
-heart disease

77
Q

factors that increase HR are called __ agents

A

+ chronotropic

78
Q

factors that decrease HR are called __ agents

A
  • chronotropic
79
Q

HR increased by __ input from the nervous system

A

SNS

80
Q

HR decreased by __ input from the nervous system

A

PSNS

81
Q

SNS controlled by __ cells

A

AR and contractile

82
Q

increasing plasma __ affects the SA node increasing HR

A

epinephrine

83
Q

moving resting cardiocyte length toward optimum increases __

A

SV

83
Q

SV=

A

EDV-ESV

83
Q

increasing stretch of myocardium moves resting cardiocyte towards __

A

optimum length

83
Q

increasing EDV increases stretch of __

A

myocardium

83
Q

decrease VR by __

A

-tachycardia
-valsalva maneuver

83
Q

VR = Rate at which blood is returned to the heart from __

A

veins

83
Q

EDV alpha __ return (VR)

A

venous

83
Q

increased sympathetic increased HR through __ receptors

A

B1

83
Q

at rest, cardiac muscle sits at a length that is __ than optimum

A

LESS

83
Q

veins are __ valves to facilitate blood movement back to heart

A

one- way

83
Q

veins are flaccid vessels and can hold up to __ of total blood volume

A

60%

83
Q

decreased parasympathetic increased HR through __ receptors

A

muscarinic

83
Q

veins ΔP to return blood to the heart from capillaries very __

A

small

83
Q

increase VR by increasing __

A

-skeletal muscle pump
-thoracic pump
-venoconstriction via sympathetic NS

83
Q

stroke volume is altered by

A

o Δ preload (EDV)
o Δ afterload (Blood Pressure)
o Δ contractility (Force of Contraction)

83
Q

CO proportional to __

A

normal HR

83
Q

what are never completely empty of blood?

A

ventricles

83
Q

contractility is thw ability of heart to contract at any given __

A

resting fiber length

83
Q

contractility controlled by the amount of __ that enters contractile cell via __ voltage gated channels

A

Ca2+, L type

83
Q

increasing afterload decreases __

A

SV

83
Q

SV proportional to

A

1/HR

84
Q

Afterload is the pressure that the ventricles must overcome to force open
the __ valves

A

aortic and pulmonary

84
Q

+ inotropic agents increase __

A

contractility and ejection fraction

84
Q

adrenergic effects on cardiac muscle contractility cause an increase in __

A

force and speed

84
Q
  • inotropic agents decrease __
A

contractility and ejection fraction

84
Q

what stimulation represents force control?

A

ventricular

84
Q

heart at rest, amount of __>__

A

ACh>NE

84
Q

what stimulation represents heart rate control?

A

atrial

84
Q

HR has greater affect on __ than __ unless extremely tachycardic

A

CO, SV

84
Q

Anything that increases
systemic or pulmonary
arterial pressure increases __

A

afterload (ex- hypertension)

Physio (34 decks)

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